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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
111

Modélisation d'un cycle de production d'électricité bi-étagé à aéro-réfrigérant sec

Liu, Bo 18 April 2014 (has links) (PDF)
La production d'électricité dépend étroitement de la disponibilité d'une source froide. C'est la raison pour laquelle la plupart des centrales de grande puissance dans le monde sont construites près d'une source d'eau. Le problème de la source froide a été soulevé à plusieurs reprises en France, notamment après les canicules de 2003 et de 2006. Le refroidissement à l'air sec est une des options possibles. Cependant, étant donné le besoin de surface d'échange plus important, le changement de la source froide pour l'air ambiant n'est pas, dans la majorité des cas, viable économiquement.Une des solutions à ce problème imaginées à EDF était de changer l'architecture du cycle de production en considérant un cycle de production composé de deux cycles de Rankine en cascade, le premier fonctionnant avec de la vapeur d'eau et le deuxième fonctionnant avec de l'ammoniac dont la vapeur à basse pression est beaucoup plus dense que celle de l'eau. Cette solution permet de faciliter l'utilisation d'un aérocondenseur et de réduire la taille de la salle machine.En raison de la nature toxique et corrosive de l'ammoniac, il est intéressant d'étudier la possibilité de remplacer ce dernier par d'autres fluides plus adaptés, notamment en envisageant de nouveaux fluides pour lesquels peu ou pas de données sont disponibles. Nous comparons les fluides sur le plan énergétique et en terme de taille des composants de l'installation.Cette thèse illustre la démarche des différentes étapes de notre travail : la recherche de nouveaux fluides de travail, l'évaluation de performance du système en régime nominal et non-nominal, le dimensionnement des principaux composants du cycle ainsi que l'évaluation de coût et de gain économique éventuel.
112

Simulação numérica de tornados usando o método dos elementos finitos

Aguirre, Miguel Angel January 2017 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar escoamentos de tornados e sua ação sobre corpos imersos empregando ferramentas numéricas da Engenharia do Vento Computacional (EVC). Os tornados constituem-se atualmente em uma das causas de desastres naturais no Brasil, especialmente nas regiões sul e sudeste do país, como também em alguns países vizinhos. Os efeitos gerados são geralmente localizados e de curta duração, podendo ser devastadores dependendo da escala do tornado. Tais características dificultam a realização de estudos detalhados a partir de eventos reais, o que levou ao desenvolvimento de modelos experimentais e numéricos. A abordagem numérica é utilizada neste trabalho para a simulação de tornados, a qual se baseia nas equações de Navier-Stokes e na equação de conservação de massa, considerando a hipótese de pseudo-compressibilidade e condições isotérmicas. Para escoamentos com turbulência utiliza-se a Simulação Direta de Grandes Escalas com o modelo clássico de Smagorinsky para as escalas inferiores à resolução da malha (Large Eddy Simulation ou LES em inglês). A discretização das equações fundamentais do escoamento se realiza com um esquema explícito de dois passos de Taylor-Galerkin, onde o Método dos Elementos Finitos é empregado na discretização espacial utilizando-se o elemento hexaédrico trilinear isoparamétrico com um ponto de integração e controle de modos espúrios Na presença de corpos imersos que se movem para simular os deslocamentos dos tornados, o escoamento é descrito cinematicamente através de uma formulação Arbitrária Lagrangeana-Euleriana (ALE) que inclui um esquema de movimento de malha. Tornados são reproduzidos através da simulação numérica de dispositivos experimentais e do Modelo de Vórtice Combinado de Rankine (RCVM). Exemplos clássicos da Dinâmica dos Fluidos Computacional são apresentados inicialmente para a verificação das ferramentas numéricas implementadas. Finalmente, problemas envolvendo tornados móveis e estacionários são analisados, incluindo sua ação sobre corpos imersos. Nos modelos baseados em experimentos, a variação da relação de redemoinho determinou os diferentes padrões de escoamento observados no laboratório. Nos exemplos de modelo de vórtice, quando o tornado impactou o corpo imerso gerou picos de forças em todas as direções e, após a passar pelo mesmo, produziu uma alteração significativa na estrutura do vórtice. / Analyses of tornado flows and its action on immersed bodies using numerical tools of Computational Wind Engineering (CWE) are the main aims of the present work. Tornadoes are currently one of the causes of natural disasters in Brazil, occurring more frequently in the southern and southeastern regions of the country, as well as in some neighboring countries. Effects are usually localized, presenting a short time interval, which can be devastating depending on the scale of the tornado. These characteristics difficult to carry out detailed studies based on real events, leading to the development of experimental and numerical models. The numerical approach is used in this work for the simulation of tornadoes, which is based on the Navier-Stokes equations and the mass conservation equation, considering the hypothesis of pseudo-compressibility and isothermal conditions. For turbulent flows, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used with the classical Smagorinsky model for sub-grid scales Discretization is performed the explicit two-step Taylor-Galerkin scheme, where the Finite Element Method is used in spatial discretization using isoparametric trilinear hexahedral elements with one-point quadrature and hourglass control. In the presence of immersed bodies that are moving in order to simulate translating tornadoes, the flow is kinematically described through a Lagrangian-Eulerian Arbitrary (ALE) formulation, which includes a mesh motion scheme. Tornadoes are reproduced using numerical simulation of experimental devices and the Rankine Combined Vortex Model (RCVM). Classical examples of Computational Fluid Dynamics are presented initially for the verification of the numerical tools implemented here. Finally, problems involving moving and stationary tornadoes are analyzed, including their actions on immersed bodies. For models based on experiments, the variation of the swirl ratio determined the different flow patterns observed in the laboratory. In the vortex model examples, when the tornado impacted on the immersed body, peaks of forces were generated in all directions and, after passing over it, a significant change in the structure of the vortex was produced.
113

