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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

REGULATION OF PLATELET EXOCTOSIS AND ITS ROLE IN DISEASES

Al Hawas, Rania A. 01 January 2012 (has links)
In addition to their role in hemostasis, platelets appear to contribute to vascular inflammatory diseases. Platelets achieve this through the secretion of various prothrombotic and pro-inflammatory molecules. Platelet secretion is mediated by integral membrane proteins called Soluble NSF Attachment protein REceptors (SNAREs). SNAREs come from both granule/vesicle membranes (v-SNAREs) and target membranes (t-SNAREs) to form a trans-bilayer complex that promotes membrane fusion and subsequent granule cargo release. The work described in this dissertation dissects various, yet related aspects of platelet secretion in both physiological relevant and pathological circumstances. Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death in the westernized countries and a major contributor to heart attacks and strokes. Given the potential involvement of platelets in atherosclerosis and previous work from our laboratory showing that VAMP-8 is the primary v-SNARE for platelet secretion, one part of this dissertation focuses on the role of VAMP-8- mediated secretion in atherosclerosis. The data showed that the deletion of VAMP-8 in the ApoE-/- null model of chronic atherosclerosis attenuated plaque development compared to the wild type littermates. Aged (50 week) VAMP-8-/-/ApoE-/- mice showed a reduction in lesion size compared to ApoE-/- controls, as measured by Oil Red-O staining of the plaques in the aortic sinus and by en face analysis of plaques in the aortic arch. These data show that the loss of VAMP-8 attenuates the development of atherosclerotic plaques and suggest that platelet secretion contributes to atherosclerosis. Considering the vital role of platelet secretion in both physiological and pathological conditions, it is essential to understand how it is regulated. SNARE proteins are controlled by a range of regulatory molecules that affect where, when, and with whom they form trans-bilayer complexes for membrane fusion. One family of such regulators is the Munc18 family: platelets contain three (Munc18a-c). The second part of this dissertation focuses on the role of Munc18b/STXBP2. Mutations in the Munc18b/STXBP2 gene underlie Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistocytosis type 5 (FHL5), which is a life- threatening disease caused by dysregulation of the immune system. Platelets from two biallelic FHL5 patients had almost undetectable levels of Munc18b/STXBP2 levels; the levels of Munc18a increased slightly and Munc18c levels were unaffected. Syntaxin 11 levels were affected but the levels of other secretory machinery proteins were normal. Platelet secretion from dense and alpha granule in two biallelic patients and the one heterozygous patient was decreased. The release of serotonin from dense granules, and platelet factor 4 (PF4) from alpha granules was profoundly affected in the biallelic patients and partially affected in the heterozygote heterozygous patient. Lysosome release was affected only from the platelets of the biallelic patients. These data indicate that Munc18b plays a key role in platelet secretion. Ras is the prototypical member of a family of low molecular weight, GTP-binding proteins. It affects various cellular functions by cycling between an active, guanine triphosphate (GTP) and an inactive guanine diphosphate (GDP) -bound state. Little is known about the role of Ras activation in platelets. The third part of this dissertation focuses on what could be learned about Ras’ role by analyzing platelets from patients with Noonan Syndrome. Specific mutations in the genes encoding elements of Ras signaling pathways are associated with Noonan Syndrome. Platelets from Noonan Syndrome patients with a mutation in kRas (F156V) were analyzed and shown to have a defect in aggregation in response to low levels of agonist. These data suggest that Ras may play a functionally relevant role in platelet activation. In summary, the experiments presented in investigations of this dissertation support a role for platelet secretion in several pathological conditions and suggest that platelet secretion assays may serve as useful as diagnostic tools for some genetic diseases. In addition, these studies elucidate the importance of understanding the regulation of platelet exocytosis, to drive the development of new antithrombotic therapeutics.
2

Caracterização do estado nutricional de pacientes com síndrome de Noonan e síndromes Noonan-like / Characterization of the nutritional status of patients with Noonan syndrome and Noonan-like syndromes

