The PhD dissertation is organized in two parts. In the first part, we present an experimental study of stimulated Raman scattering in a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanowire. We demonstrate that the Raman amplification of a narrow-band Stokes wave experiences a saturation effect for high pump intensities because of self phase modulation of the pump beam. Moreover, an analytical model is presented that describes the experimental results remarkably well. The model furthermore provides an estimation of the Raman gain coefficient γR of silicon. The second part is devoted to the experimental study of stimulated Raman scattering in a doubly resonant planar GaAs microcavity. The nonlinear measurements clearly show some totally unexpected results. We experimentally demonstrate that the relaxation of the electrons in the conduction band of GaAs is significantly modified through the interaction with coherently excited Raman phonons.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucia Akemi Saito -EE2006.pdf: 2213180 bytes, checksum: d5a6d162d17171e2b4cf99c0fa4797ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-02 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Most of researches about Raman amplifier had been made in C and L bands (1530-1625 nm), which is possible to found more data of Raman efficiency gain and the requirements for design is consolidated. The first issue that should be considered when the amplifier is to use in another band, like our project (O-band) is to consider the decrease of effective area and wavelength in the calculation of Raman efficiency, not only the pump wavelength. We have two configuration types: for the first one, the gain is obtained in the transmission fiber and for the second that is demonstrated in this work, we need special fibers as DSF, DCF and Raman fiber to amplifier the signals. Note that the amplification can be obtained in any band of optical spectrum, which depends on the pump wavelength that is used for made it. Our studies demonstrated that the discrete Raman amplifier that was made of Raman fiber of OFS Fitel Denmark was more efficient in short wavelengths and has more improvement when it was working in O-band. In spite of the higher attenuation, we can have higher Raman gain efficiency (CR) because the effective area (Aeff) decreased in short wavelengths. The characteristics of Raman fiber were studied when we found the Raman gain efficiency peak of 3.9 (W.km)-1 for a pump laser of 1240 nm wavelength. For this case, the gain of O-band amplifier was about 50 % higher when we compared with the C-band. For a CWDM system, we need to design a multi-pump amplifier. It is necessary four pump lasers to amplifier a bandwidth of 70 nm and six pump lasers to cover all O-band. The gain value depends on the pump power and if we want a good result, we should verify the total power of channels in the input of amplifier to avoid the device saturation. In addition, the noise figure of Raman amplifier was studied and then we found results that demonstrated higher noise values in short wavelengths specially, when we need to locate some pump lasers between signal wavelengths. / A maior parte das pesquisas realizadas sobre amplificadores Raman tem seus estudos centrados nas bandas C (1530 a 1565 nm) e L (1565 a 1625 nm), regiões onde os dados de eficiência de ganho Raman e a parametrização dos amplificadores têm seus estudos consolidados. Um ponto importante para ser considerado quando se deseja trabalhar numa banda diferente, como no caso a banda O (1260 a 1360 nm), é que a alteração não é apenas no comprimento de onda do laser de bombeio. Deve-se considerar o decréscimo da área efetiva e do comprimento de onda que influenciará diretamente no valor da eficiência e conseqüentemente no próprio ganho do amplificador Raman. Alguns amplificadores Raman utilizam a própria fibra de transmissão e outros têm como meio de amplificação fibras especiais como DSF, DCF ou a própria fibra Raman como é demonstrado neste trabalho. Sabe-se, no entanto, que a amplificação Raman pode ocorrer em qualquer banda do espectro óptico sendo necessário para a sua montagem, apenas alterar o comprimento de onda do laser de geração do efeito. Este trabalho demonstrou que o Amplificador Raman Discreto utilizando a fibra Raman da OFS Fitel Denmark é mais eficiente em comprimentos de onda menores e com melhor aproveitamento na região compreendida pela banda O . Nossos estudos demonstraram que apesar do aumento da atenuação nesta região, pode-se obter maior Eficiência de Ganho Raman (CR) devido ao decréscimo da Área Efetiva (Aeff) em comprimentos de onda curtos. A variação das características da fibra Raman para a banda O foram analisadas sendo encontrado um pico de Eficiência de Ganho Raman de 3,9 (W.km)-1 para um