Thesis (M.L. in Economics)--University of California, Berkeley, May 1912. / Includes bibliographical references.

The potential of dielectric heating with microwaves at 2450 MHz for drying grapes into raisins was studied. Feasibility studies in a conventional microwave oven were successful. A new microwave drying system equipped with specialized instrumentation and data acquisition components and permitting full control of microwave power levels and duration of application was then developed and used for detailed experimental work. / It was found that when the grapes were dipped in surfactants, as is common practice in the raisin industry, microwave drying was not only faster than convective drying but also had a much lower specific energy requirement. However, it was also possible to obtain raisins of adequate quality without dippings. Good quality light coloured raisins were obtained without sulphur dioxide fumigation. Thus, microwave drying has potential in reducing both the quantity of chemicals entering at this point in the food chain and the energy consumed for food preservation. / The shrinkage and density of grapes were found to be linearly related to moisture content; initial size and method of drying had no influence. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

No description available.

Η Κορινθιακή Σταφίδα, ποικιλία της αμπέλου και προϊόν μεγάλης διατροφικής αξίας, άρχισε να καλλιεργείται στη χώρα μας πριν από επτά αιώνες περίπου. Η καλλιέργειά της εντοπίζεται αρχικά στη Βόρεια, Βορειοδυτική και Δυτική Πελοπόννησο, καθώς και σε νησιά του Ιονίου αργότερα, περιοχές στις οποίες καλλιεργείται μέχρι σήμερα. Η παραγωγή και το εμπόριο της σταφίδας, αποτελούσαν τον κορμό της οικονομίας της χώρας μας, στο δεύτερο μισό του 19ου αιώνα. Για την περιοχή της Αιγιαλείας, η Κορινθιακή Σταφίδα αποτελεί ακόμη και σήμερα το βασικό αγροτικό προϊόν της, με αποτέλεσμα να καθορίζει την οικονομική ζωή της περιοχής, αλλά και να συμβάλλει στη διαμόρφωση των κοινωνικών και πολιτιστικών χαρακτηριστικών της. Η ξήρανση της σταφίδας, δηλαδή η μετατροπή του σταφυλιού σε ξηρό καρπό, γίνεται σήμερα με Άμεση Ηλιακή Ξήρανση, δηλαδή με άμεση έκθεση του προϊόντος στην ηλιακή ακτινοβολία. Διαδικασία επίπονη για τους παραγωγούς και χωρίς ιδιαίτερο ποιοτικό αποτέλεσμα για το προϊόν. Η Έμμεση Ηλιακή Ξήρανση, που προτείνεται από την παρούσα εργασία, διαφέρει από την Άμεση Ηλιακή Ξήρανση, σε δύο βασικά σημεία: Το προϊόν, * δεν εκτίθεται άμεσα στην ηλιακή ακτινοβολία και * δεν απλώνεται απροστάτευτο σε μεγάλη επιφάνεια στο έδαφος. Συγκεκριμένα: Με τη βοήθεια ενός ηλιακού συλλέκτη αέρος, συλλέγεται η ηλιακή ενέργεια, μετατρέπεται σε θερμότητα και στη συνέχεια, με τη βοήθεια του φυσικού ή εξαναγκασμένου ρεύματος αέρα που δημιουργείται, χρησιμοποιείται για την αποξήρανση της σταφίδας, που βρίσκεται προστατευμένη σε κλειστό χώρο. Υπολογίστηκε το ποσό της απαιτούμενης για την ξήρανση ενέργειας, η δυνατότητα δέσμευσης αυτής από το συλλέκτη, καθώς και τα χαρακτηριστικά του συλλέκτη και κατασκευάστηκε αρχικά ένα μικρό, πειραματικό μοντέλο ξηραντηρίου, με το οποίο έγιναν οι βασικές αρχικές διαπιστώσεις. Στην συνέχεια, κατασκευάστηκε ένα μεγαλύτερο με παραγωγική ικανότητα ξηραντήριο, με στόχο να μελετηθεί η διαδικασία ξήρανσης σε πραγματική κλίμακα. Για πέντε συνεχόμενα χρόνια μετρήθηκαν οι αποδόσεις του συλλέκτη και η αποτελεσματικότητα της διάταξης στη διαδικασία αποξήρανσης του προϊόντος, ενώ κάθε χρόνο με βάσει τις παρατηρήσεις της προηγούμενης χρονιάς, γίνονταν μεταβολές στον τρόπο λειτουργίας του ξηραντηρίου, αλλά και στη γεωμετρία του. Μελετήθηκε η λειτουργία του συλλέκτη και του χώρου ξήρανσης με εξαναγκασμένη κυκλοφορία, καθώς και με φυσική κυκλοφορία και έγινε σύγκριση των αποτελεσμάτων σε κάθε περίπτωση. Το κύριο συμπέρασμα είναι ότι, οι υψηλότερες θερμοκρασίες (κατά 10 οΚ), που ανεπτύχθησαν στην περίπτωση της φυσικής κυκλοφορίας αέρα, χωρίς δηλαδή χρήση ανεμιστήρα, οδηγούν σε ταχύτερη ξήρανση, παρά τη μικρότερη παροχή αέρα. Το αποτέλεσμα αναφορικά με την ποιότητα του αποξηραμένου προϊόντος, είναι άριστο, δεδομένου ότι είναι απαλλαγμένο από τα προβλήματα της έκθεσής του στο έδαφος (μικροβιακό και χημικό φορτίο, καταστροφές, κ.τ.λ.), στο ήλιο (χρώμα, συστατικά) και η ξήρανση του γίνεται με λιγότερη εργασία. Το κόστος της εγκατάστασης είναι αρχικά μεγαλύτερο από αυτό της άμεσης ηλιακής ξήρανσης, αλλά ο χρόνος ζωής αυτής, σε συνδυασμό με το πολύ μικρότερο κόστος εργασίας ξήρανσης, καθιστούν την Έμμεση Ηλιακή Ξήρανση σε έναν ορίζοντα 10 ετών, πολύ φθηνότερη. / -