Kanno, Fernanda Marchetto da Silva 03 December 2015 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: as RASopatias, que englobam a síndrome de Noonan e as síndromes relacionadas à síndrome de Noonan (Noonan-like), são doenças monogênicas de herança autossômica dominante causadas por mutações em genes pertencentes a mesma via de sinalização (RAS-MAPK). Caracterizam-se por um envolvimento multissistêmico, no qual a baixa estatura é um sinal cardinal. Os aspectos nutricionais são mais estudados nas síndromes relacionadas à síndrome de Noonan, nas quais uma dificuldade alimentar nos primeiros meses de vida é mais frequente e acentuada, requerendo uma intervenção terapêutica. OBJETIVOS: avaliar o estado nutricional de indivíduos com RASopatias, o consumo de energia e macronutrientes de acordo com a idade e gênero, comparar os dados antropométricos e o consumo alimentar com os dados populacionais e estabelecer uma associação entre o genótipo e o fenótipo dos indivíduos. MÉTODOS: o estado nutricional de 62 indivíduos com Rasopatias, confirmado por estudo molecular, com mediana de idade de 12 anos, foi avaliado a partir da realização de medidas antropométricas (peso, estatura, circunferência do braço e prega tricipital), da análise do consumo alimentar habitual e do nível de atividade física. RESULTADOS: Observou-se um déficit de crescimento de origem pós-natal em 48% dos indivíduos e, na classificação pelo índice de massa corpórea, aproximadamente 80% deles foram classificados como eutróficos ou com baixo peso/ magreza acentuada. Os parâmetros de composição corporal mostraram um comprometimento na circunferência muscular do braço e, nas classificações pela área gordurosa do braço e área muscular do braço, 43,5% apresentavam baixa reserva de gordura e 69% eram desnutridos ou abaixo da média, respectivamente. Ao associar o genótipo ao fenótipo dos indivíduos estudados, os genes SHOC2, RAF1 e KRAS eram os que apresentavam os valores médios mais baixos de estatura e os indivíduos com mutações no gene SHOC2, os menores valores de mediana de índice de massa corpórea Já os indivíduos com mutações no gene BRAF tiveram os maiores valores desta mediana. Houve uma diferença estatisticamente significante no escore-Z da dobra cutânea tricipital e na área gordurosa do braço entre BRAF e SHOC2 e no escore-Z da dobra cutânea tricipital entre RAF1 e SHOC2. O consumo energético e de macronutrientes dos indivíduos foi semelhante à referência de ingestão diária e ao da população brasileira e no nível de atividade física, 65,4% eram sedentários e irregularmente ativos. Encontrou-se somente um indivíduo com dificuldade importante na alimentação, necessitando de gastrostomia. CONCLUSÕES: A baixa estatura é frequente e mais pronunciada nos indivíduos com mutação nos genes SHOC2, RAF1 e KRAS. Diferindo da tendência da população mundial a apresentar uma alta prevalência de obesidade, a grande maioria dos indivíduos com RASopatias apresenta-se eutrófica ou com baixo peso/magreza. Na composição corpórea, há um acometimento do tecido muscular em todos os indivíduos estudados. A diminuição destas medidas não é explicada por uma baixa ingesta alimentar e nem por um aumento nas atividades físicas do grupo. É possível que os fatores genéticos, por um aumento da sinalização da via RAS-MAPK, confiram um perfil mais magro a estes indivíduos, por acometimento não apenas da gordura, mas especialmente da musculatura / INTRODUCTION: RASopathies that include Noonan syndrome and Noonan related disorders (Noonan-like) are monogenic conditions with autosomal dominant inheritance caused by mutations in genes belonging to the same signaling pathway (RAS-MAPK). They are characterized by a multisystemic involvement in which short stature is a cardinal feature. The nutritional aspects are more frequently described in Noonan related disorders, in which feeding difficulties in the first months of life are more frequent and severe, requiring therapeutic intervention. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the nutritional aspects of individuals with RASopathies, the energy and macronutrients consumption, according to age and sex; to compare the anthropometric data and dietary intake with population references and to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation. METHODS: The nutritional status of 62 individuals with Rasopathies confirmed by DNA analysis, with a median age of 12 years was evaluated by performing anthropometric measurements (weight, height, arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness), analysis of habitual food intake and physical activity level. RESULTS: There was growth deficiency of postnatal origin in 48% of subjects and in the classification by body mass index, approximately 80% of them were classified as eutrophic or underweight/thinness. The parameters of body composition showed a decreased upper arm muscle circumference and in the classification by the upper arm fat area and upper arm muscle area, 43.5% had low fat reserves and 69% were malnourished or below average, respectively. Genotype-phenotype correlation showed that individuals with mutations in SHOC2, RAF1 and KRAS were those presenting the lowest mean values of stature and individuals with mutations in SHOC2, the lower median values of bone mass index. On the other hand, individuals with mutations in the BRAF had the highest median values. There was a statistically significant difference of the triceps skinfold thickness and upper arm fat area between Z-scores between BRAF and SHOC2 and of the triceps skinfold thickness Z-score between RAF1 and SHOC2. The energy and macronutrient intake of the subjects were similar to the dietary intake reference and the Brazilian population and in the level of physical activity, 65.4% were sedentary and irregularly active. It was found only one individual with significant difficulty in feeding, requiring gastrostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Short stature is common and more pronounced in individuals with mutations in SHOC2, RAF1 and KRAS. Opposed to the trend of the world\'s population of an increased prevalence of obesity, the majority of individuals with RASopathies present as eutrophic or underweight/ thinness. In body composition, there is an involvement of muscle tissue in all studied subjects. The decrease of these measures in the group is explained neither by a lower food intake nor by an increase in physical activity. It is possible that genetic factors, leading to hyperactivation of the RAS/ MAPK signaling, confer a slimmer profile to these individuals, mostly by the muscle involvement and not only by a decrease in fat reserve
3

