Today’s society stresses the importance of written communication. Therefore the picture book seems less important to the public. As soon as one has learnt to read, the literary sphere changes radically and the picture book is often forgotten. But there are many benefits of working with picture books in education even after the pupils have learnt to read. Working with young students poses the problem of making sure they all have the opportunity to display their knowledge to the teachers and to share and develop it with the class. One way of doing so is through book talks. But there are different views of what a good book talk is. My aim is to identify and discuss some of the benefits of the picture book in everyday schoolwork. I discuss the benefits of book talks around picture books for both students and teacher. To do this I have conducted a descriptive literature study in which I consider relevant research. On the basis of my literature study and engagement with previous research, I find that book talks about picture books may have a positive impact on education the teacher is well pepared and open to the students own reflections.

It has long been known that vocabulary is essential in the development of reading. Because vocabulary leading to increased comprehension is important, it necessary to determine strategies for ensuring that the best methods of teaching vocabulary are used to help students make gains in vocabulary leading to reading comprehension. According to the National Reading Panel, multiple strategies that involve active engagement on the part of the student are more effective than the use of just one strategy. The purpose of this study was to determine if students’ use of visualization, student-generated pictures of onset-and-rime-patterned vocabulary, and story read-alouds with discussion, would enable diverse first-grade students to increase their vocabulary and comprehension. In addition, this study examined the effect of the multimodal framework of strategies on English learners (ELs). This quasi-experimental study (N=69) was conducted in four first-grade classrooms in a low socio-economic school. Two treatment classes used a multimodal framework of strategies to learn weekly vocabulary words and comprehension. Two comparison classrooms used the traditional method of teaching weekly vocabulary and comprehension. Data sources included Florida Assessments for Instruction in Reading (FAIR), comprehension and vocabulary scores, and weekly MacMillan/McGraw Hill Treasures basal comprehension questions and onset-and-rime vocabulary questions. This research determined that the treatment had an effect in adjusted FAIR comprehension means by group, with the treatment group (adj M = 5.14) significantly higher than the comparison group (adj M = -8.26) on post scores. However, the treatment means did not increase from pre to post, but the comparison means significantly decreased from pre to post as the materials became more challenging. For the FAIR vocabulary, there was a significant difference by group with the comparison adjusted post mean higher than the treatment’s, although both groups significantly increased from pre to post. However, the FAIR vocabulary posttest was not part of the Treasures vocabulary, which was taught using the multimodal framework of strategies. The Treasures vocabulary scores were not significantly different by group on the assessment across the weeks, although the treatment means were higher than those of the comparison group. Continued research is needed in the area of vocabulary and comprehension instructional methods in order to determine strategies to increase diverse, urban students’ performance.

Bit-Patterned Media (BPM) has been recognised as one of the candidate technologies to achieve an areal density beyond 1Tb/in2 by fabricating single-domain islands out of continuous magnetic media. Though much attention has been focused on the fabrication of BPM, existing lithography techniques demonstrate difficulties in producing uniform islands over large areas cost effectively; the resulting fabricated islands often vary in position and size. The primary purpose of the research documented in this thesis is to investigate the issue of island geometry variations on the data recovery process from a perpendicular patterned media with head and media configurations optimised to achieve an areal density of 1Tb/in2. In order to achieve the research aim, a read channel model has been implemented as a platform to evaluate the read channel performance numerically. It can be also altered to investigate new read channel designs. The simulated results demonstrate that island geometry variations have a detrimental effect on read channel performance. It has shown that a BPM system can be tolerant to island position variations, but more effort needs to be paid to the effect that island size variations have on the read channel performance. A new read channel design revolving around the design of a modified trellis has been proposed for use in the Viterbi detector in order to combat the effect of island geometry variations. The modified trellis for island position variations results in extra states and branches compared to the standard trellis, while the modified trellis for island size variations results in only extra branches. The novel read channel designs demonstrate an improved read channel performance in the presence of island geometry variations even with increasing amounts of island position and size variations. There are two ways to obtain the read channel performance in terms of the bit-error-rate (BER): a) by running a numerical Monte-Carlo simulation to count the number of bits in error at the output of the read channel model and b) using an analytical approach to calculate the BER by approximating the noise into a known distribution. It is shown that both ways demonstrate very similar results, which indicates as long as the distribution of the noise present in read channel model is predictable, the analytical approach can evaluate the BER performance more efficiently, especially when the BER is low. However, the Monte-Carlo simulation is still useful for understanding of the correlation of the errors. Novel trellis proposed in this work will contribute to the commercial development of BPM in two ways: a) to improve the data recovery process in BPM systems, b) to allow a tolerance of 10% size variations for the existing fabrication techniques.