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 132-151).

Depuis les années 2000, les odeurs de fruits cuits, évoquant le pruneau, la figue, ou encore la pêche cuite sont de plus en plus fréquemment retrouvées dans les vins rouges de la région bordelaise. Les marqueurs responsables de ces nuances associés à l’état de maturité des raisins sont inconnus. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que ces nuances, qui étaient jadis très rarement rencontrées dans les vins d’une appellation que nous avons appelée A, figurent aujourd’hui parmi les arômes considérés comme typiques de ces vins. Cependant, les dégustateurs qui assimilent ce caractère au type de cette appellation tendent à confondre l’arôme de fruits cuits du vin jeune à celui du caractère oxydé des vins prématurément vieillis. Les analyses par CPG-O, CPG-SM et CPG-CPG-SM de moûts et de vins marqués par des nuances de fruits cuits ont permis de valider l’existence de zones odorantes rappelant l’odeur de ces échantillons. L’analyse par GC-MS de nombreux échantillons de moût et de vin montrent que le furanéol (caramel), la γ-nonalactone (coco, pêche cuite), la (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one (géranium) contribuent à cet arôme. Nous révélons également l’existence d’un composé à odeur de fruits cuits, de type lactone et non identifié à ce jour. L’impact de la (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one est clarifiée pour la première fois dans les moûts. Nous précisons également l’incidence de la date de récolte des raisins de Merlot et Cabernet-Sauvignon sur l’arôme et la composition fine des moûts et des vins. La vinification de raisins récoltés tardivement voire flétris produit des vins marqués par des nuances de fruits cuits accompagnées de teneurs élevées en furaneol et γ-nonalactone. / In the 2000s, aromas of dried fruits, referring to prune, fig or cooked peach are found more and more often in Bordeaux red wines. The markers responsible for these aromas related to the grape maturity are unknown. Firstly, we show that these shades, which were rarely encountered in wines from an appellation named A in this study, are now part of the distinctive aromas of these wines. However, the tasters that assimilate these characteristics to the distinctive aromas and the type of the appellation tend to get mistaken between the cooked fruit aromas from young wines and the ones from the oxidized character of prematurely aged wines. The GC-O, GC-MS and GC-GC-MS analysis of musts and wines, that had shades of cooked fruits aromas, allowed to confirm the realness of a scented area reminding of the scent of the samples. The analysis by GC-MS of number of must and wine samples show that the furaneol (caramel), the γ-nonalactone (coconut, cooked peach), the (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one (geranium) take part in this aroma. We also reveal the presence of a lactone type compound having a cooked fruit aroma, but not identified so far. The influence of the (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one has been identified for the first time in musts. The influence of the harvest date of Merlot and Cabernet-Sauvignon grapes on the aromas and fine composition of musts and wines is also specified. Winemaking processing of grapes that have been late harvested, even with a withered appearance produces wines with shades of cooked fruits aromas and high content of furaneol and γ-nonalactone.

