Esta tese tem como objetivo estudar a questão do desemprego a partir de três abordagens distintas: teórica, empírica e de história das idéias. Uma tese com essas características se faz relevante justamente por apresentar diferentes abordagens científicas sobre um tema tão caro à sociedade e à ciência econômica. Na abordagem de história das idéias, concluiu-se que foram os trabalhos de Lucas (1972a, 1972b) que, de fato, estabilizaram o conceito de \"taxa natural de desemprego\" na literatura econômica do pós-guerra, através da introdução da hipótese das expectativas racionais em um arcabouço de equilíbrio geral. É mostrado, através da análise de sua correspondência, no final dos anos 1960, que sua pesquisa sobre o tema estava, na verdade, intimamente ligada à pesquisa de Phleps, ao mesmo tempo em que não tinha conexão com a pesquisa de Friedman. No capítulo teórico, foi construído um modelo teórico de crescimento com restrição externa à la Thirlwall em que a taxa e crescimento da participação da força de trabalho emerge como a variável endógena que iguala a taxa de crescimento de longo prazo da oferta à taxa de crescimento de longo prazo da demanda. No capítulo empírico, foi mostrado através da evolução da razão saldo em transações correntes/PIB que a restrição de equilíbrio do balanço de pagamentos teve impacto no aumento de probabilidade do trabalhador formal transitar para o emprego informal, para o emprego por conta própria, para o desemprego e para fora da PEA, durante os anos 1980 e 1990, no Brasil. Sendo assim, esta tese espera ter cumprido seu papel de contribuir para com a literatura econômica sobre o desemprego através de análises originais em cada tipo de abordagem apresentada, sinalizando, assim, a riqueza da ciência econômica e valorizando esta tese, também, por explorar a pluralidade metodológica e a profundidade analítica. / The aim of this thesis is to study the unemployment issue from three different approaches: theoretical, empirical and history of ideas. A thesis with these features is relevant because it presents different scientific approaches to an important subject to society and to Economics. In the history of ideas\' approach, this thesis concluded that the works of Lucas (1972a, 1972b) stabilized the concept of \"natural rate of unemployment\" in the post-war economic literature through the introduction of rational expectations hypothesis into a general equilibrium framework. It is shown, through Lucas\'s correspondence in the end of the 1960\'s, that his research on the subject was, in fact, closely related to Phelps\'s research but not related to Friedman\'s research. In the theoretical approach, it was built a theoretical growth model with external constraint, à la Thirlwall, in which the rate o growth of labor force participation emerges as the endogenous variable that equalizes the long run rate of growth of supply with the long run rate of growth of demand. In the empirical approach, it was shown through the evolution of the current account/GDP ratio that balance of payments equilibrium constraint had impact in the raise of the probability of workers in formal jobs to move to informal Jobs, to self-employment jobs, to unemployment and to inactivity, during the 1980\'s and 1990\'s, in Brazil. Thus, this thesis hopes to have accomplished its role in contributing to economic literature on unemployment through original analysis in each kind of approach presented, showing the richness of Economics and, at the same time, increasing the value of this thesis for exploring the methodological plurality and the analytical deepness.

