O estudo da exploração das fontes de matérias-primas está vinculado a um entendimento do espaço em múltiplos aspectos, entre eles, o geográfico, o geológico, o biológico e, principalmente o cultural. Envolve a percepção dos recursos quanto à previsibilidade, distribuição, densidade, disponibilidade e diversidade em uma determinada área. A rocha, enquanto um desses recursos, é o objeto de estudo desse trabalho, que propõe promover uma discussão sobre as variações nas estratégias de captação e uso das matérias-primas líticas presentes na indústria de seis sítios arqueológicos inseridos na paisagem da região, hoje conhecida como Cidade de Pedra, localizada na Bacia do rio Vermelho em Rondonópolis, MT. Nessa perspectiva, foram utilizadas técnicas de mapeamento geológico e análise petrográfica a fim de localizar as possíveis fontes de captação de recursos litológicos e propiciar uma análise da potencialidade da matéria-prima lítica enquanto indicativo da dinâmica entre as atividades humanas e a paisagem. Dessa forma, foi possível verificar que a apropriação das matérias-primas varia entre os sítios arqueológicos, indicando a exploração de diferentes fontes de recursos petrográficos, sendo que a área abrangida para coleta de matérias-primas líticas pode atingir aproximadamente 20 quilômetros. / The research into the exploitation of raw material sources is linked to the understanding of space in multiple aspects such as geographical, geological, biological and most af all its cultural characteristics. It involves having insights into the predictability, distribution, density and diversity of resources within a specific area. Rocks, as one of these resources, are the study object of this project which aims at carrying out a discussion about the varying strategies for collecting and using lithological raw material found on the works of four archeological sites in the region nowadays known as Cidade de Pedra (Stone City), within the Vermelho river basin in Rondonópolis. Aiming at this, geological mapping and petrographical analysis techniques were used in order to locate potential collecting sources for lithological raw material. By doing so, visited areas could be determined to offer the possibility of analyzing the potentiality of the lithological material as an indicator of the dynamics between human activities and the landscape. It was then possible to confirm that appropriation of raw material fluctuates from one archeological site to another, indicating different methods of exploitation of petrographic resources, considering that the collection of lithological material covers an area of up to 20 kilometers.

O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo da cinza leve do carvão mineral da região de Criciúma (SC) para a sua utilização como fonte de matéria-prima na fabricação de placas cerâmicas para revestimento. Na cinza foram realizadas as seguintes análises: química, mineralógica, granulométrica, de área superficial específica e dilatométrica. Partindo destes resultados, foram definidas formulações do material em estudo com matérias-primas tradicionais. As formulações foram otimizadas com o desígnio de atender quesitos técnicos que viabilizassem o seu processamento e a obtenção de propriedades tecnológicas dos produtos cerâmicos após queima. Com teores de cinza variando entre 20 e 80% em peso, as formulações foram conformadas por prensagem uniaxial simples, secadas e queimadas a 11500C. Todas as formulações contendo até 60% em peso de cinza apresentaram atributos suficientes para o seu processamento e atingiram propriedades tecnológicas para serem aplicadas na fabricação de placas cerâmicas para revestimento, atendendo a norma NBR 13818 (ABNT, 1997) nos diversos grupos de absorção (prensado). Os resultados obtidos indicam que a cinza de carvão mineral incorporada à matériasprimas tradicionais para a obtenção de massas cerâmicas apresenta grande potencial em uma utilização como matéria-prima de placas cerâmicas para revestimento. / The objective of this work is the study of the fly ash of the mineral coa/ from the region of Criciúma (SC) for its use as raw material source in the manufacture of ceramic files. Fly ash was analyzed by the following tests: chemical, mineralogical, grain size distribution, specific superficial area and dilatometric. In according with these results were defined batches containing the f/y ash and traditional raw materiais. The batches had been optimized with the design to suit technical queries feasibly their processing and obtaining technological properties of the ceramic products after it burned. With fly ash quantity varying between 20 and 80% in weight, the batches had been conformed by uniaxial pressing, drying and they were burned at 1150°C. AI/ the batches containing up to 60% in weight of fly ash had presented enough attributes for their processing and they had reached technological properties for use in the manufacture of ceramic files, in according of standard N8R 13818 (A8NT, 1997) from groups of absorption (pressed) 8/b, 811a, 81/b and 8111. The results indicate that the incorporated fly ash added on the batches have great potential for use as raw material on cera mie files.