La microflore des raisins est importante d'un point de vue technologique car elle conditionne en partie la qualité du vin. Or, la diversité des flores fongiques présentes sur baies de raisin ainsi que leur potentiel de contamination du produit final ne sont pas encore pleinement connus. Dans ce cadre, la caractérisation des flores fongiques cultivables présentes sur baies de raisin a été réalisée par PCR ITS-RFLP. 41 espèces de moisissures différentes sur les 43 étudiées appartenant à 11 genres différents ont été caractérisées de façon fiable. Seules les espèces Penicillium thomii et Penicillium glabrum ont présenté le même profil. Ainsi 96.3% des souches étudiées ont été caractérisées avec au maximum 4 enzymes de restriction et 41.5% des souches ont pu l'être avec seulement 2 enzymes de restriction. Ces résultats ont permis d'enrichir les bases de données, moyennement pourvues en séquences ITS caractéristiques de genres ou d'espèces de moisissures présentes sur baies de raisin. De plus, une étude exhaustive des moisissures présentes sur baies de raisin en Bourgogne a permis, par PCR ITS-RFLP, d'identifier 199 souches au niveau de l'espèce et ce quelque soit le genre. Penicillium spinulosum est l'espèce majoritaire isolée pour le millésime 2008 en Bourgogne. Parallèlement, la quantification de Botrytis cinerea, choisi comme micro-organisme modèle, a été réalisée par qPCR. La technique qPCR décrite dans ce travail présente (i) une bonne sensibilté avec une limite de détection de 6.4 pg d'ADN correspondant à 540 spores, (ii) l'originalité de travailler en échantillons naturellement contaminés et la fiabilité d'utiliser un standard interne. L'évaluation de l'efficacité de différentes stratégies de traitements anti-Botrytis a confirmé l'importance de la prophylaxie (effeuillage) dans la lutte contre Botrytis cinerea.

