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Homoerotic images date back as early as 800 BCE in Persian art. Examples of homoeroticism in the arts continue in the works of the Greeks and Romans. A sharp decline in the subject coincided with the rise of Christianity and the demonization of homosexuality in Europe between 300-1000 CE. This notion of homosexuality as depraved and sinful behavior became embedded in European culture for over a millennium, and some parts of the world still believe this to be true. Criminalization of homosexuality forced most homosexual artists to hide any references to their own sexuality in their works, a practice known as “encoding,” which allowed for symbols to be hidden “in plain sight” and without context. Among the most prominent mainstream artists to utilize homosexual coding in his work was the modern American artist Marsden Hartley. Through the hidden symbols in the 1914-1915 “War Images” of his “Amerika” series, Hartley expressed his grief for his likely lover Karl van Freyberg, who had passed away following the outbreak of the Great War in 1914. Following in the footsteps of Hartley queer artists working in later generations utilized similar methods of encoding to express their sexuality in a guarded fashion. Operating in the 1950s and 60s, the artists Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns used varying methods of encoding to disguise references to their sexuality in their work. Such encoding would become a major theme of the “queer aesthetic,” where queer artists encoded symbols through semiotic methods such as floating or dual signifiers to convey their homosexuality in a covert way. In pioneering the concept of encoding, Marsden Hartley gave several generations of artists a means of expressing their sexuality in their works without being fully “out of the closet,” or revealing their sexual identity. / Art History

At certain moments in the creative development of an artist, experimentation leads to creative acts that on their face can appear negative because they are the actions of a young artist responding to the establishment. This thesis is an investigation of such works: a spoiled print, an erased drawing, a set of artist proofs stained by paint, and a painting wiped away with turpentine. Despite these negations, each of these works was pivotal to the career of its respective artist, and they were immediately cited by their makers as works of consequence. The four selected art works did not influence one another and the circumstances surrounding their creation are also distinct. Each work and artist developed independently from one another, in distinct spaces and times. However, there are notable parallels among the works. Each was created as the artist transitioned into the mature phase of his career. Additionally, each of the works is a layering of distinct images. The sub-images relate to an external artist, style, or dogma, and the superimposed image relates to the artist’s own work and his mature style. Further, each of the works is an indexical record of the artist’s activity. Each emphasizes the artist’s hand in the making of the super-image’s mark and even goes so far as to highlight the performative nature of the mark making. The marks of the super-image are so pronounced as the subject of each work and the performative element so emphasized that the artist himself is drawn into the work’s subject matter. In short, I investigate whether these images function as a commentary, a critique, a declaration, or simply as part of a process and a dialogue between the artist and his artistic environment. / text

MOTIVATION In the simplest form, a pencil mark on a page is removed by a traditional rubber eraser. However, the marks are often never fully removed, and the paper thins with each attempt to rub out an old idea. But how does one erase a chair? A pilaster? A room? A building?... More importantly, how does the subtractive act of erasing become an additive one? The historical fabric of a building is important; it is also imperative that it does not remain stagnant. Erasing is an opportunity to design an interior environment that both acknowledges the traces of the pencil marks and the eraser. It is an opportunity to learn from historic design strategies and thoughtfully transition into the present to create a living, breathing palimpsest (Plesch, 2015). PROBLEM Current preservation policies and landmarking tactics arguably contradict preservationists’ claims of promoting environmental, economic, and social growth within communities by exempting historical buildings from complying with codes and regulations which consequently use property that could be more sustainably employed. Historical preservation is largely based in social constructs; therefore, present policies should be reflective of societal changes. At times, the act of preserving often removes these buildings from the possibility of a relevant and functional future by attempting to keep them wedged within historical restraints (Avrami, 2016). METHOD Research of precedent incidents of erasure with applications to concepts involving historical preservation and restoration in the fields interior design and architecture will influence the design approach. These precedent studies will include works by Carlo Scarpa, Peter Zumthor, and David Chipperfield. To supplement these studies, other artistic disciplines and artists, including Robert Rauschenberg, will be researched to holistically comprehend approaches to the concept of erasing. The execution of explorations of erasing different objects and media to better understand the process of erasure will also be imperative. These experimentations will include the strategic erasing of pencil sketches and common objects to investigate how to best represent an object that has been erased. PRELIMINARY RESULTS The approach to erasing the historical fabric of a building is largely dependent on the building itself. This is evident in Scarpa’s attention to the physical and metaphorical joinery of new and existing structures in his design of Palazzo Abatellis, Zumthor’s weaving of old and new brickwork at Kolumba, and Chipperfield’s use of exposed ruins in his design strategy for the Neues Museum (McCarter, 2013; Carrington, 2008; RYKWERT, 2009). The process of erasure within the realm of preservation is a constant and demonstrates how the act of erasing allows opportunities for the existence of something new (Katz, 2006). CONCLUSION Choosing to re-program and systematically erase a section of a historically significant but outdated medical tower as a collective art studio space would introduce the opportunity to design an “erased space “as an environment for post-graduate art students to produce creative work. This space would strengthen the growing bond between a school of the arts and a historic medical school while contributing to the culture of the surrounding neighborhoods and contribute to the rich tradition of art within the city.