Determinação do custo de energia gerada através da utilização de células a combustível de carbonato fundido e turbina a vapor em um ciclo combinado / Determination of the cost of energy of a combined cycle using molten carbonate fuel cell and steam turbine

Silva, Fellipe Sartori da [UNESP] 07 February 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Fellipe Sartori da Silva null (fellipe_sartori@yahoo.com) on 2018-03-20T14:29:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Determinação do custo de energia gerada através da utilização de células a combustível de carbonato fundido e turbina a vapor em um ciclo combinado.pdf: 3065864 bytes, checksum: 1b28d8ca48a059ab95292517f0d2d616 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamella Benevides Gonçalves null (pamella@feg.unesp.br) on 2018-03-21T13:25:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fs_me_guara.pdf: 3065864 bytes, checksum: 1b28d8ca48a059ab95292517f0d2d616 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-21T13:25:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fs_me_guara.pdf: 3065864 bytes, checksum: 1b28d8ca48a059ab95292517f0d2d616 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os modelos energéticos atuais são baseados majoritariamente na utilização de combustíveis fósseis, os quais, além de serem fontes finitas, ainda geram gases poluentes que contribuem para o efeito estufa e, consequentemente, para o aquecimento global. As células a combustível, por possuírem alta eficiência de conversão, baixa emissão, simplicidade de operação e flexibilidade em sua utilização, vêm sendo estudadas como opção mais limpa de geração. A célula a combustível de carbonato fundido, em particular, além de ter vantagens estruturais por operar a alta temperatura, possui calor residual que pode ser aproveitado para cogeração. O presente trabalho propõe uma configuração de ciclo combinado de uma célula a combustível de carbonato fundido de 10 MW, que possui reforma interna de gás natural, com um ciclo a vapor que aproveita o calor residual da célula. A reforma a vapor do gás natural, simulada pelo software STANJAN Chemical Equilibrium Solver, apresentou valores satisfatórios de produção de H2 na temperatura de operação da célula. As análises energética e exergética, simuladas através do software Engineering Equation Solver (EES), apontaram aumentos nas respectivas eficiências globais de 4,8 e 4,6%, respectivamente. A análise exergoeconômica indicou custo de geração de 0,4679 USD/kWh, valor acima das tarifas nacionais. Entretanto, a análise de sensibilidade mostrou que plantas de grande porte com essa configuração podem ser economicamente competitivas em diferentes cenários. / Current researches point to a significant increase in energy demand over the next few years. Energy models are mostly based on fossil fuels, which generates greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. Thus, it becomes necessary to develop equipment and cycles that operate with greater efficiency, as well as new technologies of energy generation with both fossil and renewable sources. Fuel cells are being widely investigated due to their high conversion efficiency, low emissions, structural simplicity and flexibility. Among several fuel cell types, molten carbonate fuel cell has advantages such as fuel flexibility and high operating temperature, which leads to high thermal energy residue. This residue can be used for cogeneration and combined cycles, in order to enhance the global efficiency. This study aimed to introduce a 10 MW internal reforming molten carbonate fuel cell and steam turbine combined cycle. Steam reforming of natural gas was simulated by STANJAN Chemical Equilibrium Solver and presented satisfactory H2 production at MCFC operating temperature. Simulation in Engineering Equation Solver (EES) of energetic and exergetic analysis showed efficiency increases of 4,8 and 4,6%, respectively. Exergoeconomic analysis pointed to a 0,4679 USD/kWh power cost. However, sensitivity analysis showed that higher plants can achieve economic viability in different scenarios
114

