Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-11T14:36:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 edwinmarcosmaravipercca.pdf: 1012447 bytes, checksum: f4600cdbca54aedbb08335b949e92788 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-17T20:09:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 edwinmarcosmaravipercca.pdf: 1012447 bytes, checksum: f4600cdbca54aedbb08335b949e92788 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T20:09:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 edwinmarcosmaravipercca.pdf: 1012447 bytes, checksum: f4600cdbca54aedbb08335b949e92788 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / As leis de balanço expressam de uma maneira mais geral as leis de conservação e, portanto, é natural que coincidam em algumas definições ou resultados que vamos mostrar aqui. Um sistema de leis de conservação estritamente hiperbólico numa dimensão espacial sob certas condições é um sistema simetrizável, portanto, possui uma entropia convexa. Isto induz a definiroparentropia-fluxodeentropiaeaproduçãodeentropia,ingredientesmínimospara usar o critério de admissibilidade da taxa de entropia e conferir se a solução do problema de Riemann respectivo é ótimo. A taxa de entropia definida aqui em termos da entropia é um funcional que pode ser minimizada nos leques de ondas com estados constantes do problema de Riemann, usando as equações de Euler-Lagrange. Primeiramente, mostramos que as soluções do problema de Riemann são funções de variação limitada, resultando num método variacional para resolver o problema. Neste trabalho será mostrado que a solução obtida pelo método variacional, coincide com a solução obtida pelo método das curvas caraterísticas. / The balance laws express in a more general way the conservation laws and therefore it is naturalthattheycoincideinsomedefinitionsorresultsthatwewillshowhere. Thestrictly hyperbolic systems of conservation laws in a spatial dimension under certain conditions is a symmetrizable system, therefore it has a convex entropy. This induces to define the entropy-entropy flux pair and the entropy production, minimum ingredients to use the Entropy rate admissibility criterion and check whether the solution of the respective Riemann problem is optimal. The entropy rate defined here in terms of entropy is a functional that can be minimized in the wave fans with constant states of the Riemann problem using the Euler-Lagrange equations, we show that the solutions of the Riemann problem are functions of bounded variation, resulting in a variational method to solve the respective problem. In this work it will be shown that the solution obtained by the variational method, coincides with the solution obtained by the method of characteristics.

The plans to reduce the energy-related greenhouse gas emissions stimulate the deployment of electronically interfaced renewable resources. The increased penetration of such intermittent sources together with phasing conventional power plants out and the installation of High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) links for long-distance more efficient transmission, reduces the stored inertia in any electrical grid. This leads to a more vulnerable power system and increases the significance of studying the corresponding stability aspects. Decreasing the inertial response of a power system deteriorates the quality of both frequency and rotor-angle stability which are the dynamics of interest in this study. The thesis explores the role of the location of low inertia on varying the power system’s dynamics. This is to be conducted in isolation of all other factors that could affect the study outcomes, such as dealing with the same system’s inertia value upon lowering the inertia in different locations. To accomplish this objective, it is essential to analyze the inertia distribution of the examined power system following the alterations of inertia reduction location. Accordingly, an inherently previous work methodology, that estimates the relative distance of the system’s components to Center Of Inertia (COI), is utilized throughout this study. Both frequency response and small-signal stability are analyzed in light of the inertia distribution results. The thesis examines two different power systems, a small two-area model and a bigger more realistic power system. The former model, known as Kundur model, helps in building a conceptual process to apply the methodology and to benchmark the dynamics of interest. While the latter is a reduced model of the Swedish transmission grid, known as Nordic 32 model. Different scenarios of low inertia are considered to capture the current trend of integrating more Renewable Energy Sources (RES) and phasing out more conventional plants. DIgSILENT Powerfactory is the weapon of choice in this study. It is utilized to assess both the frequency stability by performing electromechanical transients’ simulations, and small-signal stability following modal analysis simulations.  Results show that the alterations of low inertia location are associated with variations in Instantaneous Frequency Deviation (IFD), Rate Of Change Of Frequency (ROCOF) and the damping ratio of the most critical inter-area oscillation mode. These variations have different levels of significance. Variations of the latter two metrics have the most considerable effects from the stability’s perspective. They can be utilized to prioritize the phasing out process of the conventional power plants, and to choose one of the scenarios of a specific low inertia location over the others. This helps in fulfilling proper long-term planning and short-term operation from the system operator’s perspective.