Darbe analizuojamas natūralus nedarbo lygis, Filipso kreivė. Darbo tikslas - įvertinti natūralų nedarbo lygį Lietuvoje. Pirmoje dalyje teoriškai nagrinėjama Filipso kreivė ir jos modifikacijos, kuri yra natūralaus nedarbo lygio teorinis pamatas, bei natūralų nedarbo lygį veikiantys faktoriai, analizuojamos vertinimo metodikos. Antroje dalyje analizuojami Filipso kreivę veikiančių faktorių dinamika Lietuvoje: valstybės išlaidos, komercinių bankų suteiktos paskolos, importo infliacija, naftos, dujų, elektros ir maisto žaliavų kainos. Analizuojami galimi Filipso kreivės struktūriniai lūžiai. Analizuojami natūralų nedarbo lygį veikinatys faktoriai: jaunimo nedarbo lygis ir santykinis dydis darbo jėgoje, emigracija, socialinės apsaugos lygis bei darbo produktyvumas, pateikiama natūralaus nedarbo lygio vertinimo metodologija. Trečioje dalyje vertinamos įvairių Filipso kreivių modifikacijų galiojimo Lietuvoje hipotezės bei vertinamas natūralus nedarbo lygis, apžvelgiami rezultatai ir jų patikimumas. Tyrime statistiškai patikimas Filipso kreivės modelis nebuvo rastas. Apskaičiuotas 12,04% Lietuvos natūralus nedarbo lygio įvertinimas yra tik iš dalies patikimas. Visi regresiniai modeliai parodė statistiškai reikšmingą neigiamą nedarbo lygio ir infliacijos priklausomybę. / Thesis is focused on natural rate of unemployment and variations of Phillips curve. Estimation of natural rate of unemployment in Lithuania is the main objective. In the first part Phillips curve and its variations, which is foundation for natural rate of unemployment as well as other infuencing factors are analysed on theoretical basis. Various estimation techniques are compared. In the second part various factors are analysed in the context of Phillips curve in Lithuania together with possible structural breaks in Phillips curve relationship. Conclusions are drawn from analysis of factors influencing natural rate of unemployment, particularly emigration and social security. Estimation methodology is specified in the second part. In the last part hipothesis of Phillips curve and natural rate of unemployment are tested. In conclusion, no statistically reliable model of Phillips curve based on empirical data is found, though all models proved negative inflation and unemployment relationship in Lithuania. Results show natural rate of unemployment to be 12,04%, though it is important to note, that results are drawn from statistically unreliable model.

This thesis attends to the valuation the effectiveness of selected industrial zone focus on newly created jobs. Firstly, it attends to the problems of the funding for the industrial zone and its advantage and disadvantage. Then recount programs of industrial zones supported by the government and from the European Union. Subsequently it includes the labour market and the tax quota. The practical part is focused on industrial zones in the South Bohemia which were supported by government programs to assess the effectiveness of selected industrial zones focus on the newly created jobs as an instrument for influencing the rate of unemployment in the locality.

Esta tese tem como objetivo estudar a questão do desemprego a partir de três abordagens distintas: teórica, empírica e de história das idéias. Uma tese com essas características se faz relevante justamente por apresentar diferentes abordagens científicas sobre um tema tão caro à sociedade e à ciência econômica. Na abordagem de história das idéias, concluiu-se que foram os trabalhos de Lucas (1972a, 1972b) que, de fato, estabilizaram o conceito de \"taxa natural de desemprego\" na literatura econômica do pós-guerra, através da introdução da hipótese das expectativas racionais em um arcabouço de equilíbrio geral. É mostrado, através da análise de sua correspondência, no final dos anos 1960, que sua pesquisa sobre o tema estava, na verdade, intimamente ligada à pesquisa de Phleps, ao mesmo tempo em que não tinha conexão com a pesquisa de Friedman. No capítulo teórico, foi construído um modelo teórico de crescimento com restrição externa à la Thirlwall em que a taxa e crescimento da participação da força de trabalho emerge como a variável endógena que iguala a taxa de crescimento de longo prazo da oferta à taxa de crescimento de longo prazo da demanda. No capítulo empírico, foi mostrado através da evolução da razão saldo em transações correntes/PIB que a restrição de equilíbrio do balanço de pagamentos teve impacto no aumento de probabilidade do trabalhador formal transitar para o emprego informal, para o emprego por conta própria, para o desemprego e para fora da PEA, durante os anos 1980 e 1990, no Brasil. Sendo assim, esta tese espera ter cumprido seu papel de contribuir para com a literatura econômica sobre o desemprego através de análises originais em cada tipo de abordagem apresentada, sinalizando, assim, a riqueza da ciência econômica e valorizando esta tese, também, por explorar a pluralidade metodológica e a profundidade analítica. / The aim of this thesis is to study the unemployment issue from three different approaches: theoretical, empirical and history of ideas. A thesis with these features is relevant because it presents different scientific approaches to an important subject to society and to Economics. In the history of ideas\' approach, this thesis concluded that the works of Lucas (1972a, 1972b) stabilized the concept of \"natural rate of unemployment\" in the post-war economic literature through the introduction of rational expectations hypothesis into a general equilibrium framework. It is shown, through Lucas\'s correspondence in the end of the 1960\'s, that his research on the subject was, in fact, closely related to Phelps\'s research but not related to Friedman\'s research. In the theoretical approach, it was built a theoretical growth model with external constraint, à la Thirlwall, in which the rate o growth of labor force participation emerges as the endogenous variable that equalizes the long run rate of growth of supply with the long run rate of growth of demand. In the empirical approach, it was shown through the evolution of the current account/GDP ratio that balance of payments equilibrium constraint had impact in the raise of the probability of workers in formal jobs to move to informal Jobs, to self-employment jobs, to unemployment and to inactivity, during the 1980\'s and 1990\'s, in Brazil. Thus, this thesis hopes to have accomplished its role in contributing to economic literature on unemployment through original analysis in each kind of approach presented, showing the richness of Economics and, at the same time, increasing the value of this thesis for exploring the methodological plurality and the analytical deepness.