Caracterização do estado nutricional de pacientes com síndrome de Noonan e síndromes Noonan-like / Characterization of the nutritional status of patients with Noonan syndrome and Noonan-like syndromes

Fernanda Marchetto da Silva Kanno 03 December 2015 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: as RASopatias, que englobam a síndrome de Noonan e as síndromes relacionadas à síndrome de Noonan (Noonan-like), são doenças monogênicas de herança autossômica dominante causadas por mutações em genes pertencentes a mesma via de sinalização (RAS-MAPK). Caracterizam-se por um envolvimento multissistêmico, no qual a baixa estatura é um sinal cardinal. Os aspectos nutricionais são mais estudados nas síndromes relacionadas à síndrome de Noonan, nas quais uma dificuldade alimentar nos primeiros meses de vida é mais frequente e acentuada, requerendo uma intervenção terapêutica. OBJETIVOS: avaliar o estado nutricional de indivíduos com RASopatias, o consumo de energia e macronutrientes de acordo com a idade e gênero, comparar os dados antropométricos e o consumo alimentar com os dados populacionais e estabelecer uma associação entre o genótipo e o fenótipo dos indivíduos. MÉTODOS: o estado nutricional de 62 indivíduos com Rasopatias, confirmado por estudo molecular, com mediana de idade de 12 anos, foi avaliado a partir da realização de medidas antropométricas (peso, estatura, circunferência do braço e prega tricipital), da análise do consumo alimentar habitual e do nível de atividade física. RESULTADOS: Observou-se um déficit de crescimento de origem pós-natal em 48% dos indivíduos e, na classificação pelo índice de massa corpórea, aproximadamente 80% deles foram classificados como eutróficos ou com baixo peso/ magreza acentuada. Os parâmetros de composição corporal mostraram um comprometimento na circunferência muscular do braço e, nas classificações pela área gordurosa do braço e área muscular do braço, 43,5% apresentavam baixa reserva de gordura e 69% eram desnutridos ou abaixo da média, respectivamente. Ao associar o genótipo ao fenótipo dos indivíduos estudados, os genes SHOC2, RAF1 e KRAS eram os que apresentavam os valores médios mais baixos de estatura e os indivíduos com mutações no gene SHOC2, os menores valores de mediana de índice de massa corpórea Já os indivíduos com mutações no gene BRAF tiveram os maiores valores desta mediana. Houve uma diferença estatisticamente significante no escore-Z da dobra cutânea tricipital e na área gordurosa do braço entre BRAF e SHOC2 e no escore-Z da dobra cutânea tricipital entre RAF1 e SHOC2. O consumo energético e de macronutrientes dos indivíduos foi semelhante à referência de ingestão diária e ao da população brasileira e no nível de atividade física, 65,4% eram sedentários e irregularmente ativos. Encontrou-se somente um indivíduo com dificuldade importante na alimentação, necessitando de gastrostomia. CONCLUSÕES: A baixa estatura é frequente e mais pronunciada nos indivíduos com mutação nos genes SHOC2, RAF1 e KRAS. Diferindo da tendência da população mundial a apresentar uma alta prevalência de obesidade, a grande maioria dos indivíduos com RASopatias apresenta-se eutrófica ou com baixo peso/magreza. Na composição corpórea, há um acometimento do tecido muscular em todos os indivíduos estudados. A diminuição destas medidas não é explicada por uma baixa ingesta alimentar e nem por um aumento nas atividades físicas do grupo. É possível que os fatores genéticos, por um aumento da sinalização da via RAS-MAPK, confiram um perfil mais magro a estes indivíduos, por