Denna uppsats vill beskriva två olika typer av konst- och vetenskapsorganisationer som sammanför konstnärer och vetenskapsmän. Olika händelser från dessa organisationer beskrivs dels för att verksamheten har varit banbrytande av olika slag. Dels innebär verksamheten någonting nytt på i alla fall i organiserad form. Det andra är att ställa E.A.T. och ASCI mot den linjära spridningsmodellen. Vad innebär tillkomsten av organisationer som E.A.T. för den linjära spridningsmodellen? Det som framkommer är att dessa två organisationer avviker från den linjära spridningsmodellen då konstnärer skapar och/eller förmedlar vetenskap istället för skapande vetenskapsmän och förmedlande journalister.

Although Walter Benjamin argues printed materials are without traditional art authority or aura, Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg’s work exists in the tradition of high art despite their use of mass-produced materials. Johns and Rauschenberg rely on the distracted attention of the viewer in the age of reproduction to engender reassessment of materials in their works. They use objects that contribute to the new distracted audience but create works that force the viewer toward intense contemplation; their works also combat trends Benjamin identifies to stake their claim as artists of original works while remaining relevant to the modern era. Johns merges print, mechanized reproduction, painting, and sculpture to subvert and reaffirm his place as the artist of an auratic object. Rauschenberg employs ready-mades, painting, printed materials, and sculpture in hybrid art works that unite mechanization with human facture to renegotiate and expose the overstimulation of reproduced objects within society.

<p>Denna uppsats vill beskriva två olika typer av konst- och vetenskapsorganisationer som sammanför konstnärer och vetenskapsmän. Olika händelser från dessa organisationer beskrivs dels för att verksamheten har varit banbrytande av olika slag. Dels innebär verksamheten någonting nytt på i alla fall i organiserad form. Det andra är att ställa E.A.T. och ASCI mot den linjära spridningsmodellen. Vad innebär tillkomsten av organisationer som E.A.T. för den linjära spridningsmodellen? Det som framkommer är att dessa två organisationer avviker från den linjära spridningsmodellen då konstnärer skapar och/eller förmedlar vetenskap istället för skapande vetenskapsmän och förmedlande journalister.</p>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004. / Document formatted into pages; contains 218 p. Includes bibliographical references. Abstract available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 209 March 29.