A major challenge for Information Technology (IT) programs is that the rapid pace of evolution of computing technology leads to frequent redesign of IT courses. The problem is exacerbated by several factors. Firstly, the changing technology is the subject matter of the discipline and is also frequently used to support instruction; secondly, this discipline has only been formalized as a four-year university program within recent years and there is a lack of established textbooks and curriculum models; finally, updating courses is seldom rewarded in a higher education system that favors research and teaching for promotion and tenure. Thus, continuously updating their courses place a significant burden on the faculty. A case study approach was used to describe and explain the change processes in updating IT courses. Several faculty members at two institutions were interviewed and course changes were identified and analyzed. The analysis revealed a set of recurrent themes in change processes. An instructional design architecture approach also revealed a set of design domains representing the structure of the change processes. The design domains were analyzed in terms of the design decisions they represented, and also in terms of structures, functions and activities, which are related to Structures-Behaviors-Functions (SBF) analysis. The design domains model helped to explain both negative and positive outcomes that were observed in the data. When design efforts impact multiple domains the design is likely to be more difficult. Understanding the design domain architecture will assist future designers in this discipline.

Bank voles, grey-sided voles, and field voles had synchronous 3-4 year density cycles with variable amplitudes which averaged about 200-fold in each species. Cycles of vole predators (red fox and Tengmalm's owl), and their (foxes') alternative prey (mountain hare and forest grouse) lagged behind the vole cycles. The nomadic Tengmalm's owl responded with a very rapid and strong numerical increase to the initial cyclic summer increase of voles (the owl’s staple food). Owl breeding densities in the springs were highly correlated with vole supply in the previous autumns. This suggested that the number of breeding owls was largely determined in the autumn at the time of the owl's nomadic migrations, and that immigration was crucial for the rapid rise in owl numbers. The owl's numerical response was reinforced by the laying of earlier and larger clutches when food was plentiful. In addition, the owl has an early maturation at one year of age. The transition between subsequent vole cycles was characterized by a distinct shift in rate of change in numbers from low to high or markedly higher values in both summer and winter. Regulation increased progressively throughout the cycle since the rate of change decreased continuously in the summers. Moreover, there was a similar decrease of the rate of change in winter. Rate of change was delayed density-dependent. The delayed density-dependence had an 8 month time-lag in the summers and a 4 month time-lag in the winters relative to the density in previous autumns and springs, respectively. These findings suggest that vole cycles are likely to be generated by a time-lag mechanism. On theoretical grounds, it has been found that a delayed density- dependence of population growth rate with a 9 month time-lag caused stable limit cycles with a period between 3 and 4 years. Some mechanisms for the delayed density-dependence are suggested and discussed. The mechanisms are assumed to be related to remaining effects of vole populations past interactions with predators, food supplies, and/or diseases. Unlike the other voles, the bank vole had regular and distinct seasonal declines in density over winter. These declines are proposed to be due to predation, mainly by Tengmalm's owl. Supranivean foraging for epiphytic tree lichens and conifer seeds most likely explains why this species was frequently taken by the owl under snow-rich conditions. The alternative prey hypothesis predicts that a reduction of predator numbers should increase the number of alternative prey. Alternative prey should be less effectively synchronized to the vole cycle by predation at declining and low vole (main prey) densities; they may also lose their 3-4 year cyclicity. The appearance of sarcoptic mange among foxes in northern Sweden in the mid 1970s provided an opportunity to "test" these ideas, and these were found to be supported. In areas with highest mange infection rates, foxes declined markedly from the late 1970s to mid 1980s, whereas hare numbers rose rapidly and appeared non-cyclic. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1991, härtill 7 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu

O ilhamento em sistemas elétricos contendo geração distribuída ocorre quando parte da rede elétrica torna-se eletricamente isolada da concessionária e o subsistema isolado continua a ser energizado por geradores distribuídos. É importante detectar essa condição, que pode, por exemplo, levar a problemas como alteração da qualidade da energia elétrica e religamento automático fora de sincronismo, causando danos irreversíveis aos equipamentos da rede elétrica. Uma forma de detecção do ilhamento é o uso de funções de proteção de frequência e suas variações, tais como a função de taxa de variação de frequência e a função de deslocamento de fase (ou salto de vetor). Neste contexto, é importante que se tenham modelos computacionais e analíticos confiáveis dessas funções de proteção para que sejam executadas simulações, permitindo validar ajustes e verificar condições anormais de operação. O objetivo desta dissertação é desenvolver e validar modelos computacionais e analíticos das funções de proteção de sub/sobre frequência, taxa de variação de frequência e deslocamento de fase, empregados na detecção de ilhamento de geradores distribuídos. Os modelos computacionais são desenvolvidos em uma plataforma que permite realizar simulações dinâmicas em tempo real. A validação dos modelos é efetuada utilizando funções de proteção existentes em relés comerciais. A avaliação de desempenho dos modelos em relação à proteção anti-ilhamento é realizada utilizando o conceito das curvas de desempenho, as quais foram obtidas a partir de simulações computacionais em tempo real e em malha fechada pelo uso de um simulador digital em tempo real. Os resultados permitem comprovar a efetividade dos modelos para representar as funções de proteção dos relés comerciais ensaiados, com erros abaixo de 3% para uma ampla faixa de pontos de operação do sistema elétrico e do gerador distribuído. / Islanding in power distribution systems with distributed generators occurs when part of the electrical network becomes isolated from the electrical company and the isolated area is still energized by distributed generation. It is important to detect this condition which can lead to problems such as low power quality levels and out of step reclosing, causing severe equipment damages. One of the island detection methods is the use of frequency protection functions and their variations, such as the rate of change of frequency relay and phase shift relay (or vector surge relay). In this context, it is important to obtain reliable relay computational and analytical models to execute simulations that allow verifying and validating settings, and investigating abnormal operation conditions. This dissertation aims to develop and validate computational and analytical models of under and over frequency, rate of change of frequency and phase shift protection functions applied to distributed generation islanding detection. The computational model development is performed on a real time dynamic simulation platform. The model validations are performed using protection functions of commercial relays. The models performance evaluation and validation were carried out by using the performance curves, which are obtained through real time closed loop simulations using a real time digital simulator. The results prove the model effectiveness to represent commercial protection functions, with errors below 3% for a wide range of distribution system and distributed generator operating conditions.

O ilhamento em sistemas elétricos contendo geração distribuída ocorre quando parte da rede elétrica torna-se eletricamente isolada da concessionária e o subsistema isolado continua a ser energizado por geradores distribuídos. É importante detectar essa condição, que pode, por exemplo, levar a problemas como alteração da qualidade da energia elétrica e religamento automático fora de sincronismo, causando danos irreversíveis aos equipamentos da rede elétrica. Uma forma de detecção do ilhamento é o uso de funções de proteção de frequência e suas variações, tais como a função de taxa de variação de frequência e a função de deslocamento de fase (ou salto de vetor). Neste contexto, é importante que se tenham modelos computacionais e analíticos confiáveis dessas funções de proteção para que sejam executadas simulações, permitindo validar ajustes e verificar condições anormais de operação. O objetivo desta dissertação é desenvolver e validar modelos computacionais e analíticos das funções de proteção de sub/sobre frequência, taxa de variação de frequência e deslocamento de fase, empregados na detecção de ilhamento de geradores distribuídos. Os modelos computacionais são desenvolvidos em uma plataforma que permite realizar simulações dinâmicas em tempo real. A validação dos modelos é efetuada utilizando funções de proteção existentes em relés comerciais. A avaliação de desempenho dos modelos em relação à proteção anti-ilhamento é realizada utilizando o conceito das curvas de desempenho, as quais foram obtidas a partir de simulações computacionais em tempo real e em malha fechada pelo uso de um simulador digital em tempo real. Os resultados permitem comprovar a efetividade dos modelos para representar as funções de proteção dos relés comerciais ensaiados, com erros abaixo de 3% para uma ampla faixa de pontos de operação do sistema elétrico e do gerador distribuído. / Islanding in power distribution systems with distributed generators occurs when part of the electrical network becomes isolated from the electrical company and the isolated area is still energized by distributed generation. It is important to detect this condition which can lead to problems such as low power quality levels and out of step reclosing, causing severe equipment damages. One of the island detection methods is the use of frequency protection functions and their variations, such as the rate of change of frequency relay and phase shift relay (or vector surge relay). In this context, it is important to obtain reliable relay computational and analytical models to execute simulations that allow verifying and validating settings, and investigating abnormal operation conditions. This dissertation aims to develop and validate computational and analytical models of under and over frequency, rate of change of frequency and phase shift protection functions applied to distributed generation islanding detection. The computational model development is performed on a real time dynamic simulation platform. The model validations are performed using protection functions of commercial relays. The models performance evaluation and validation were carried out by using the performance curves, which are obtained through real time closed loop simulations using a real time digital simulator. The results prove the model effectiveness to represent commercial protection functions, with errors below 3% for a wide range of distribution system and distributed generator operating conditions.