The objective of this research work is to investigate, design and measurement of a digital predistortion linearizer that is able to compensate the dynamic nonlinear distortion of a High Power Amplifier (PA). The effectiveness of the proposed baseband predistorter (PD) on the performance of a WLAN OFDM transmitter utilizing a nonlinear PA with memory effect is observed and discussed. For this purpose, a 10W Class-A/B power amplifier with a gain of 22 dB, operated over the 3.5 GHz frequency band was designed and implemented. The proposed baseband PD is independent of the operating RF frequency and can be used in multiband applications. Its operation is based on the Hammerstein system, taking into account PA memory effect compensation, and demonstrates a noticeable improvement compared to memoryless predistorters. Different types of modelling procedures and linearizers were introduced and investigated, in which accurate behavioural models of Radio Frequency (RF) PAs exhibiting linear and nonlinear memory effects were presented and considered, based on the Wiener approach employing a linear parametric estimation technique. Three new linear methods of parameter estimation were investigated, with the aim of reducing the complexity of the required filtering process in linear memory compensation. Moreover, an improved wiener model is represented to include the nonlinear memory effect in the system. The validity of the PA modelling approaches and predistortion techniques for compensation of nonlinearities of a PA were verified by several tests and measurements. The approaches presented, based on the Wiener system, have the capacity to deal with the existing trade-off between accuracy and convergence speed compared to more computationally complex behavioural modelling algorithms considering memory effects, such as those based on Volterra series and Neural Networks. In addition, nonlinear and linear crosstalks introduced by the power amplifier nonlinear behaviour and antennas mutual coupling due to the compact size of a MIMO OFDM transmitter have been investigated.

Inductors are extensively used in the design of radio-frequency circuits. In the last decade, the integration of passive components, especially inductors on silicon chips, has led to the widespread development and implementation of Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFICs) in CMOS technologies. However, on-chip passive inductors occupy a large silicon chip area and hardly scale down with technology scaling. Therefore, on-chip passive inductors become formidable obstacles to the realization of highly dense RFICs to be integrated with other highly dense digital circuits on a single chip using a common fabrication process. In recent years, researchers have focused on replacing passive inductors with transistor-only active circuits, namely active inductors. Active inductors can be realized with only a few transistors, which scale down with technology scaling. Therefore, they occupy a fraction of the chip area of their passive counterparts, and can be implemented densely in CMOS processes. Unlike passive inductors, bias dependent operations of active inductors allow for the tuning of their inductance and quality factor Q, and in turn, tuning the performance parameters of RFICs. This thesis focuses on the design and development of passive inductorless CMOS RFICs for ultra-wideband (UWB) receiver front-ends using active inductors. A new Q-enhanced and a new bandwidth-extended tunable active inductors are designed. Using the Q-enhanced active inductor, two tunable UWB low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) (two-stage and three-stage UWB LNAs), a UWB mixer and a wideband local-oscillator (LO) driver are designed. Active inductors are utilized to develop a novel wideband active shunt-peaking technique that decreases high-frequency losses to yield a flat gain over a wide bandwidth. A tunable multiband-UWB front-end integrating a two-stage UWB LNA, and a pair of UWB mixers driven by a pair of wideband LO drivers, is fabricated in a 90nm digital CMOS process. The passive inductorless two-stage UWB LNA, three-stage UWB LNA and UWB front-end occupy chip areas of only 0.0114mm2, 0.0227mm2, and 0.1485mm2, respectively. The active CMOS UWB front-end exhibits a measured flat gain of 22.5dB over 2.5-8.8 GHz bandwidth, and its tunability allows for varying the gain and bandwidth. / Integrated Circuits and Systems

No description available.