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / A atividade de exploraÃÃo mineral à tida como uma das mais impactantes ao meio ambiente, devido à grande geraÃÃo de rejeitos ou resÃduos. A inserÃÃo dos resÃduos num ciclo produtivo representa uma alternativa de recuperaÃÃo desses materiais, que à interessante tanto no aspecto ambiental, como no econÃmico. Nesse sentido, a indÃstria cerÃmica vem demonstrando grande potencial para a reutilizaÃÃo de resÃduos inorgÃnicos. Dentre os produtos cerÃmicos, destaca-se o grÃs porcelanato, que à considerado um revestimento nobre, por sua baixa absorÃÃo dâÃgua (tipicamente abaixo de 0,5%), e por apresentar excelentes caracterÃsticas tÃcnicas, como as elevadas resistÃncias mecÃnica, ao risco e ao manchamento. O presente trabalho tem a finalidade de avaliar o potencial da co-utilizaÃÃo dos resÃduos de granito Rain Forest e do caulim, como matÃria-prima para fabricaÃÃo de revestimento cerÃmico de baixa absorÃÃo de Ãgua. Para isso, foi feita a caracterizaÃÃo das matÃrias-primas por fluorescÃncia de raios X(FRX), difraÃÃo de raios X (DRX) e anÃlise tÃrmica diferencial (DTA). Foram formuladas seis composiÃÃes acrescentando-se o resÃduo de caulim ao resÃduo de granito, em proporÃÃes de 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50%. Foram confeccionados corpos de prova por prensagem e suas massas foram queimadas a 1175 0C, 1200 0C e 1225 0C. Em seguida determinaram-se as propriedades fÃsico-mecÃnicas tais como: retraÃÃo linear de queima, absorÃÃo de Ãgua, porosidade aparente, massa especÃfica aparente, tensÃo de ruptura à flexÃo em 3 pontos, microdureza e microscopia. Os resultados mostraram que a co-utilizaÃÃo dos resÃduos estudados pode ser considerada como matÃria-prima de grande potencial para a indÃstria de pisos e revestimentos do tipo porcelanato, onde a temperatura de 1225 0C possibilitou a co-utilizaÃÃo mÃxima dos resÃduos, assim, a amostra com 50% de cada resÃduo tornou-se compatÃvel com os valores mÃnimos exigidos pela NBR 13818 (1997) para o ensaio de absorÃÃo de Ãgua, retraÃÃo e densidade. / Mineral exploitation is regarded as one of the most impactful to the environment due to the great generation of wastes and residues. The insertion of residues in a production cycle is an alternative use for those materials, which is interesting both in terms of environmental and economical issues. Accordingly, the ceramic industry has demonstrated great potential for the use of inorganic waste. Among the ceramics, stoneware is considered a prime coat due to its low water absorption (typically bellow 0,5%) and by having excellent characteristic such as high strength, and high resistance to scratching and staining. This study aims to evaluate the potential of co-use of waste granite (Rain Forest) and the residue of kaolin, as raw material for the manufacture of ceramic tiles with low water absorption. The raw material was characterized by x-ray fluorescence (XRF), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Six compositions were formulated by adding the kaolin residue to the granite residue in proportions of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% wt. Samples were made by pressing and then firing at 1175ÂC, 1200ÂC and 1225ÂC. Several properties such as firing linear shrinkage, water absorption, apparent porosity, apparent specific gravity, three-point bend strength test, hardness and microscopy were determined. The results showed that co-use of the residues studied can provide a raw material of great potential for floor and wall covering tiles similar to porcelain. Sintering at the temperature of 1225 ÂC allowed maximum use of waste materials. Therefore, samples containing 50% of each residue sintered at that temperature yielded results compatible with the minimum values required by the NBR 13818 (1997) when tested for water absorption, shrinkage and density.