Simulação numérica de tornados usando o método dos elementos finitos

Aguirre, Miguel Angel January 2017 (has links)
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar escoamentos de tornados e sua ação sobre corpos imersos empregando ferramentas numéricas da Engenharia do Vento Computacional (EVC). Os tornados constituem-se atualmente em uma das causas de desastres naturais no Brasil, especialmente nas regiões sul e sudeste do país, como também em alguns países vizinhos. Os efeitos gerados são geralmente localizados e de curta duração, podendo ser devastadores dependendo da escala do tornado. Tais características dificultam a realização de estudos detalhados a partir de eventos reais, o que levou ao desenvolvimento de modelos experimentais e numéricos. A abordagem numérica é utilizada neste trabalho para a simulação de tornados, a qual se baseia nas equações de Navier-Stokes e na equação de conservação de massa, considerando a hipótese de pseudo-compressibilidade e condições isotérmicas. Para escoamentos com turbulência utiliza-se a Simulação Direta de Grandes Escalas com o modelo clássico de Smagorinsky para as escalas inferiores à resolução da malha (Large Eddy Simulation ou LES em inglês). A discretização das equações fundamentais do escoamento se realiza com um esquema explícito de dois passos de Taylor-Galerkin, onde o Método dos Elementos Finitos é empregado na discretização espacial utilizando-se o elemento hexaédrico trilinear isoparamétrico com um ponto de integração e controle de modos espúrios Na presença de corpos imersos que se movem para simular os deslocamentos dos tornados, o escoamento é descrito cinematicamente através de uma formulação Arbitrária Lagrangeana-Euleriana (ALE) que inclui um esquema de movimento de malha. Tornados são reproduzidos através da simulação numérica de dispositivos experimentais e do Modelo de Vórtice Combinado de Rankine (RCVM). Exemplos clássicos da Dinâmica dos Fluidos Computacional são apresentados inicialmente para a verificação das ferramentas numéricas implementadas. Finalmente, problemas envolvendo tornados móveis e estacionários são analisados, incluindo sua ação sobre corpos imersos. Nos modelos baseados em experimentos, a variação da relação de redemoinho determinou os diferentes padrões de escoamento observados no laboratório. Nos exemplos de modelo de vórtice, quando o tornado impactou o corpo imerso gerou picos de forças em todas as direções e, após a passar pelo mesmo, produziu uma alteração significativa na estrutura do vórtice. / Analyses of tornado flows and its action on immersed bodies using numerical tools of Computational Wind Engineering (CWE) are the main aims of the present work. Tornadoes are currently one of the causes of natural disasters in Brazil, occurring more frequently in the southern and southeastern regions of the country, as well as in some neighboring countries. Effects are usually localized, presenting a short time interval, which can be devastating depending on the scale of the tornado. These characteristics difficult to carry out detailed studies based on real events, leading to the development of experimental and numerical models. The numerical approach is used in this work for the simulation of tornadoes, which is based on the Navier-Stokes equations and the mass conservation equation, considering the hypothesis of pseudo-compressibility and isothermal conditions. For turbulent flows, Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used with the classical Smagorinsky model for sub-grid scales Discretization is performed the explicit two-step Taylor-Galerkin scheme, where the Finite Element Method is used in spatial discretization using isoparametric trilinear hexahedral elements with one-point quadrature and hourglass control. In the presence of immersed bodies that are moving in order to simulate translating tornadoes, the flow is kinematically described through a Lagrangian-Eulerian Arbitrary (ALE) formulation, which includes a mesh motion scheme. Tornadoes are reproduced using numerical simulation of experimental devices and the Rankine Combined Vortex Model (RCVM). Classical examples of Computational Fluid Dynamics are presented initially for the verification of the numerical tools implemented here. Finally, problems involving moving and stationary tornadoes are analyzed, including their actions on immersed bodies. For models based on experiments, the variation of the swirl ratio determined the different flow patterns observed in the laboratory. In the vortex model examples, when the tornado impacted on the immersed body, peaks of forces were generated in all directions and, after passing over it, a significant change in the structure of the vortex was produced.
115