Orientador : Florencia Cecilia Menegalli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T14:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pacco_HonoratoCcalli_M.pdf: 5330330 bytes, checksum: 95805ddfd009ac3d0f14bfe1ecde920f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Estudou-se a secagem de figo [Fícus carica L.) da variedade "Gigante de Valinhos", obtido no Município de Valinhos no Estado de São Paulo. Os figos devidamente transportados desde o centro de abastecimento, foram selecionados, classificados, lavados, escorridos e seguidamente pré-tratados, obtendo-se as seguintes especificações: inteiro in natura, inteiro perfurado, inteiro branqueado com casca, inteiro branqueado sem casca. A partir de ensaios preliminares optou-se pela utilização de figos semi-maduros, já que apresentaram melhores características para a secagem. O produto foi submetido à secagem a 45, 60 e 75°C a uma velocidade constante do ar de 1 m/s. Utilizaram-se também figos em rodelas com espessura de 10 mm, os quais foram classificados como semi-maduros nos ensaios preliminares, com características similares aos figos in natura inteiros e igualmente secos nas condições de secagem citadas anteriormente. Os figos branqueados sem casca e em rodelas secos a 60"C foram os que apresentaram melhores características de cor e aparência. A isoterma de sorção foi realizada a 25, 40 e 60°C, encontrando-se a presença de histerese para cada temperatura. Os dados experimentais do calor isostérico de sorção foram ajustados através da equação de TSAMI. Os valores experimentais dos coeficientes de encolhimento foram ajustados pela equação de LOZANO. No estudo da cinética da secagem, não houve o período de secagem a taxa constante bem definida, ocorrendo somente o período decrescente, tanto para figos inteiros como para figos em rodelas. A equação de Page foi a que melhor ajustou a curva da secagem de figo inteiro. Os dados obtidos foram correlacionados através de diversas equações, a fim de se encontrar a mais adequada ao projeto e simulação de secadores. Tanto as curvas da cinética de secagem como os dados de sorção foram ajustados com o auxílio do Software Gráfico STATISTICA versão 5,0. A cor do produto foi medida pelo sistema CIELab* em espectofotômetro Color QUEST II / Abstract: The study of the drying of the fig was accomplished (Ficus carica L.) with fruits obtained in the district of Valinhos of the State of Sao Paulo. The figs were properly transported from the center of provisioning, then they were selected, classified, washed, drained and pretreated, obtaing the following specifications: whole in nature, whole perforated, whole blanched with skin, whole blanched without skin. From the results of preliminary tests, it was chosen to use semiripe figs that presented better characteristics for drying. The product was submitted to drying at 45, 60 and 75°C and a constant air speed of 1 m/s. Slices of figs were used with 10 millimeters thickness, which had been classified as semiripe in the preliminary tests, with similar characteristics to the whole figs and in natura fruit semiripe and they were dried in the conditions cited above. The blanched figs withount skin cut in slices and dried at 60°C presented the best color and appearance characteristics. The sorption isotherms took place at temperatures of 25, 40 and 60aC, showing histeresis for each temperature. The experimental data of the isosteric sorption heat were adjusted through the equation of TSAMl. The experimental values of the shrinkage coefficients were adjusted by the equation of LOZANO. In the study of drying kinetics, a constant rate of the drying period at a defined constant rate did not appear, occurring, only the decreasing period, for whole figs and for figs in slices. The equation of Page presented the best fit for the whole fig drying curves. The obtained data were correlated with several equations, with the objective of determining an appropriate equation to the design and simulation of dryers. The curves of drying kinetics and the sorption data were adjusted with the Graphic Software STATIST1CA version 5.0. The color of the product was measured by the system ClELab * in a spectrophotometer Color QUEST II / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

O Brasil é um grande produtor de frutas, mas com seu clima tropical (elevada umidade e temperatura) acaba proporcionando condições desfavoráveis à conservação de alimentos e principalmente das frutas. A radiação ionizante tem potencial para resolver problemas que afetam o suprimento de alimento em muitos países. Utilizando a dose certa, esta tecnologia tem a capacidade de estender o tempo de prateleira, segurança fitossanitária e controlar a maturação em frutas frescas. Existem no mundo variedades de uva onde a maioria delas pertence à espécie Vitis vinifera. Desta fruta é possível a obtenção de passas como forma de manter as características do produto natural e dificultar a proliferação de microrganismos que possam promover sua deterioração. As maiores fontes de compostos fenólicos são encontradas nas uvas quando comparado a outras frutas e vegetais e, um destes compostos é o resveratrol que se destaca no tratamento de diversas enfermidades, tais como: cardiovasculares, cancerígenas e doenças neurológicas. As amostras de uva foram irradiadas no Multipropósito de 60Co, instalado no Centro de Tecnologia das Radiações (CTR-IPENCNEN/ SP) nas doses de: controle; 0,5; 1; 1,5 e 2 kGy para as analises de cor, textura, sensorial, microbiológico e vida de prateleira. Para as análises de fenólicos totais e resveratrol utilizou-se as doses: controle; 1,5 e 3 kGy. Não ocorreu crescimento bacteriano em nenhuma das amostras. As doses de: 0,5 e 1,5 kGy da variedade de uva Benitaka tiveram boa aceitação no teste sensorial e vida de prateleira, sendo que, as uvas passas não apresentaram variações nestas analises. Foi verificado a presença de resveratrol em todas as amostras tratadas com a radiação ionizante. / Brazil is a major producer of fruits, but its tropical climate with high humidity and temperature, eventually creates unfavorable conditions for the preservation of food and especially the fruit. Ionizing radiation has the potential to solve problems affecting the food supply in many countries. Using the right dose, this technology can be used to extend shelf life and safety of many fresh fruits in addition to controlling their rates of maturation. There are thousands of grape varieties around the wolrd, most of them belonging Vitis vinifera. This fruit can be dried to obtain raisins in order to maintain the natural characteristics of the product and hinder the growth of microorganisms that can promote the deterioration of fresh fruit. One of the major sources of phenolic compounds are found in grapes, compared to other fruits and vegetables. One of the phenolic compounds represented by resveratrol is that stands out when it comes to fighting various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and neurological diseases. The irradiations were performed in 60Co irradiator Multipurpose Center installed on Radiation Technology (CTR-IPEN-CNEN/SP) with different doses: control, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 kGy for the analysis of color, texture, sensory and microbiological shelf life. For analysis of phenolic compounds and resveratrol were radiated only at doses: control, 1.5 and 3 kGy. With the results it was found that doses of 0.5, 1.5 kGy grape variety Benitaka have been accepted well both in sensory and shelf life tests. Samples of raisins had no variation in this analysis. No microbial growth was found and after treatment with radiation it was possible to prove the presence of resveratrol in all samples.