The XXXII Venice Biennale, held in 1964, presented an important moment in the history of American art, for it was the first time that an American painter was awarded the major prize at the prestigious international show. The fact that Robert Rauschenberg captured the most coveted award of the Biennale, the Grand Prize for painting, had major repercussions for the art scene in the United States and the international art community. For the Americans, the prize was "proof" that American art had finally come into its own, that through its struggle for recognition over the European avant-garde, it had finally reached its well-deserved place as leader of the pack. For the Europeans, especially the French, the award represented the "last frontier" of American expansionism--for it seemed that the economic and military dominance of the United States finally had been supplemented by cultural dominance. It seems pertinent to this study to examine the French response in particular, since they had traditionally dominated Biennale prizes. By analyzing the French reviews and responses to the prize, and situating these in a broader political context, I will discuss how the U.S. was perceived as the new cultural leader, despite the vehement objections to the culture of the New Frontier, which seemed to be only Coke bottles, stuffed eagles and carelessly dripped paint. Given the vehement objections engendered by the Rauschenberg victory, it seems somewhat curious that the United States would choose Rauschenberg as a representative of American culture. In order to discover how the pop imagery in the work was linked to the image : of U.S. culture promoted by the U.S. Information Agency (the government agency responsible for the show), it is necessary to analyze the cultural and intellectual debates of the early 1960s. Rejecting earlier notions that high art should remain separate from mass culture, a prominent group of intellectuals argued for a "new sensibility" in art which would embrace popular culture, thereby elevating it. This positive notion of a single, all-embracing culture corresponds to a more general optimism among many intellectuals; their rallying cry was the "end of ideology," which disdained radical critique in favor of the promise of Kennedy's "progressivism" and the welfare state. These intellectuals argued that while the system was not perfect, any major problems could be averted by simply "fine-tuning" the existing state; in the meantime, the promise of Kennedy's New Frontier required a more affirmative than critical stance. The elements shared between these discourses on culture and society at this time were of seminal importance to the critical understanding of Rauschenberg's work, particularly as it was presented at the Biennale. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

Au cours des années cinquante et au début des années soixante, plusieurs critiques d’art proclamaient que la période des combine-paintings de Robert Rauschenberg était une renaissance du mouvement révolutionnaire dada. En effet, dans plusieurs articles de l’époque, on note une utilisation fréquente du terme "néo-dada" pour faire référence à la production de Rauschenberg. Au milieu des années soixante, cependant, une nouvelle tendance critique émergeait condamnant cette catégorisation. Les tenants de cette nouvelle orientation voyaient Rauschenberg non plus comme un néo-dada mais comme un précurseur du Pop. Tout en reconnaissant la validité de ces deux positions critiques, je tenterai de démontrer, dans les pages qui suivent, que ni l’une ni l’autre expliquent de façon adéquate la période des combine-paintings et le projet artistique qui l’a initiée. Après avoir examiné les points de vue de quelques représentants de ces deux tendances antagonistes, je démontrerai que la valeur essentielle des combine-paintings ne peut être reliée ni au dada ni au Pop. En effet, à la différence du mouvement dada qui rejetait l’institution de l’art et du mouvement Pop qui s’intégrait, d’une façon cynique, à celle-ci, les combine- paintings de Rauschenberg s’inscrivent dans l’institution de l’art de manière à la subvertir et reformule ainsi le projet de l’avant-garde historique qui consistait à combler la brèche entre le statut autonome de l’art et la vie quotidienne. Signatures : Louise Gauthier: Elliott / During the late 1950s and early 1960s, many critics believed that Robert Rauschenberg’s combine-painting period was a revival of the revolutionary Dada movement. Indeed, in many articles, critics referred to the combines as "neo-dada". In the mid 1960s, however, a new wave of criticism began to surface which strongly criticized this categorization. Rather than considering Rauschenberg as a neo-dadaist, these critics saw him as a precursor to Pop. The purpose of this paper will be to show that while both critical perspectives contain some elements of truth, neither one adequately explains the combine-paintings and the basic artistic project that motivated them. After examining the points of view defended by some representatives of these opposed perspectives, I shall argue that the essential value of Rauschenberg’s combine-paintings does not lie in their relationship to either Dada or Pop. Unlike Dada’s total rejection of the institution of art in bourgeois society and Pop art’s cynical acceptance of it, Rauschenberg’s combine-paintings work within the institution of art in order to subvert it, thus reformulating the historical avant- garde’s unfinished project of breaking down the distinction between art as an autonomous entity and day-to-day life. / Montréal Trigonix inc. 2018