[pt] DESEMPENHO DE EXPANSOR AXIAL DE ESTÁGIO ÚNICO E ADMISSÃO PARCIAL APLICADO A CICLO RANKINE ORGÂNICO PARA RECUPERAÇÃO DE CALOR / [en] PERFORMANCE OF SINGLE STAGE PARTIAL ADMISSION AXIAL EXPANDER APPLIED TO A WASTE HEAT RECOVERY RANKINE ORGANIC CYCLE

27 June 2016 (has links)
[pt] O presente trabalho aborda a análise da aplicação do expansor axial de estágio único e admissão parcial em ciclo Rankine orgânico para recuperação do calor rejeitado por um motor de combustão interna. O fluido adotado é o R245fa, cujos efeitos de gás real são relevantes nas condições estudadas, sendo representados pela equação Redlich-Kwong-Soave. Um modelo de perdas para o escoamento através das palhetas é proposto, tendo como base a teoria da camada limite, o conceito do fator de difusão, experimentos de grades em túnel de vento obtidos na literatura e as equações de conservação para escoamento compressível. O fator de difusão é o parâmetro responsável por quantificar o gradiente de pressão adverso na superfície do perfil das palhetas. A geometria e dimensões básicas para a máxima eficiência do expansor são determinadas para diversas condições subcríticas e supercríticas do ciclo a partir de um algoritmo de otimização com restrições. O valor ótimo da temperatura do evaporador em condições subcríticas é estabelecido de modo a obter a potência máxima do ciclo de recuperação, conforme as alternativas construtivas consideradas. O projeto do expansor de estágio único mostra ser grandemente influenciado pela compressibilidade do meio e a utilização de bocais com perfil convergente-divergente é promissora para alcançar o maior potencial de desempenho, principalmente nas condições de alta pressão do evaporador. / [en] The present work deals with the analysis of the application of a single stage partial admission axial expander in organic Rankine cycle, in order to recover the heat rejected by an internal combustion engine. The selected fluid is R245fa, whose real gas behavior is relevant under the studied conditions, as modeled by the Redlich-Kwong-Soave equation of state. A loss model for the flow through the axial blades is proposed in this work, based on the boundary layer theory, the concept of diffusion factor, wind tunnel cascade tests available in literature and the conservation equations for compressible flow. The diffusion factor is the parameter responsible to quantify the adverse pressure gradient on the blade profile surfaces. The basic geometry and dimensions needed to achieve maximum expander efficiency are determined under several subcritical and supercritical cycle conditions by means of a restrained design optimization algorithm. The optimum value for the evaporator temperature under subcritical cycle is stablished so as to obtain the maximum power from the recovery cycle, according the constructive alternatives considered. The single stage expander design is shown to be greatly influenced by media compressibility and the use of convergent-divergent profiled nozzles is promising to achieve the highest performance potential, especially at high evaporator pressure conditions.
116