The substantial increase in the unemployment rate after the crisis in the year 2008, its persistence and slow gradual decreasing in European countries is the reason that makes us think about if the theory of hysteresis is applicable to European labour markets. The main objective of this work is to verify the hypothesis of hysteresis in labour markets at regional level in Greece and Spain. The unit root tests were used on the time series of unemployment rate between 2001-2015 for Greek regions and 2002-2016 for the Spanish regions. The result is that the theory of hysteresis in unemployment is applicable on all the regions in both countries. When the data series of employment are used, the results are different. In Greece only Crete and in Spain regions Andalusia, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Kastilie la Mancha, Catalonia, Valencia, Murcia and Ceuta exhibit the hysteresis in employment. There are also differences between rates of men and women in Spanish regions. When unemployment rates are considered, only three region have different results. But when employments rates are used most of women's time series can't be described as non-stationary in contrast of those of the men's.

Text in Afrikaans / Suid-Afrika ondervind reeds geruime tyd hoe en stygende vlakke van werkloosheid. Gedurende die tagtigerjare bet die opkoms van vakbonde 'n fundamentele herstrukturering van die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark veroorsaak en die styging in werkloosheid gedurende die tydperk word dikwels aan vakbondoptrede toegeskryf. In die studie word verskillende oorsake van werkloosheid aan die hand van die klassieke, Keynesiaanse, natuurlike werkloosheidskoers- en nie-versnellende-inflasiewerkloosheidskoersbenaderings ondersoek ten einde die invloed van vakbonde en loononaanpasbaarheid op werkloosheid te probeer bepaal. Ooreenkomste sowel as verskille tussen die teoriee word geidentifiseer. Dit wil voorkom asof vakbonde gedurende die tagtigerjare in Suid-Afrika deur middel van bulle invloed op . loonverhogings 'n betreklik geringe invloed op werkloosheid gehad bet en dat loononaanpasbaarheid geensins 'n beduidende faktor was nie. Dit blyk ook dat die Keynesiaanse benadering die toepaslikste raamwerk hied vir die ontleding van hoe vlakke van werkloosheid en die invloed van vakbonde daarop. · / High and rising levels of unemployment have been experienced in South Africa for quite some time. The rise in trade union activity during the eighties caused a fundamental restructuring of the South African labour market and the increase in unemployment during this period is often blamed on trade union activity. In this study the classical approach, the Keynesian approach, the natural rate of unemployment and the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment are used to examine the different causes of unemployment with the purpose of assessing the influence of trade unions and wage rigidity on the level of unemployment. Similarities as well as differences between the theories are identified. It appears that trade unions had a marginal effect on unemployment in South Africa during the eighties through their influence on wage increases and that wage rigidity was not a significant cause of unemployment during this period. The Keynesian approach seems to be the most appropriate framework to analyse the causes of high levels of unemployment as well as the influence of trade unions on unemployment. / Department of Economics / M. Comm (Economics)

