Orientador: Sérgio Tosi Rodrigues / Resumo: O envelhecimento populacional está associado a profundas mudanças sociais, econômicas e culturais. O comprometimento perceptual e cognitivo resultante do envelhecimento pode provocar falhas durante o desempenho da condução de automóvel. Os fatores humanos desempenham um papel fundamental nos riscos de acidentes de trânsito. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar os efeitos do envelhecimento do motorista e da luminosidade do ambiente sobre o tempo de reação da frenagem, durante a condução simulada de automóveis. Quinze motoristas adultos jovens e quinze motoristas idosos realizaram uma tarefa de condução na qual foram mensurados os tempos de reação envolvidos na frenagem (retirada do pé do pedal do acelerador e acionamento do pedal de freio) em um simulador de direção de um automóvel. A tarefa dos participantes foi seguir por um percurso de 5 km um carro à frente, que freava bruscamente acendendo a luz vermelha traseiro do carro, em duas condições: uma com luminosidade diurna e outra com luminosidade noturna. Um pré-teste de tempo de reação simples utilizando os pedais de acelerador e freio, fora do cenário simulado da condução, foi realizado como situação controle. Os dados da condução simulada foram submetidos à análise de variância do grupo (adultos, idosos) por luminosidade (diurna, noturna), com medidas repetidas no segundo fator. Nas condições de condução do veículo, os idosos mostraram tempo de reação maior tanto para retirar o pé do acelerador quando para acionar... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Population aging is associated with profound social, economic and cultural changes. The perceptual and cognitive impairment resulting from aging can cause failures during car driving performance. Human factors play a key role in the risks of traffic accidents. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of driver’s aging and ambient luminosity on the braking reaction time during simulated car driving. Fifteen young adult drivers and fifteen elderly drivers performed a driving task in which the reaction times involved in braking (removing the foot from gas pedal and pressing brake pedal) were measured in a car driving simulator. Participants’ task was to follow a car in front of them during a 5 km path, which braked abruptly with the rear red light turning on, in two conditions: day and night light conditions. A simple reaction time pre-test utilizing gas and brake pedals, out of the simulated driving scenario, was conducted as a control situation. Data from driving conditions were submitted to a group (adults, elderly) by luminosity (day, night) analysis of variance, with repeated measures in the second factor. During driving conditions, the elderly group showed greater reaction time to release the gas pedal and to press the brake pedal; the same occurred to the total reaction time in the total reaction time. Interestingly, reaction times during day light luminosity were greater than those during night luminosity for gas pedal and total reaction times. Results are disc... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22745号 / 医博第4663号 / 新制||医||1046(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 林 康紀, 教授 伊佐 正, 教授 村井 俊哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The diploma thesis deals with the analyses of food consumption influence on driver´s perception reaction time. It describes the food and drink consumption while driving, factors influencing driver´s performance, activities disturbing the driver, foreign researches and studies aimed at distracting stimuli. Practical part of the thesis is focused on driving tests of chosen driver of certain age group in current traffic, interpretation and evaluation of reaction times while driving with no distracting stimuli comparing to driving influenced by food consumption. All the data are concluded in the summary where it´s confirmed that reaction times are significantly prolonged when drivers have a snack while driving a vehicle.

This thesis is focused on the issue of reaction time of those people who are affected by alcohol. The thesis is divided into two main parts, the first part is focused on the research of the present state and it submits the theoretical background related to the topic of this thesis. The second part describes both the experiments related to the reaction time of the people affected by alcohol and the evaluation of the results of such measurements.

This master’s thesis focuses on real-time detection of activity in electromyographic signal for reaction time measurement. For patients motivation there was designed and implemented therapeutic car game controlled throught the muscle activity. In this thesis were used three different algorithms for muscles activity detection in EMG signal. The best accuracy of this three methods has designed artificial network with U-Net hierarchy, which is used to segment samples into two categories - samples of signal with activity and samples representing calm. Accuracy of this method is 97 %. Later there were examined differences between groups of probands, different stimulus and the changes of reaction time over time.