Ο σχεδιασμός αναλογικών κυκλωμάτων σε υψηλές συχνότητες είναι αδιαμφισβήτητα μία από τις σημαντικότερες εφαρμογές στον τομέα των ηλεκτρονικών. Οι προκλήσεις που καλείται να αντιμετωπίσει ο σχεδιαστής είναι πολλές και σημαντικές, καθώς τα κυκλώματα μικραίνουν σε μέγεθος και είναι απαραίτητο να δημιουργηθούν νέα μοντέλα περιγραφής των στοιχείων ολοκληρωμένων κυκλωμάτων. Παράλληλα, τα παρασιτικά φαινόμενα που επεισέρχονται στον σχεδιασμό των αναλογικών κυκλωμάτων δημιουργούν πολλές φορές trade – off μεταξύ των διαφόρων σχεδιαστικών απαιτήσεων που πρέπει να ικανοποιηθούν. Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διπλωματικής, επικεντρώνομαι στη μελέτη και στο σχεδιασμό ταλαντωτών ελέγχομενων από τάση (VCOs). Πιο συγκεκριμένα, μελετώ τα χαρακτηριστικά δύο κατηγοριών των ταλαντωτών αυτών : των ταλαντωτών L-C και των ταλαντωτών δακτυλίου (ring). Αρχικά δίνω μία γενική περιγραφή των ταλαντωτών και των μοντέλων περιγραφής τους. Στη συνέχεια αναλύω τις πηγές θορύβου στα ολοκληρωμένα κυκλώματα και δίνω έμφαση στη θεωρία θορύβου φάσης, παρουσιάζοντας μοντέλα περιγραφής του. Στη συνέχεια, παρουσιάζω τη σχεδίαση ταλαντωτών L – C και ring, δίνοντας και τα αποτελέσματα εξομοιώσεων. Τέλος, εκτός από τα συμπεράσματα που βγαίνουν μέσω των εξομοιώσεων, γίνεται και σύγκριση μεταξύ των δύο κατηγοριών ταλαντωτών. / The design of analog circuits operating at high frequencies is undoubtedly one of the most important applications in the field of electronics. The challenges that the designer needs to face are many and important, as the circuits become smaller and smaller and is imperative that new models need to be made that describe the operation of the transistors. Furthermore, the parasitics that are inherent in any analog design create a trade – off between several design specifications that need to be satisfied. In this work I emphasize on the study and design of voltage controlled oscillators (VCOs). More specifically, I study the characteristics of two major categories of such oscillators: L-C oscillators and ring oscillators. At start, I present a general description of oscillators and the models that describe their operation. Next, I analyze the various noise sources in analog integrated circuits and I emphasize on phase noise theory, by presenting its models. In the fourth and fifth chapter, I show the design of L – C and ring oscillators, while I give the results of the simulations. Finally, apart from the conclusion drawn from the simulations, I make a comparison between the two oscillators’ categories.

abstract: The ability to monitor electrophysiological signals from the sentient brain is requisite to decipher its enormously complex workings and initiate remedial solutions for the vast amount of neurologically-based disorders. Despite immense advancements in creating a variety of instruments to record signals from the brain, the translation of such neurorecording instrumentation to real clinical domains places heavy demands on their safety and reliability, both of which are not entirely portrayed by presently existing implantable recording solutions. In an attempt to lower these barriers, alternative wireless radar backscattering techniques are proposed to render the technical burdens of the implant chip to entirely passive neurorecording processes that transpire in the absence of formal integrated power sources or powering schemes along with any active circuitry. These radar-like wireless backscattering mechanisms are used to conceive of fully passive neurorecording operations of an implantable microsystem. The fully passive device potentially manifests inherent advantages over current wireless implantable and wired recording systems: negligible heat dissipation to reduce risks of brain tissue damage and minimal circuitry for long term reliability as a chronic implant. Fully passive neurorecording operations are realized via intrinsic nonlinear mixing properties of the varactor diode. These mixing and recording operations are directly activated by wirelessly interrogating the fully passive device with a microwave carrier signal. This fundamental carrier signal, acquired by the implant antenna, mixes through the varactor diode along with the internal targeted neuropotential brain signals to produce higher frequency harmonics containing the targeted neuropotential signals. These harmonics are backscattered wirelessly to the external interrogator that retrieves and recovers the original neuropotential brain signal. The passive approach removes the need for internal power sources and may alleviate heat trauma and reliability issues that limit practical implementation of existing implantable neurorecorders. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Electrical Engineering 2014

Tunable antennas have emerged as a promising technology to address the challenges of achieving optimal performance across a wide range of frequencies. This abstract presents a study focused on designing and implementing an ideal antenna system design within a closed-loop system. Background. Tunable antennas offer a solution for achieving efficient signal transmission and reception over a broad spectrum. Traditionally fixed-frequency antennas have limitations in terms of bandwidth and efficiency, making them unfit for applications requiring adaptability to varying frequencies. The integration of tunable components in antenna systems results in greater flexibility and improved performance. Objectives. The main objective of this research is to evaluate and determine the ideal antenna design for closed-loop antenna systems which achieves maximum frequency coverage and efficiency. This involves the design of an architecture that seamlessly integrates components. Methods. The experimental methodology involves designing an antenna system design. The selected components are interconnected in a closed loop, allowing continuous monitoring and adjustment of the antenna’s characteristics. The Micro Controlling Unit (MCU) is programmed using the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE), serves as the controller for managing the antenna tuner’s settings based on real-time feedback from the directional coupler and power detector. The bi-directional logic level converter ensures proper voltage compatibility between the MCU and the antenna tuner. Results. The results of the study showed that the proposed antenna system architecture was able to achieve the desired goals. The implemented closed-loop system demonstrates significant enhancements in frequency coverage and efficiency of the selected antenna. The antenna system was also able to maintain its efficiency even when the environment changed. Conclusions. The experimental results show that in closed-loop systems the performance of an antenna is optimised. The integration of the components enables dynamic frequency tuning, by enhancing the antenna’s maximum frequency coverage and efficiency. The results underscore the potential of tunable antennas in revolutionizing wireless communication systems, showing the way for more adaptable and high-performance devices in various applications.