O Brasil é um grande produtor de frutas, mas com seu clima tropical (elevada umidade e temperatura) acaba proporcionando condições desfavoráveis à conservação de alimentos e principalmente das frutas. A radiação ionizante tem potencial para resolver problemas que afetam o suprimento de alimento em muitos países. Utilizando a dose certa, esta tecnologia tem a capacidade de estender o tempo de prateleira, segurança fitossanitária e controlar a maturação em frutas frescas. Existem no mundo variedades de uva onde a maioria delas pertence à espécie Vitis vinifera. Desta fruta é possível a obtenção de passas como forma de manter as características do produto natural e dificultar a proliferação de microrganismos que possam promover sua deterioração. As maiores fontes de compostos fenólicos são encontradas nas uvas quando comparado a outras frutas e vegetais e, um destes compostos é o resveratrol que se destaca no tratamento de diversas enfermidades, tais como: cardiovasculares, cancerígenas e doenças neurológicas. As amostras de uva foram irradiadas no Multipropósito de 60Co, instalado no Centro de Tecnologia das Radiações (CTR-IPENCNEN/ SP) nas doses de: controle; 0,5; 1; 1,5 e 2 kGy para as analises de cor, textura, sensorial, microbiológico e vida de prateleira. Para as análises de fenólicos totais e resveratrol utilizou-se as doses: controle; 1,5 e 3 kGy. Não ocorreu crescimento bacteriano em nenhuma das amostras. As doses de: 0,5 e 1,5 kGy da variedade de uva Benitaka tiveram boa aceitação no teste sensorial e vida de prateleira, sendo que, as uvas passas não apresentaram variações nestas analises. Foi verificado a presença de resveratrol em todas as amostras tratadas com a radiação ionizante. / Brazil is a major producer of fruits, but its tropical climate with high humidity and temperature, eventually creates unfavorable conditions for the preservation of food and especially the fruit. Ionizing radiation has the potential to solve problems affecting the food supply in many countries. Using the right dose, this technology can be used to extend shelf life and safety of many fresh fruits in addition to controlling their rates of maturation. There are thousands of grape varieties around the wolrd, most of them belonging Vitis vinifera. This fruit can be dried to obtain raisins in order to maintain the natural characteristics of the product and hinder the growth of microorganisms that can promote the deterioration of fresh fruit. One of the major sources of phenolic compounds are found in grapes, compared to other fruits and vegetables. One of the phenolic compounds represented by resveratrol is that stands out when it comes to fighting various diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and neurological diseases. The irradiations were performed in 60Co irradiator Multipurpose Center installed on Radiation Technology (CTR-IPEN-CNEN/SP) with different doses: control, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 kGy for the analysis of color, texture, sensory and microbiological shelf life. For analysis of phenolic compounds and resveratrol were radiated only at doses: control, 1.5 and 3 kGy. With the results it was found that doses of 0.5, 1.5 kGy grape variety Benitaka have been accepted well both in sensory and shelf life tests. Samples of raisins had no variation in this analysis. No microbial growth was found and after treatment with radiation it was possible to prove the presence of resveratrol in all samples.