acometimento não apenas da gordura, mas especialmente da musculatura / INTRODUCTION: RASopathies that include Noonan syndrome and Noonan related disorders (Noonan-like) are monogenic conditions with autosomal dominant inheritance caused by mutations in genes belonging to the same signaling pathway (RAS-MAPK). They are characterized by a multisystemic involvement in which short stature is a cardinal feature. The nutritional aspects are more frequently described in Noonan related disorders, in which feeding difficulties in the first months of life are more frequent and severe, requiring therapeutic intervention. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the nutritional aspects of individuals with RASopathies, the energy and macronutrients consumption, according to age and sex; to compare the anthropometric data and dietary intake with population references and to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation. METHODS: The nutritional status of 62 individuals with Rasopathies confirmed by DNA analysis, with a median age of 12 years was evaluated by performing anthropometric measurements (weight, height, arm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness), analysis of habitual food intake and physical activity level. RESULTS: There was growth deficiency of postnatal origin in 48% of subjects and in the classification by body mass index, approximately 80% of them were classified as eutrophic or underweight/thinness. The parameters of body composition showed a decreased upper arm muscle circumference and in the classification by the upper arm fat area and upper arm muscle area, 43.5% had low fat reserves and 69% were malnourished or below average, respectively. Genotype-phenotype correlation showed that individuals with mutations in SHOC2, RAF1 and KRAS were those presenting the lowest mean values of stature and individuals with mutations in SHOC2, the lower median values of bone mass index. On the other hand, individuals with mutations in the BRAF had the highest median values. There was a statistically significant difference of the triceps skinfold thickness and upper arm fat area between Z-scores between BRAF and SHOC2 and of the triceps skinfold thickness Z-score between RAF1 and SHOC2. The energy and macronutrient intake of the subjects were similar to the dietary intake reference and the Brazilian population and in the level of physical activity, 65.4% were sedentary and irregularly active. It was found only one individual with significant difficulty in feeding, requiring gastrostomy. CONCLUSIONS: Short stature is common and more pronounced in individuals with mutations in SHOC2, RAF1 and KRAS. Opposed to the trend of the world\'s population of an increased prevalence of obesity, the majority of individuals with RASopathies present as eutrophic or underweight/ thinness. In body composition, there is an involvement of muscle tissue in all studied subjects. The decrease of these measures in the group is explained neither by a lower food intake nor by an increase in physical activity. It is possible that genetic factors, leading to hyperactivation of the RAS/ MAPK signaling, confer a slimmer profile to these individuals, mostly by the muscle involvement and not only by a decrease in fat reserve
4

Avaliação da expressão dos genes que codificam a proteína RAS e o fator de elongação EF1α em ectomicorrizas de Scleroderma laeve e Eucalyptus grandis / Expression analysis of the genes that code for RAS and the elongation factor EF1α in Scleroderma laeve and Eucalyptus grandis ectomycorrhizas