Les microphones sont des capteurs qui permettent à nos systèmes électroniques de prendre connaissance de notre environnement acoustique en fournissant un signal électrique représentatif des vibrations de l’air. Ils sont employés dans la plupart des systèmes multimédia, mais aussi dans les appareils auditifs. Dans l’implant auditif, le microphone se substitue à l’oreille humaine capable de détecter des pressions acoustiques variants de quelque μPa à quelques Pa. Les microphones, sont en général accompagnés d’un circuit électronique spécifique qui permet leur exploitation au coeur d’un système hétérogène. Depuis les toutes premières transductions acoustique-électriques, le microphone a été perfectionné avec la mise en oeuvre de nouveau principes de transduction et l’élaboration de circuit de conditionnement plus performants. Dernièrement, l’introduction de la technologie MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) a permis de réaliser des microphones extrêmement compacts et peu couteux. Ces travaux de recherches concernent la réalisation d’un circuit électronique dédié à l’exploitation d’un transducteur M&NEMS (Micro & Nano Electro Mechanical Systems) survenant comme une évolution du MEMS. Pour commencer l’étude, le principe de transduction et l’application du microphone sont étudiés. Les circuits existants sont examinés en détail et adaptés au transducteur M&NEMS. Les résultats potentiels sont discutés et situés dans l’application. Dans un second temps, un circuit de conditionnement spécifique est proposé. Les résultats sont présentés puis le circuit électronique dédié est intégré sur silicium. Les performances des blocs fonctionnels intégrés sont mesurées et présentées. / Microphones are sensors which allow gauging acoustic environment through an electric representation of vibrations in the air. They can be found in most multimedia equipment and in hearing aids. In this particular application, microphone substitutes a human ear which is able to sense pressure level of sound ranging from a μPa to few Pa. The read-out circuit of microphones converts physical signal from transducer into electronic signals that can be used in any heterogeneous system involving audio processing. Transducers of microphones have known successive generation of improvement. The latest refinement is related to the emergence of MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) technology which is suitable to build compact sensor. This thesis explores the design of a readout-circuit using an innovative M&NEMS (Micro & Nano Electro Mechanical Systems) technology derived from MEMS. The thesis is structured beginning with review of existing circuits for M&NEMS microphone. A comparative study is reported considering the proposed technical specifications using simulations and a prototype was realized using discrete components. In the second phase, an innovative circuit was proposed as an ASIC solution targeting M&NEMS technology developed at CEA-LETI. The performance evaluation and the physical measurements of the proposed ASIC are detailed.