Unemployment amongst Swedish citizens is higher within the group which falls under the designation foreign-born. The aim of this thesis is to examine which municipal factors that can explain the differences in unemployment amongst foreign-born relative to native born.The empirical models are examined with both cross-sectional data for the year of 2010 and panel data for the years of 2002-2012. The examination is implemented through a linear regression analysis of the type Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and Fixed Effect regressions. A theory section will be presented where the theory on Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate (NAIRU), theories on discrimination and country-specific human capital are illustrated. The result from the cross-sectional data shows that the amount of foreign-born, the level of foreign-born immigrated from Nordic countries have a significant negative effect on unemployment amongst foreign-born. The general unemployment shows a significant positive effect on the unemployment amongst foreign-born. The result from the panel data however shows that the acceptance rate in Swedish for immigrants (SFI) and the highest level for tertiary education also have a significant negative effect on unemployment amongst foreign born. According to the theory of country-specific human capital, an increase in languageskills and education will increase the individual’s human capital and productivity, hencedecrease unemployment amongst foreign-born. This theory also indicates that an increase in the level of foreign-born immigrated from Nordic countries has a lower “cultural distance”,hence easier to integrate into the Swedish labor market. Previous research indicates that an increase of the amount of foreign-born can decrease the unemployment amongst this group through an expansion of social network and employer contacts. According to the theory of NAIRU, the level of equilibrium unemployment is affected by changes in the composition ofthe workforce, hence should affect the unemployment amongst foreign-born in the corresponding direction. This indicates that the integration policy is of importance to bring down the level of NAIRU. / Arbetslöshet är ett omtalat fenomen inom den svenska samhällsdebatten. Arbetslösheten bland Sveriges invånare är högre bland den grupp människor som faller under beteckningen utrikes födda. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka kommunala faktorer som kan förklara skillnaden i arbetslöshet mellan utrikes- och inrikes födda. De empiriska modellerna testas både med tvärsnittsdata för år 2010 samt paneldata för år 2002-2012. Undersökningen genomförs med en linjär regressionsanalys av typen Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) samt Fixed Effect regressioner. Datamaterialet är av sekundär data från Statistiska centralbyrån(SCB). Ett teoriavsnitt kommer att presenteras där teorin om Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU) samt teorier om diskriminering och land-specifikt humankapital belyses. Resultatet av tvärsnittsdata visar att andelen utrikes födda, andelen invandrade från Norden har en signifikant negativ effekt på arbetslöshet bland utrikes födda samt att den allmänna arbetslösheten har en signifikant positiv effekt på arbetslöshet bland utrikes födda. Resultatet av paneldata visar att även andelen godkända i svenska för i invandrare samt högstaeftergymnasiala utbildningsnivå har en signifikant negativ effekt på arbetslöshet bland utrikesfödda. Enligt teorin om land-specifikt humankapital ökar språkkunskaper samt utbildning individens humankapital och således produktivitet vilket minskar arbetslösheten bland utrikesfödda. Denna teori belyser även att andelen invandrade från Norden har ett lägre ”kulturavstånd” och bör således ha lättare att integrera sig på den svenska marknaden. Detta medför att arbetslöshet bland utrikes födda reduceras. Tidigare forskning tyder på att ökad andel utrikes födda kan minska arbetslöshet bland denna grupp genom ökat socialt nätverkoch arbetsgivarkontakter. Enligt teorin om NAIRU, påverkas jämviktsarbetslösheten av förändringar i arbetskraftens sammansättningar vilket bör medföra en påverkan på arbetslöshet bland utrikes födda i motsvarande riktning. Detta indikerar att integrationspolitiken är av betydelse för att få ner nivån på NAIRU.