Development of a Combined Thermal Management and Power Generation System using a Multi-Mode Rankine Cycle

Payne, Nathaniel M. 07 June 2021 (has links)
No description available.
117

Využití odpadního tepla z technologických procesů / Waste heat recovery from technological processes

Bednařík, Jakub January 2018 (has links)
Master thesis deals with the utilization of waste heat from Nova Mosilana company. Theoretical part of this work is focused on the waste heat description (heat, heat quantity, heat temperature/quality, composition of waste stream) in which a considerable energy potential is hidden. The other parts describe waste heat technology, especially heat pumps, Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and system absorption cooling. Some of the technologies described in the theoretical part are used in the design of the more efficient existing waste heat utilization, especifically power and cold production.
118

ORC oběh pro využití tepla KJ / ORC cycle for waste heat utilizing

Vítek, Stanislav January 2013 (has links)
The aim of this diploma work is the study and the modeling of an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). Organic Rankine Cycle is used for heat recovery from low-potential heat sources. Their working fluid is a refrigerant or a hydrocarbon whose properties are adapted to the conditions in which the heat recovery is performed. The other chapters include the technical resolution of exhaust-heat exchanger of cogeneration unit for application ORC and partially economic study use in Czech Republic.
119

Application of Modular Uncertainty Techniques to Engineering Systems

Long, William C 04 May 2018 (has links)
Uncertainty analysis is crucial to any thorough analysis of an engineering system. Traditional uncertainty analysis can be a tedious task involving numerous steps that can be error prone if conducted by hand. If conducted with the aid of a computer, these tasks can be computationally expensive. In either case, the process is quite rigid. If a parameter of the system is modified or the system configuration is changed, the entire uncertainty analysis process must be conducted again giving more opportunities for calculation errors or computation time. Modular uncertainty analysis provides a method to overcome all these obstacles of traditional uncertainty analysis. The modular technique is well suited for computation by a computer which makes the process somewhat automatic after the initial setup and computation errors are reduced. The modular technique implements matrix operations to conduct the analysis. This in turns makes the process more efficient than traditional methods because computers are well suited for matrix operations. Since the modular technique implements matrix operations, the method is adaptable to system parameter or configuration modifications. The modular technique also lends itself to quickly calculating other uncertainty analysis parameters such as the uncertainty magnification factor, and the uncertainty percent contribution. This dissertation will focuson the modular technique, the extension of the technique in the form the uncertainty magnification factor and uncertainty percent contribution, and the application of the modular technique to different type of energy systems. The modular technique is applied to an internal combustion engine with a bottoming organic Rankine cycle system, a combined heat and power system, and a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system. The results show that the modular technique is well suited to evaluate complex engineering systems. The modular technique is also shown to perform well when system parameters or configurations are modified.
120

Dynamic Modeling of Heat Power System : Modeling of a Heat Power System Using Physical and Data-driven Methods and Investigation of a Moving Boundary Method / Dynamisk Modellering av Värmekraftsystem : Dynamisk modellering av värmekraftsystem genom att använda fysikalisk modellering samt data-baserade metoder och en undersökning av en Moving-boundary metod