As lacunas no ensino da leitura do gênero discursivo propaganda e a carência de habilidades das crianças na leitura desse gênero motivaram o desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Esta pesquisa objetiva analisar a linguagem verbo-áudio-visual de duas propagandas de brinquedos, uma da boneca Barbie e seu salão de beleza, e a outra do boneco Max Steel e seus acessórios, ambos da empresa Mattel, mais especificamente sobre as habilidades de inferência necessárias aos alunos do Ensino Fundamental ao realizarem a leitura das linguagens verbal e não verbal dessas propagandas veiculadas na TV. Objetiva, ainda, propor uma sequência didática para o ensino nas escolas da leitura da linguagem verbo-áudio-visual das propagandas para tornar os alunos leitores mais perspicazes desse gênero discursivo. Este estudo está fundamentado na teoria dialógica da linguagem na perspectiva de Bakhtin e de seu Círculo, que entende a linguagem como prática social e que o discurso se organiza para atender às necessidades comunicativas pautado nas relações dialógicas. Os resultados mostraram que os professores podem contribuir para que as crianças sejam leitoras proficientes do gênero propaganda através de propostas de leitura com as linguagens envolvidas no gênero: verbal, visual e sonora. Além disso, a Linguística Aplicada pode contribuir com a proposta de leitura da linguagem verbo-áudio-visual das propagandas incentivando e desenvolvendo estudos com essas linguagens e propondo o trabalho de leitura através de sequência didática. A leitura proficiente deste gênero pode ser uma estratégia poderosa para minimizar os efeitos dos apelos consumistas das propagandas. / The gaps on the teaching of the discursive advertizing genres reading and the lack of the childrens ability on reading this genre motivated the development of this research. This research objectifies to analyze the verbal-audio-visual language of two toys advertizement, being one of them the Barbie doll and her hair salon, and another one the Max Steel toy with its accessories, both toys made by Mattel, more specifically about the abilities of needed inference to the students of the elementary school when performing a reading of the verbal and non verbal languages of those advertizements transmitted by TV. This research yet objectified, to propose a didacticism sequence to teach at the schools the reading of a verbal-audio-visual language of advertizement to make the readers students more insightful on this discursive genre. This study is grounded in the dialogic theory of Bakhtins perspectives language and his Circle. This theory understands the language as a social practice and so the speech gets organized to attend the communicative needs guided in the dialogic relations. The results showed that the teachers can contribute so that the children may become proficients readers of the publicity genre through reading proposals within the languages involved in the verbal, visual and sonorous genre. Moreover, the Applied Linguistic can contribute with the reading proposal of the verbal-audio-visual language of the advertizements encouraging and developing studies with these languages and proposing the reading working through the didacticism sequence. The proficient reading of the genre can be a powerful strategy to minimize the consumers appeals effect of the advertizement.

Cette thèse rend compte des usages et des pratiques à l’œuvre dans les lectures publiques actuelles. Et plus précisément de leur réception par les auditeurs-spectateurs, pendant et après les lectures. Les sources et matériaux utilisés sont divers : ce sont en partie des récits de réception empruntés à la littérature classique ou contemporaine, et aux publications de chercheurs en sciences humaines et sociales. J’ai d’autre part utilisé mes propres récits, des narrations rédigées après avoir assisté à des lectures publiques à voix haute. J’ai donc construit mes matériaux à partir de ce que j’ai éprouvé au milieu d’une assemblée, au milieu des autres, au milieu d’autres corps. Je me suis autorisée et inspirée de la « pensée par cas » (ou « singularités »), une méthode qui suppose une pratique d’auto-observation inspirée de l’approche clinique. Elle écarte donc toute prétention au réalisme ou à l’objectivisme. Les lectures publiques sollicitent simultanément l’œil et l’oreille. La réception des auditeurs-spectateurs, qu’elle soit recueillie ou éprouvée en personne, apparaît souvent très individuée, peu normée.Un prologue fait retour sur trois périodes de la grande histoire de la lecture : récits de lectures à voix haute partant de l’Antiquité grecque et romaine jusqu’à une période récente. Les deux autres parties s’attachent ensuite à éclairer les rapports qui se nouent entre les acteurs présents à des lectures données en public, de nos jours. Rapports d’échange ou d’altérité, ou bien rapports de pouvoir, ils révèlent la manière dont se forment les réceptions individuelles - à partir des récits ou cas et de leur rapprochement avec d’autres corpus disciplinaires. Mais le matériau est hétérogène, labile, instable, parfois étrange. Aussi ce parcours ne va pas en ligne droite : il est sillonné d’allers et retours et de bifurcations ; emporté par des processus associatifs, arrêté ou suspendu par des détails sonores ou visuels, parfois infimes ; ou par la qualité du silence. Son tracé apparaît donc a posteriori.L’acte d’écouter-regarder lire au milieu d’une assemblée, et ses retentissements dans le for intérieur, incitent constamment à se déplacer mentalement, à sortir de soi ou à passer du « je » au « nous ». Le « nous » signifie que j’intègre en silence la présence du Lecteur sonore et des autres auditeurs-spectateurs, que je les associe à ma réception : l’individu dit « nous » (dans son intimité comme en société) en s’adressant ou en s’incluant aux autres. Les lectures publiques touchent à la fois l’individuel et le collectif ; voire questionnent le concept de communauté.Elles nous reconduisent naturellement à des relectures et s’offrent elles-mêmes comme forme singulière de relecture. Elles nous conduisent aussi à d’autres pratiques du partage grâce à l’usage de la voix haute ; à d’autres modes d’exister de la littérature, d’autres formes d’oralité (les groupes de lecture, la récitation, le témoignage, le cinéma). In fine, ce travail met au jour une expérience, et les « savoirs » singuliers qu’elle engrange et diffuse. Cette expérience peut être transmise, reprise, re-questionnée et discutée. Car les lectures publiques, censées nous immobiliser ou nous sidérer sur un fauteuil, nous engagent personnellement dans le rapport à autrui. Ce n’est pas le moindre enseignement de cette aventure. / This PhD thesis is an account of uses and practices at stake in public reading nowadays ; more precisely, of its reception by the listening audience, during and after the readings. The sources and material used are diverse : partly accounts of reception extracted from classical and contemporary literature, and publications by searchers in human and social science. I have also used my own accounts, narrative pieces I redacted after witnessing public readings. I thus have built my own material based on what I felt among an audience, among others, among other bodies. I have leaned on and inspired myself from “case thinking” (or “singularities”), a method which relies on practicing self-observation, based on clinical approach. Therefore, it excludes any claim to realism or objectivism. Public readings appeal to the eye and the ear at once. The reception by the listeners-spectators, whether it’s collected or felt in person, seems to be frequently personal, not very normalized.A prologue goes overs three periods of the great history of reading: accounts of readings aloud from Greek and Roman Antiquity to a recent period of time. The other two parts aim to highlight the connections that awaken between the actors during public readings nowadays. Those relationships of exchange, of otherness, or of power, reveal the way in which individual reception forms - from accounts or cases and relating them to corpuses from other subjects.But the material is a heterogeneous, labile, instable one; sometimes strange. Which explains that the journey isn’t straight: it is criss-crossed by comings and goings and branching roads; drawn as it was by associating processes, stopped or paused by sound or visual details, sometimes minute; or by the quality of silence. As a result, its course appears a posteriori.The act of listening-watching read among an audience, its repercussions onto the inner self, are a constant incentive to move mentally, get out of oneself or switch from “I” to “we”. “We” means I silently integrate the person who reads aloud and the other listeners-spectators into my reception: the individual says “we” (in their intimacy as well as in society), addressing themselves to or including themselves with others. Public readings concern the individual as well as the collective level; and even question the concept of community. They naturally drive us to rereads and offer themselves as a singular form of reread. They also drive us to other practices of sharing through the use of voicing : to other ways of existing for literature, to other forms of oral performance - reading groups, recitation, account, cinema.

Most of the data referenced by sequential and parallel applications running in current chip multiprocessors are referenced by a single thread, i.e., private. Recent proposals leverage this observation to improve many aspects of chip multiprocessors, such as reducing coherence overhead or the access latency to distributed caches. The effectiveness of those proposals depends to a large extent on the amount of detected private data. However, the mechanisms proposed so far either do not consider either thread migration or the private use of data within different application phases, or do entail high overhead. As a result, a considerable amount of private data is not detected. In order to increase the detection of private data, this thesis proposes a TLB-based mechanism that is able to account for both thread migration and private application phases with low overhead. Classification status in the proposed TLB-based classification mechanisms is determined by the presence of the page translation stored in other core's TLBs. The classification schemes are analyzed in multilevel TLB hierarchies, for