The objective of this research work is to investigate, design and measurement of a digital predistortion linearizer that is able to compensate the dynamic nonlinear distortion of a High Power Amplifier (PA). The effectiveness of the proposed baseband predistorter (PD) on the performance of a WLAN OFDM transmitter utilizing a nonlinear PA with memory effect is observed and discussed. For this purpose, a 10W Class-A/B power amplifier with a gain of 22 dB, operated over the 3.5 GHz frequency band was designed and implemented. The proposed baseband PD is independent of the operating RF frequency and can be used in multiband applications. Its operation is based on the Hammerstein system, taking into account PA memory effect compensation, and demonstrates a noticeable improvement compared to memoryless predistorters. Different types of modelling procedures and linearizers were introduced and investigated, in which accurate behavioural models of Radio Frequency (RF) PAs exhibiting linear and nonlinear memory effects were presented and considered, based on the Wiener approach employing a linear parametric estimation technique. Three new linear methods of parameter estimation were investigated, with the aim of reducing the complexity of the required filtering process in linear memory compensation. Moreover, an improved wiener model is represented to include the nonlinear memory effect in the system. The validity of the PA modelling approaches and predistortion techniques for compensation of nonlinearities of a PA were verified by several tests and measurements. The approaches presented, based on the Wiener system, have the capacity to deal with the existing trade-off between accuracy and convergence speed compared to more computationally complex behavioural modelling algorithms considering memory effects, such as those based on Volterra series and Neural Networks. In addition, nonlinear and linear crosstalks introduced by the power amplifier nonlinear behaviour and antennas mutual coupling due to the compact size of a MIMO OFDM transmitter have been investigated.

The objective of the proposed research is to design, implement, and characterize low-cost, lightweight front-end components and subsystems in the microwave domain through innovative packaging architectures for remote sensing applications. Particular emphasis is placed on system-on-package (SoP) solutions implemented in organic substrates as a low-cost alternative to conventional, expensive, rigid, and fragile radio- frequency substrates. To this end, the dielectric properties of organic substrates RT/duroid 5880, 6002 and 6202 are presented from 30 GHz to 70 GHz, covering most of the Ka and V radar bands, giving also a thorough insight on the uncertainty of the microstrip ring resonator method by means of the Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis. Additionally, an ultra-thin, high-power antenna-array technology, with transmit/ receive (T/R) functionality is introduced for mobile applications in the X band. Two lightweight SoP T/R array panels are presented in this work using novel technologies such as Silicon Germanium integrated circuits and microelectromechanical system switches on a hybrid organic package of liquid crystal polymer and RT/duroid 5880LZ. A maximum power of 47 dBm is achieved in a package with a thickness of 1.8 mm without the need of bulky thermal management devices. Finally, to address the thermal limitations of thin-film substrates of interest (liquid crystal polymer, RT/duroid 6002, alumina and Aluminum Nitride), a thermal assessment of microstrip structures is presented in the X band, along with the thermal characterization of the dielectric properties of RT/duroid 6002 from 20 ºC to 200 ºC and from 30 GHz to 70 GHz. Additional high-power, X-band technologies presented in this work include: a novel and compact topology for evanescent mode filters, and low-profile Wilkinson power dividers implemented on Aluminum Nitride using Tantalum Nitride thin-film resistors.

No description available.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a versatile wireless technology usedworldwide. The fields of applications are many and its popularity constantlygrows due to smaller in size, better and less expensive components. RFID isused to identify, track or share information about an object using radio waves. This master thesis describes the process of designing and implementing ahandheld UHF RFID reader. The goal was to, based on a UHF RFID-chipdesign a fully functional, small in size and power efficient device. Amicrocontroller provides the user interface and is also used to control theRFID-chip and a Bluetooth device. A Bluetooth- and GPRS-compatible mobilephone will be used to forward data to a server connected to the Internet. Allparts of the design are described, such as the printed circuit board design aswell as the software for the micro controller and the mobile phone. Because the extent of this thesis it is neither possible nor necessary to dig toodeep into the Bluetooth- or GPRS-protocol. The focus will be on designingsoftware and hardware for the handheld unit. / Radio frekvens identifiering (RFID) är en mångsidig trådlös teknik somanvänds över hela världen. Områdena där tekniken används är många och dess popularitet växer konstant tack vare mindre storlek, bättre och billigarekomponenter. RFID används för att identifiera, spåra eller dela med siginformation om ett objekt med radiovågor. Det här examensarbetet beskriver processen av design och implementering aven handburen UHF RFID läsare. Målet har varit att, baserat på ett UHF-RFIDchip, designa en fullt fungerande, liten och strömsnål enhet. En microcontroller förser dels användaren med ett användargränssnitt och sköter delskommunikationen med RFID chip och en blåtandsmodul. En blåtands- ochGPRS- eller 3G-kompatibel mobiltelefon används for att skicka vidare data tillen server kopplad till Internet. Alla delar av designen är beskrivna, så som PCB design, mjukvara för micro controllern och mobiltelefonen. På grund av omfattningen av det här examensarbetet så har det inte varitmöjligt eller nödvändigt att gräva för djupt i Blåtands- eller GPRS/3Gprotokollen. Fokus är på att designa hårdvara och mjukvara för den handhållna enheten.