Les désaccords interétatiques concernant le commerce de ressources énergétiques évoluent au gré des découvertes de gisements et des crises énergétiques. La juridicisation des relations internationales fait pénétrer ces désaccords dans le monde du droit. Cette tendance se manifeste par la multiplication des différends en la matière portés à l’attention de juridictions nationales, régionales et internationales. Ces différends mettent en évidence non seulement l’importance exceptionnelle qu’a le secteur énergétique pour l’existence même des États, mais aussi l’actualité constante du débat sur les règles encadrant les activités économiques dans ce secteur. En tout état de cause, sa dimension internationale prend largement le pas sur la dimension interne. L’interdépendance est en effet inéluctable en la matière : même s’il recherche l’indépendance énergétique, tout État est tributaire des flux énergétiques mondiaux et des prix internationaux des ressources énergétiques. Polymorphe par nature, le débat sur la réglementation internationale du secteur énergétique se resserre aujourd’hui sur le domaine des relations commerciales internationales. Le poids que ce secteur a dans l’économie de chaque État rend la coopération en la matière inévitable. Or, depuis sa création en 1995, c’est l’Organisation mondiale du commerce qui est l’outil principal d’encadrement du commerce international. L’important saut que marquent l’entrée en vigueur de l’Accord instituant l’OMC et l’adhésion quasi-universelle à cette organisation internationale attire logiquement les éventuels désaccords vers ce cadre réglementaire. Le débat acquière ainsi une nature juridique, tout en gardant ses tournures politiques.C’est précisément au confluent entre les spécificités entourant le commerce de ressources énergétiques et celles inhérentes au droit de l’OMC que se situe l’objet de la présente étude. Le monde énergétique est en constante évolution, influencé par le développement de nouvelles technologies, de nouvelles ressources8, de nouvelles préoccupations politiques (qui souvent font ressurgir d’anciens débats9). De son côté, après vingt ans d’existence, l’OMC est sortie de sa phase d’adolescence10, pour revendiquer et surtout défendre sa place sur la scène de la gouvernance mondiale. Le droit qu’elle encadre et qu’elle génère est appelé (et de plus en plus sollicité) à jouer un rôle dans la réglementation du commerce de ressources énergétiques. Avant de préciser cette problématique pour y situer la principale thèse soutenue dans le présent travail (III), le sujet appelle des précisions préalables quant à la détermination du domaine analysé, le commerce international de ressources énergétiques (I), et de la perspective adoptée, la reconstruction intellectuelle du cadre normatif qui réglemente le commerce international dans le secteur (II). / No English summary available.