Pereira, Maíra de Freitas 18 July 2011 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 4350402 bytes, checksum: bd6bf9393be337ef287514591c95188f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-07-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The ectomycorrhizal association is a mutualistic interaction between plant roots and soil fungi that causes morphophysiological changes in the plant root system. The nutritional benefits result from the capacity of the fungus to increase the uptake of mineral nutrients by the host plant in exchange for photoassimilates. For the ectomycorrhizal association between Scleroderma laeve and Eucalyptus grandis, there is no information on which genes are decisive for the symbiosis and how they relate to the formation of ectomycorrhizas. Transcripts of the genes ras and ef1α were dentified as differentially expressed in many symbiotic associations and are related to signal transduction pathways and protein synthesis, respectively. Thus, the objectives of this work were to establish the ectomycorrhizal association between S. laeve and E. grandis in vitro, to isolate partial sequences of the genes ras and ef1α of S. laeve, and to evaluate the functional expression of these genes during ectomycorrhizal formation. Our works demonstrates the ectomycorrhizal association between S. laeve and E. grandis in vitro for the first time. The typical structures of ectomycorrhizas, such as the mantle and the Hartig net, were observed. At three days of contact between S. laeve and E. grandis roots the beginning of mantle formation could be observed. At 15 days, the mantle was completely formed, the epidermal cells were elongated, and the Hartig net formation was in progress. At 30 days, the ectomycorrhizas presented all the typical morphological structures fully developed. To evaluate gene expression during the association, partial sequences of ras and ef1α were isolated and the transcripts evaluated at the pre-symbiotic phase and at 3, 15 and 30 days after physical contact of the fungus with the plant roots. The transcripts of the gene ef1α were expressed at all evaluated times. Transcripts of ras were only detected in the ectomycorrhizas after three, 15, and 30 days of contact. These results are fundamental for a better understanding of the ectomycorrhizal association between S. laeve and E. grandis and suggest that ras-mediated signal transduction pathways may be functional during the establishment of the symbiosis between the fungus and the host roots. / A associação ectomicorrízica é uma interação mutualista entre raízes de plantas e fungos do solo, resultando em mudanças morfofisiológicas do sistema radicular das plantas. Os benefícios nutricionais advêm da capacidade do fungo em aumentar a absorção de nutrientes minerais pelas plantas, recebendo em troca os fotoassimilados. Na associação entre Scleroderma laeve e Eucalyptus grandis ainda não se tem informações de quais genes são decisivos e estão relacionados a este processo. Transcritos dos genes ras e ef1α foram identificados durante a formação da simbiose e sendo diferencialmente expressos na associação ectomicorrízica, e estão relacionados a vias de transdução de sinal e atuando na síntese protéica, respectivamente. Assim, os objetivos deste trabalho foram estabelecer a associação ectomicorrízica in vitro entre S. laeve e E. grandis, isolar sequências parciais dos genes ras e ef1α do fungo ectomicorrízico S. laeve, e avaliar a expressão funcional destes genes durante as fases de formação das ectomicorrizas. Este trabalho comprova a associação in vitro entre S. laeve e E. grandis, sendo registrada pela primeira vez. As estruturas típicas das ectomicorrizas, como a formação do manto fúngico e da rede de Hartig foram observadas. Nos tempos avaliados, em três dias de contato já havia a formação do manto fúngico. Aos 15 dias, o manto fúngico estava completamente formado, as células da epiderme alongadas e a rede de Hartig, em formação. Aos 30 dias, as ectomicorrizas apresentavam todas as estruturas típicas desenvolvidas. Para avaliar a expressão dos genes durante a associação, sequências parciais dos genes ras e ef1α foram isolados, e os transcritos destes genes foram avaliados na fase pré-simbiótica e aos três, 15 e 30 dias após o contato físico. Os transcritos do gene ef1α foram expressos durante todos os tempos avaliados. Os transcritos do gene ras foram detectados nas ectomicorrizas após três, 15 e 30 dias. Estes resultados são fundamentais para uma melhor compreensão da associação ectomicorrízica entre S. laeve e E. grandis e sugerem que as vias de transdução de sinais mediada por ras podem ser funcionais durante o estabelecimento da simbiose entre os fungos e as raízes de plantas.

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