laser de bombeio de 1240 nm resultando em torno de 50 % a mais de Ganho no amplificador quando comparado com a banda C . Analisando o amplificador utilizando múltiplos lasers de bombeio, verificou-se que para uma aplicação em sistema CWDM seriam necessários 4 lasers para amplificação numa faixa de 70 nm e 6 lasers para cobrir toda a banda O sendo que a magnitude de amplificação depende diretamente da potência destes lasers devendo-se observar a potência total dos canais na entrada para evitar a saturação do dispositivo. Foi analisada a figura de ruído do amplificador Raman sendo encontrados valores mais altos em comprimentos de onda curtos e de maior magnitude quando há lasers de bombeio entre os comprimentos de onda de sinal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 David Steinberg.pdf: 1201176 bytes, checksum: 38de6b0554611de53adf67ca19a556a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-01-28 / In this work, the O-band discrete Raman amplifier gain bandwidth optimization using genetic algorithm of a commercial simulator is carried out. The main objective of the study was to optimize the wide Raman amplifier gain bandwidth obtaining values of gain variation less than 0.5 dB. Using a fiber DCF (Dispersion Compensating Fiber) as Raman amplifier medium, the pump number was varied and the gain variation for each pump configuration has been verified. For a fixed 70 nm (1275-1345 nm) bandwidth consisting of 62 signal frequencies points, the results were generated for one, two, three, four, five, six, seven and eight backward pumps, which with the last one it was obtained the best result of 0.35 dB gain variation. In addition to this analysis, it was also found the Raman amplifier noise figure for this band and made a brief comparison with the conventional profile bands. / Neste trabalho a otimização da largura de banda de ganho de um amplificador Raman discreto na banda "O" utilizando algoritmo genético de um simulador comercial foi realizada. O objetivo principal do trabalho foi otimizar a maior largura de banda de ganho do amplificador Raman obtendo valores de variação de ganho menores que 0.5 dB. Utilizando uma fibra DCF (Dispersion Compensating Fiber) como meio de ganho do amplificador Raman, o número de bombeio foi variado e a variação de ganho para cada configuração de bombeio foi verificada. Para uma largura de banda fixa em 70 nm (1275-1345 nm) compreendendo 62 pontos de freqüências de sinal, foram gerados resultados para um, dois, três, quatro, cinco, seis, sete e oito bombeios contrapropagantes sendo que com esta última configuração foi obtido o melhor resultado de variação de ganho de 0.35 dB. Além desta análise, também foi verificado o perfil da figura de ruído do amplificador Raman nesta banda e feita uma breve comparação com o perfil em bandas convencionais.

Ce mémoire présente des travaux portant sur les ondes aux statistiques extrêmes qui représentent un sujet extrêmement attractif en optique depuis qu’une comparaison avec les vagues scélérates océaniques a été proposée fin 2007. Nous décrivons donc les mécanismes de formations de ces structures extrêmes dans le cadre de la propagation guidée de la lumière dans les fibres optiques. Dans une première partie, nous commençons par explorer les ondes scélérates optiques dans les supercontinuums générés par instabilité modulationnelle d’ordre 4 et proposons une méthode de stabilisation basée sur l’utilisation de deux germes continus. Puis, nous continuons avec une étude approfondie sur les amplificateurs Raman à fibre où des conditions d’apparitions des structures géantes sont déterminées. En effet, en présence d’une pompe partiellement incohérente comme le laser Raman fibré, un gain quasi-instantané et un faible walk-off mènent à des statistiques extrêmes. Cela a pu être vérifié que le signal soit continu ou impulsionnel et dans le cadre d’un amplificateur paramétrique basé sur l’instabilité modulationnelle d’ordre 2 incohérente. Dans la dernière partie, un système turbulent est étudié en fonction de l’incohérence ce qui nous a permis d’identifier trois régimes avec, en particulier, le second où il existe des quasi-solitons intermittents. Enfin, nous nous intéressons à des structures non-linéaires appelées Breathers d’Akhmediev, qui présentent des cycles de compression-décompression, et portons notre attention sur leur limite asymptotique : le soliton de Peregrine. Ce dernier est vu comme un prototype très intéressant des vagues scélérates. Nos études expérimentales, menées aux longueurs d’ondes des communications optiques et utilisant différentes méthodes de caractérisations spectro-temporelles, sont complétées par des études numériques et analytiques. / This thesis deals with extremes statistics which has become an attractive subject in optics since a comparison