Text in Afrikaans / Suid-Afrika ondervind reeds geruime tyd hoe en stygende vlakke van werkloosheid. Gedurende die tagtigerjare bet die opkoms van vakbonde 'n fundamentele herstrukturering van die Suid-Afrikaanse arbeidsmark veroorsaak en die styging in werkloosheid gedurende die tydperk word dikwels aan vakbondoptrede toegeskryf. In die studie word verskillende oorsake van werkloosheid aan die hand van die klassieke, Keynesiaanse, natuurlike werkloosheidskoers- en nie-versnellende-inflasiewerkloosheidskoersbenaderings ondersoek ten einde die invloed van vakbonde en loononaanpasbaarheid op werkloosheid te probeer bepaal. Ooreenkomste sowel as verskille tussen die teoriee word geidentifiseer. Dit wil voorkom asof vakbonde gedurende die tagtigerjare in Suid-Afrika deur middel van bulle invloed op . loonverhogings 'n betreklik geringe invloed op werkloosheid gehad bet en dat loononaanpasbaarheid geensins 'n beduidende faktor was nie. Dit blyk ook dat die Keynesiaanse benadering die toepaslikste raamwerk hied vir die ontleding van hoe vlakke van werkloosheid en die invloed van vakbonde daarop. · / High and rising levels of unemployment have been experienced in South Africa for quite some time. The rise in trade union activity during the eighties caused a fundamental restructuring of the South African labour market and the increase in unemployment during this period is often blamed on trade union activity. In this study the classical approach, the Keynesian approach, the natural rate of unemployment and the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment are used to examine the different causes of unemployment with the purpose of assessing the influence of trade unions and wage rigidity on the level of unemployment. Similarities as well as differences between the theories are identified. It appears that trade unions had a marginal effect on unemployment in South Africa during the eighties through their influence on wage increases and that wage rigidity was not a significant cause of unemployment during this period. The Keynesian approach seems to be the most appropriate framework to analyse the causes of high levels of unemployment as well as the influence of trade unions on unemployment. / Department of Economics / M. Comm (Economics)

The aim of my diploma paper is summing up of graduates´ unemployment in southern Bohemia. The purpose of the paper is to create a compact image of labour market in the Czech Republic and to describe main factors influencing this market in the Czech Republic. My paper should touch state unemployment policy, to chart unemployment in southern Bohemia with the reflection on graduates´ unemployment, chart the structure of unemployed graduates, their possibilities at the labour market in the Czech Republic, to propose possibilities for the decrease of graduates´ unemployment in southern Bohemia. My survey is based on the data from Labour Market Situation Report from several Bureaus of Labour, data from Czech Statistic Office and Ministry of Labour and Social Issues. The graduates themselves are one off the most risk companies from the people who are economically active. The claiming of these groups is worse. The graduates are disadvantaged in comparison with other job applicants {--} less praxes, missing work habits and lox experience. The graduates´ unemployment rage is highly influenced by economical situation in our country, total unemployment, free working station offer degree and rate between supply and demand. It is also influenced by educational structure of graduates at the same time. The employers´ interest in graduates has been increasing. The loss of people at qualified positions is very important {--} firms are forced to offer free positions even to the people with smaller or no praxes. Another reason for the increase is policy development itself, primarily in financial sphere, car industry and in services. Last but not least, graduates´ attractively has been increasing hand in hand with improving quality of their profiles.

This degree work dealt with the relation between the occurrence of TBC and the unemployment rate in the Czech Republic between 2000-2007. The work researched whether an increase or decrease in the unemployment rate in the Czech Republic influenced changes in the occurrence of TBC. The work was based on an analysis of data from the Authority of Medical Informatics and Statistics regarding the occurrence of TBC and analysis of the number of unemployed people as stated by the Czech Statistics Bureau. The hypothesis {--} with an increasing number of unemployed people the number of people suffering from TBC is increasing in the Czech Republic {--} was confirmed. Results of the research showed that it is necessary to deal with this issue regularly and intensely and that none of us may remain indifferent towards unemployed people (regardless of the fact whether they suffer from TBC or not) because each of use can suddenly become unemployed. Work has ranked among natural human activities for about ten thousand years. It is the most reliable and longest social support in people{\crq}s lives and its loss usually results in a serious disruption of mental and physical health.