Ruminant feed supplements are price sensitive and are effected by the continuous fluctuation of other raw material feed prices. Therefore, improving the efficiency of production and reducing cost of supplement concentrates for dairy cows are becoming increasingly important both for the smallholder and commercial dairy farmer. This can be overcome by replacing expensive energy and protein feeds with cheaper by-products. During periods of high maize prices, replacing maize with lower cost high fibre by-products becomes an economically viable option. Palm kernel expeller (PKE) fits the profile of a low cost, high fibre by-product. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different inclusion levels of PKE in dairy concentrates for Jersey cows on milk production, milk composition, body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) change, rumen parameters and in situ ruminal kikuyu/ryegrass pasture degradability of dry matter (DMd) and neutral detergent fibre (NDFd) as well as NDFd rate (NDF kd). The study was conducted at the Outeniqua Research Farm situated near George in the Western Cape and cows grazed high quality kikuyu/ryegrass pasture during spring. Forty eight multiparous high producing Jersey cows were blocked according to 4% fat corrected milk (FCM), days in milk (DIM) and lactation number and randomly allocated to three treatments (control, low PKE, and high PKE). The PKE inclusion level in the control, low PKE, and high PKE treatment concentrates was 0, 20, and 40%, respectively. The PKE replaced part of the maize and protein sources in the concentrate. Milk yield was recorded daily and milk composition was determined in two week intervals over a 60 d period, after a 21 d adaptation period. Additionally, eight lactating rumen-fistulated cows were randomly allocated to the control and high PKE treatment in a two period crossover design. Ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA’s), ruminal ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), and in situ ruminal kikuyu/ryegrass pasture DMd, NDFd and NDF kd were measured. Cows received 6 kg (as is) concentrate per day divided over two milking periods and strip grazed kikuyu/ryegrass pasture as one group. Milk yield and milk fat content did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments and were 21.3, 21.3 and 20.7 kg/cow/d and 4.63, 4.65, and 4.66% for cows receiving the control, low PKE and high PKE treatments, respectively. Milk protein, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), BW and BCS did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. Total VFA’s, average ruminal pH, ruminal NH3-N, and in situ ruminal kikuyu/ryegrass pasture DMd and NDFd as well as NDF kd did not differ (P > 0.05) between treatments. The acetic to propionic acid ratio was, however, higher (P < 0.05) for cows supplemented with the high PKE treatment. It can be concluded that partial replacement of maize with 20 or 40% PKE in a lactating dairy cow concentrate did not affect milk yield, milk fat content, milk protein content, somatic cell count (SCC), BW, or BCS. Rumen fermentation was unaffected and a healthy rumen environment was sustained. The replacement of higher cost maize and soybean oilcake by a lower cost PKE decreased feed cost. It is however not recommended to include PKE at 40% in the concentrate due to the increased time spent by cows in the milking parlour and the low palatability of PKE, which could lead to the tendency of increased concentrate refusals. It can be extrapolated from the data obtained from this study that milk production will be sustained when PKE is fed to cows on pasture at 2.4 kg/cow/day. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

The content of this diploma thesis is to explore the possibility of utilization of wastes generated in the production of cement-bonded particleboards in terms of their application as secondary raw materials back into the production. At first an attention was focused on a fine-grained waste containing wood particles with cement matrix produced during the final adjustment of boards. Further, fly ash generated from the combustion of wood chips in the biomass boiler is assessed. In the theoretical part the different types of waste generated in the production of cement-bonded particleboards are characterized, including their methods of creation, production, use or disposal of the current and other proposals for utilization in the future. The research papers dealing with applications of various wastes in the production of cement composites with organic fibers were also studied. In the experimental part of the thesis the characteristics of each type of waste generated in the production of cement-bonded particleboards are evaluated using laboratory analyses and their pretreatment methods for another use are designed. Subsequently performed the laboratory verification capabilities of secondary raw materials from wastes in cement-bonded particleboards identifying and evaluating basic physico–mechanical characteristics of boards with modified composition.