with oceanic rogue waves has been proposed at the end of 2007. We report some potential mechanisms stimulating the rogue wave formation in the context of guided propagation of light in optical fibers. In a first part, we explore optical rogue waves in supercontinuums generated by fourth-order modulation instability and we propose a stabilization method based on the use of two continuous seeds. Then, we present a detailed study on Raman fiber amplifiers where we determine the conditions of emergence of giant structures : in presence of a partially incoherent pumping wave, a quasi-instantaneous gain combined with a low walk-off lead to extremes statistics. We have validated these conditions for a continuous wave as well as a pulse train. Conclusions have also been successfully extended to a parametric amplifier based on incoherent second-order modulation instability. In the last part, a turbulent system is studied as a function of incoherence and we identify three regimes. In one of these regimes, we highlight the existence of intermittent quasi-solitons. Finally, we are interested in nonlinear structures called Akhmediev Breathers which present compression-decompression cycles and we focus our attention on its asymptotic limit: the Peregrine soliton. It corresponds to a very interesting prototype of rogue waves. Our experimental work, performed at optical communication wavelength and using several methods of spectro-temporal characterization, is complemented by numerical and analytical studies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Palmerston Donizzeti Taveira.pdf: 3709250 bytes, checksum: f7776004371e059d73f0d20c8d735c07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-08-02 / The optical amplifier has improved the optical communication systems because they lead to an increase in transmission capacity of medium and long haul optical systems, with technological advantages over electronic regenerators. The optical amplifier are relatively simple to deploy and can be used in optical links without any troubles regarding signal transmission rate improvement and signal modulation changes, as a consequence of these issues they can substitute the electronic regenerator enhancing security with low operation cost. The CWDM systems multiplex optical wavelength with a low cost in metropolitan networks. It was developed to connect backbone networks to metro core and edge networks with cost saving over DWDM systems but lower transmission capacity. We have developed and characterized in our research a discrete Raman amplifier for operation in O band. We connected the amplifier in a point to point CWDM in order to analyze the gain on the system transmission capacity and the impairments that appears in the system. Working with a eight channel CWDM in O band, modulated with 2.5 Gbit/s, we have demonstrated that we can use a discrete Raman amplifier in single configurations, pre amplifier, booster and line amplifier and shared configuration with booster and pre amplifier to increase the transmission capacity that means, increase the length of the optical link. We have increased in 110% the length of the optical link with a shared configuration of two amplifiers with 10 dB gain for each one. / Os amplificadores ópticos revolucionaram a tecnológica das comunicações ópticas, pois possibilitaram o aumento da capacidade de transmissão dos sistemas ópticos de média e longa distância, com vantagens tecnológicas sobre os regeneradores. Estes dispositivos são relativamente simples de serem desenvolvidos, utilizam poucos componentes e podem ser utilizados nas redes ópticas de forma transparente a taxa de transmissão e modulação do sinal. Substituem assim, com vantagens, os regeneradores eletrônicos, agregando segurança e baixo custo à operação das redes ópticas. Os sistemas CWDM realizam a multiplexação óptica de comprimentos de onda a um baixo custo em redes metropolitanas. São utilizados para conectar as redes de transporte de alta capacidade às redes de acesso, trazendo uma larga vantagem em custo sobre os sistemas DWDM, porém com menor capacidade de transmissão. Nosso trabalho de pesquisa consistiu em desenvolver e caracterizar um amplificador Raman discreto na banda O (1260 a 1360 nm), aplicando este amplificador em um sistema CWDM ponto a ponto com taxa de transmissão de 2.5 Gbit/s por canal e analisando o aumento na capacidade de transmissão e os efeitos que degradam o sinal transmitido. Trabalhando com um sistema CWDM com oito canais na banda O, demonstramos que podemos utilizar um amplificador Raman discreto nas configurações isoladas de pré-amplificador, booster e amplificador de linha e na configuração simultânea de booster e pré-amplificador para aumentar a capacidade de transmissão. Aumentamos o comprimento original do enlace em 110%.