The diploma thesis deal with what ways drivers react to an unexpected stimulus. In the theoretical part, the analysis of the current state, reaction time, methods of reaction of the driver, stimuli from the environment and finally is being analyzed, the vehicle and its assistance systems. The analytical part of the diploma thesis was performed by driving tests, where it was found that the way the driver reacts from the distance to which they are obstructed and the speed of the vehicle. For that reason, a TTC dependency analysis was performed. It was found that drivers at low TTC values chose an obstacle in which they brake the need to move their foot from the accelerator pedal to the brake pedal and they have to brake sharply. At medium TTC values, drivers brake most often. In the case of a combination of conductors, they chose braking with avoiding at lower TTC values and avoiding with braking at medium TTC values. There was also a dependence of the method of reaction on driving experience. Inexperienced drivers rather choose braking, experienced drivers use combinations.

Positive and negative reinforcement contingencies have been compared in terms of preference, but the differential effects of positive and negative reinforcement on reaction time and accuracy with other variables controlled remain unclear. Fifteen undergraduate students participated in a sound discrimination task that involved random mixed-trial presentations of positive and negative reinforcement contingencies. The participants' goal was to correctly identify whether the tone was shorter or longer than 600 milliseconds. On positive reinforcement trials, the participants received feedback and money tallies only if they identified the sound length correctly, with each correct response in the positive reinforcement trials earning the participant 10 cents. On negative reinforcement trials, the participants received feedback and money tallies only if they identified the sound length incorrectly, with incorrect trials subtracting 10 cents from the participants' total money (which began at $4.00 to equalize the weights of the positive and negative reinforcement contingencies). Accuracy analyses showed a relatively curvilinear relationship between the number of errors for each participant and the binned duration of the sound stimulus, with no differences across the positive and negative reinforcement conditions. Results also indicated weak linear negative correlations at the single subject level between comparison stimulus duration and reaction time, with similar slopes between positive and negative reinforcement trials, and strong curvilinear correlations at the group level, indicating differences between grouped and individual analyses. Overall our results appear to support abandoning the distinction between positive and negative reinforcement as two separate behavioral processes.

The aim of thesis is a summary and assessment of perception of drivers in traffic from the view of psychology and its influence on various aspects and the resulting effects on driving. Furthermore, it is mainly a description of the visual system and the description of light as factor of visual perception. The thesis also presents two experiments refer to the reaction time and mental reactions of driver, depending on drank out alcohol. Results of the first test of reaction time starting at the traffic lights were just a confirmation of the mentioned values from different publications and the Internet. The results of the second test, which was focused on the emotional reaction depending on the amount of ingested alcohol would be surprising to many.

This master‘s thesis analyzes the impact of the use of technical equipment for the driver reaction time. There are described the legal requirements for the use of technical devices by the driver in the vehicle. There are analyzed the types of technical devices used by drivers and mainly discussed the issue of drivers' reaction times. They assessed factors affecting reaction time, ways of measuring the reaction time and the type of reaction times. They discussed earlier research from the beginning of the measurement of reaction times to the latest research, dealing with the measurement of reaction times when using a mobile phone. The practical part is devoted to perform road tests on a sample of drivers and evaluate their reaction times during normal driving and during a call. The measured and evaluated data are commented with respect to the benefits of expert activities in the field of transport.

The diploma thesis deals with the detection of measurement error based on the question order using the reaction time. The major part of the theoretical chapter deals with the respondent as the source of the error. A respondent needs to proceed through a cognitive process to answer a question. Various influences affect the process and they might have an effect on the accuracy of the answer. The frequently mentioned effects are age, education and motivation of respondent. The absence of respondents' motivation might lead to a reduction of their effort to properly proceed with the cognitive process. In that case, the respondent does not dedicate the appropriate cognitive effort and time to a question in the questionnaire. That length of time, which the respondent takes to answer, is called the reaction time and it is suggested that it might be used as an indicator of the amount of cognitive effort. Based on previously executed studies, the author designed hypotheses about the change in length of the reaction time with a change of question position in a questionnaire, about the effect of respondents' characteristics on the reaction time and its shortening. The significant shortening of the reaction time on the question located closer to the end of the experimental questionnaire is used as an indicator...