Today’s society is increasingly moving towards a digitalized world where society is becoming more connected. In terms of industries, it´s extra important to keep up with this trend to be competitive, but also to be more effective. This work will be done in collaboration with the company Attindas. Attindas is a manufacturer of absorbent incontinence aids and delivers products worldwide. The purpose of this work is to investigate two different material flows at Attindas. These flows are raw materials in the warehouse and waste from production to recycling rooms. A deeper analysis is made of the different flows to investigate which parts can be automated and how to do this. The goal of this work is to develop a solution that can replace today’s manual material handling. The problem statements this work is based on is: • Which material flow of waste and raw material are the most valuable to automate? • How can the chosen material flow be automated? The work is carried out with a Design Thinking method that goes through the following steps. Find users’ needs, define needs and problems, come up with ideas and test the solution. The work is supported by a literature study that examines what has already been done and what is already on the market. The result of this work was that Attinda’s waste management is the material flow that should be automated if financial gain and efficiency are to be achieved. The solution that was constructed is an external lifting device that will be mounted on a platform AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle). Two AGVs will drive in the factory and pick up four waste wagons at a time. This is to cope with the waste flow that comes from the production lines. The conclusion of the work is that waste management is a step that Attindas can automate to go to a more automated factory and get one step closer to Industry 4.0. With the help of the new solution, which is a lifting device adapted to the waste bins. Attindas can replace manual work and automate the flow of waste from production to recycling room. By implementing this solution in the factory, Attindas will over time make a financial gain comparable to the current solution, while maintaining its efficiency. / Dagens samhälle går allt mer mot en digitaliserad värld där samhället blir mer uppkopplat. Vad gäller industrier är det extra viktigt att hänga med i denna trenden för att vara konkurrenskraftiga, men även för att effektivisera verksamheten. Detta arbete kommer att göras i samarbete med företaget Attindas. Attindas är en tillverkare av absorberande inkontinenshjälpmedel och de levererar produkter över hela världen. Problemformuleringen som arbetet utgår ifrån är: • Vilket materialflöde av avfall och råmaterial är det mest värdefulla att automatisera? • Hur kan det valda materialflödet automatiseras? Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka två olika materialflöden hos Attindas. Dessa flöden är råmaterial i lagret och spill från produktion till återvinningsrum. En djupare analys görs på de olika flödena för att undersöka vilka delar som går att automatisera samt hur man kan göra detta. Målet med detta arbete är att ta fram en lösning som kan ersätta dagens manuella materialhantering. Arbetet genomförs med en Design Thinking metod som genomgår följande fem steg. Hitta användarens behov, definiera behov och problem, komma upp med ideer, ta fram ideerna och testa lösningen. Arbetet styrks upp av en litteraturstudie som undersöker vad som redan har gjorts och vad som redan finns på marknaden. Resultatet av detta arbete blev att Attindas spillhantering är det materialflöde som borde automatiseras ifall ekonomisk vinning och effektivitet vill uppnås. Lösningen som konstruerades är en extern lyftanordning som ska monteras på en plattform AGV. Två stycken AGV ska köra i fabriken och hämta upp fyra spillvagnar åt gången. Detta för att klara av det flöde av spill som kommer från produktions linjerna. Slutsatsen av arbete är att spillhantering är ett steg som Attindas kan automatisera för att gå till en mer automatiserad fabrik och komma ett steg närmre Industri 4.0. Med hjälp av den framtagna lösningen som är en lyftanordning anpassad för de spillvagnar som finns i fabriken kan Attindas ersätta manuellt arbete och automatisera flödet av spill från produktion till återvinningsrum. Genom att implementeradenna lösningen i fabriken kommer Attindas både göra en ekonomisk vinning jämfört med dagens lösning, samtidigt som arbetet bibehåller sin effektivitet.

The diploma thesis deals with the development of a new material for the establishment of a layer of the ground body of a railway undercarriage purely on the basis of secondary raw materials. The theoretical part presents the characteristics of structural layers, materials used for bonded substrates, including their requirements. The following are the general conditions for the creation of base layers from purely secondary raw materials and previous experience with the issue. The introduction of the experimental part of the thesis sets out the basic parameters of secondary raw materials (construction recyclates, waste from railway bed cleaning, dust from cement plant) and energy by-products (fly ash, coal slag and municipal waste incinerator), which together form the raw material base. Grain size, absorbency, moisture, bulk density, chemical analysis and pollutant content were determined on the raw materials. Bulk densities and compressive strengths of the bonded mixtures were determined. The optimum humidity of all mixtures was determined by the Proctor standard test. Experimental verification was performed on testing of bonded mixtures in order to verify the effect of cement dose, when the original dose of 8% was optimized for construction recycled and slag from municipal waste incinerator to 4%, due to high strengths ranging from 4.5 to 6.0 MPa. Further optimization also included the addition of an energy by-product in a proportion of 10% of the weight of the secondary raw material. At the end of the experimental part, two optimal recipes were selected (recycled concrete with 4% cement and 10% fluid fly ash; slag from a municipal waste incinerator with 3% cement and 10% fluid fly ash), which underwent advanced testing in the form of frost resistance and resistance to water and a functional sample was designed. The final functional sample is recycled concrete with cement and 10% addition of fluid fly ash, which is suitable for core layers without frost loading.