Gustafsson, Albin January 2023 (has links)
Our society is becoming more and more electrified every day. However, a significant portion of the world’s electricity generation relies on the combustion of fossil fuels to produce heat, which is subsequently harnessed to generate electricity. One way of generating electricity from heat is by utilizing a Rankine cycle. The basis of a Rankine cycle is to heat a liquid to its boiling point, which causes an increase in pressure that is used to spin a turbine and a generator. Many industries, such as transportation and manufacturing, produce large amounts of waste heat that needs to be removed from the main process. A Rankine cycle variant called an organic Rankine cycle can be used in a heat power system to generate electricity from lower-temperature waste heat, which increases efficiency since less heat is wasted. This thesis focuses on constructing a dynamic model of Climeon’s heat power system called HP300. The HP300 utilizes an organic Rankine cycle to generate electricity. Dynamic modeling is valuable because it provides a deeper understanding of the system, which is beneficial for its development and improvement. Moreover, a system model has the potential to enhance the system’s performance by using advanced control methods. The HP300 consists of four main components: a pump, a turbine, an evaporator, and a condenser. Each component will be modeled individually, and the complete model will be constructed by combining the component models. Additionally, an in-depth investigation of an advanced modeling method for heat exchangers is to be conducted. The constructed model in this thesis has an average error of 4%. The pump and turbine were modeled as steady-state models, and the evaporator and condenser were modeled with data-driven state-space models. The most important output of the model is the power generated by the turbine. The power was modeled with an average error of 6%. The turbine model performs best for pressure ratios of 1.75 and above. The model for the condenser had larger errors than the evaporator since it had fewer input variables. Improving the model of the condenser would decrease the overall errors of the model. / Vårt samhälle blir mer och mer elektrifierat för varje dag som går. En betydande del av världens elproduktion är dock beroende av förbränning av fossila bränslen för att producera värme, som sedan utnyttjas för att generera el. Ett sätt att generera el från värme är att använda en Rankine-cykel. Grundprincipen för en Rankine-cykel är att värma upp en vätska till dess kokpunkt, vilket orsakar en tryckökning som används för att snurra en turbin, kopplad till en generator. Många industrier, som exempelvis transport och tillverkning, producerar stora mängder restvärme som måste avlägsnas från huvudprocessen. En variant av Rankine-cykeln som kallas organisk Rankinecykel kan användas i ett värmekraftsystem för att generera elektricitet från restvärme med lägre temperatur, vilket ökar effektiviteten eftersom mindre värme går förlorad. Detta examensarbete fokuserar på att konstruera en dynamisk modell av Climeons värmekraftsystem vid namn HP300. HP300 använder en organisk Rankine-cykel för att generera elektricitet. Dynamisk modellering är värdefull eftersom den ger en djupare förståelse av systemet, vilket är fördelaktigt för dess utveckling och förbättring. Dessutom har en systemmodell potentialen att förbättra systemets prestanda genom att använda avancerade reglermetoder. HP300 består av fyra huvudkomponenter: en pump, en turbin, en förångare och en kondensor. Varje komponent modelleras individuellt och hela modellen konstrueras genom att komponentmodellerna kombineras. Dessutom utförs en fördjupad undersökning av en avancerad modelleringsmetod av värmeväxlare. Den konstruerade modelled i detta arbete har ett genomsnittligt fel på 4%. Pumpen och turbinen modellerades som stationära modeller, medan förångaren och kondensorn modellerades med datadrivna state-space-modeller. Modellens viktigaste variabel är den effekt som genereras av turbinen. Den modellerade effekten hade ett genomsnittligt fel på 6%. Turbinmodellen presterar bäst för tryck-kvoter på 1, 75 och högre. Kondensor modellen hade större fel än förångaren eftersom den hade färre ingångsvariabler. En förbättring av kondensorns modell skulle förbättra modellens övergripande noggrannhet.

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