No presente trabalho, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia sintética para a funcionalização de um monossacarídeo derivado da D-glicose através do Rearranjo de Ferrier, utilizando-se um sal de organotrifluoroborato de potássio como nucleófilo. Em seguida, foi feita a reação de cicloadição azida-acetileno com cobre, através de estratégias simples e eficientes, que seguem a filosofia da click chemistry, permitindo a preparação de uma série de compostos com grande diversidade estrutural, possuindo dois anéis heterocíclicos e diversos substituintes, com promissora atividade biológica. Dando continuidade ao projeto, foi feita a metanólise dos grupamentos acetila, com carbonato de potássio e metanol. Assim, as novas moléculas adquirem maior hidrofilicidade e podem ser enviadas para novos testes biológicos, para fins de comparação com as anteriores. A partir dos compostos desprotegidos, foi feita a mesilação seletiva da hidroxila primária do açúcar e a substituição com selenolato de sódio, com a obtenção de seleno-carboidratos inéditos. Em uma segunda etapa do trabalho, exploramos a reatividade do núcleo triazólico, com a reação de troca Te/Li seguida de captura por eletrófilo. O material de partida foi sintetizado a partir do fenil acetileno. Com o triazol telurado em mãos, partimos para as reações de troca e captura por eletrófilo. Utilizamos diferentes tipos de eletrófilos, como aldeídos, cetonas, iodetos, dentre outros. / We developed a synthetic methodology for the functionalization of a monosaccharide derived from D-glucose, using the Ferrier rearrangement with a potassium organotrifluoroborate salt as the nucleophile. This way, a series of coumpounds with high structural diversity and two heterocyclic rings having different substituents were produced, using the azide-acetylene cycloaddition reaction. Through this simple and efficient methodology, that follows the \"click chemistry\" philosophy, we could synthesize molecules with promising biological activity. Continuing the project, we performed the methanolysis of the acetyl groups, with potassium carbonate and methanol. Thus, the new molecules become more hydrophilic and could be sent to new biological tests, for a comparison with the previous ones. From the deprotected compounds, we were able to mesilate the primary hydroxyl and substitute it with sodium selenolate, obtaining novel selenium-carbohydrates. In a second part of our work, we were able to exploit the triazole reactivity trough the Te/Li exchange reaction followed by the electrophile capture. The starting material was obtained from phenyl acetylene. With the teluratte in our hands, we set out to the exchange reactions, using several types of electrophiles, such as aldehydes, ketones, iodide, among others.

In various international policy processes such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals, an urgent demand for robust consumption-based indicators of material flows, or material footprints (MFs), has emerged over the past years. Yet, MFs for national economies diverge when calculated with different Global Multiregional Input-Output (GMRIO) databases, constituting a significant barrier to a broad policy uptake of these indicators. The objective of this paper is to quantify the impact of data deviations between GMRIO databases on the resulting MF. We use two methods, structural decomposition analysis and structural production layer decomposition, and apply them for a pairwise assessment of three GMRIO databases, EXIOBASE, Eora, and the OECD Inter-Country Input-Output (ICIO) database, using an identical set of material extensions. Although all three GMRIO databases accord for the directionality of footprint results, that is, whether a countries' final demand depends on net imports of raw materials from abroad or is a net exporter, they sometimes show significant differences in level and composition of material flows. Decomposing the effects from the Leontief matrices (economic structures), we observe that a few sectors at the very first stages of the supply chain, that is, raw material extraction and basic processing, explain 60% of the total deviations stemming from the technology matrices. We conclude that further development of methods to align results from GMRIOs, in particular for material-intensive sectors and supply chains, should be an important research priority. This will be vital to strengthen the uptake of demand-based material flow indicators in the resource policy context.