systems with both private and distributed shared last-level TLBs. This thesis introduces a page classification approach based on inspecting other core's TLBs upon every TLB miss. In particular, the proposed classification approach is based on exchange and count of tokens. Token counting on TLBs is a natural and efficient way for classifying memory pages. It does not require the use of complex and undesirable persistent requests or arbitration, since when two ormore TLBs race for accessing a page, tokens are appropriately distributed classifying the page as shared. However, TLB-based ability to classify private pages is strongly dependent on TLB size, as it relies on the presence of a page translation in the system TLBs. To overcome that, different TLB usage predictors (UP) have been proposed, which allow a page classification unaffected by TLB size. Specifically, this thesis introduces a predictor that obtains system-wide page usage information by either employing a shared last-level TLB structure (SUP) or cooperative TLBs working together (CUP). / La mayor parte de los datos referenciados por aplicaciones paralelas y secuenciales que se ejecutan enCMPs actuales son referenciadas por un único hilo, es decir, son privados. Recientemente, algunas propuestas aprovechan esta observación para mejorar muchos aspectos de los CMPs, como por ejemplo reducir el sobrecoste de la coherencia o la latencia de los accesos a cachés distribuidas. La efectividad de estas propuestas depende en gran medida de la cantidad de datos que son considerados privados. Sin embargo, los mecanismos propuestos hasta la fecha no consideran la migración de hilos de ejecución ni las fases de una aplicación. Por tanto, una cantidad considerable de datos privados no se detecta apropiadamente. Con el fin de aumentar la detección de datos privados, proponemos un mecanismo basado en las TLBs, capaz de reclasificar los datos a privado, y que detecta la migración de los hilos de ejecución sin añadir complejidad al sistema. Los mecanismos de clasificación en las TLBs se han analizado en estructuras de varios niveles, incluyendo TLBs privadas y con un último nivel de TLB compartido y distribuido. Esta tesis también presenta un mecanismo de clasificación de páginas basado en la inspección de las TLBs de otros núcleos tras cada fallo de TLB. De forma particular, el mecanismo propuesto se basa en el intercambio y el cuenteo de tokens (testigos). Contar tokens en las TLBs supone una forma natural y eficiente para la clasificación de páginas de memoria. Además, evita el uso de solicitudes persistentes o arbitraje alguno, ya que si dos o más TLBs compiten para acceder a una página, los tokens se distribuyen apropiadamente y la clasifican como compartida. Sin embargo, la habilidad de los mecanismos basados en TLB para clasificar páginas privadas depende del tamaño de las TLBs. La clasificación basada en las TLBs se basa en la presencia de una traducción en las TLBs del sistema. Para evitarlo, se han propuesto diversos predictores de uso en las TLBs (UP), los cuales permiten una clasificación independiente del tamaño de las TLBs. En concreto, esta tesis presenta un sistema mediante el que se obtiene información de uso de página a nivel de sistema con la ayuda de un nivel de TLB compartida (SUP) o mediante TLBs cooperando juntas (CUP). / La major part de les dades referenciades per aplicacions paral·leles i seqüencials que s'executen en CMPs actuals són referenciades per un sol fil, és a dir, són privades. Recentment, algunes propostes aprofiten aquesta observació per a millorar molts aspectes dels CMPs, com és reduir el sobrecost de la coherència o la latència d'accés a memòries cau distribuïdes. L'efectivitat d'aquestes propostes depen en gran mesura de la quantitat de dades detectades com a privades. No obstant això, els mecanismes proposats fins a la data no consideren la migració de fils d'execució ni les fases d'una aplicació. Per tant, una quantitat considerable de dades privades no es detecta apropiadament. A fi d'augmentar la detecció de dades privades, aquesta tesi proposa un mecanisme basat en les TLBs, capaç de reclassificar les dades com a privades, i que detecta la migració dels fils d'execució sense afegir complexitat al sistema. Els mecanismes de classificació en les TLBs s'han analitzat en estructures de diversos nivells, incloent-hi sistemes amb TLBs d'últimnivell compartides i distribuïdes. Aquesta tesi presenta un mecanisme de classificació de pàgines basat en inspeccionar les TLBs d'altres nuclis després de cada fallada de TLB. Concretament, el mecanisme proposat es basa en l'intercanvi i el compte de tokens. Comptar tokens en les TLBs suposa una forma natural i eficient per a la classificació de pàgines de memòria. A més, evita l'ús de sol·licituds persistents o arbitratge, ja que si dues o més TLBs competeixen per a accedir a una pàgina, els tokens es distribueixen apropiadament i la classifiquen com a compartida. No obstant això, l'habilitat dels mecanismes basats en TLB per a classificar pàgines privades depenen de la grandària de les TLBs. La classificació basada en les TLBs resta en la presència d'una traducció en les TLBs del sistema. Per a evitar-ho, s'han proposat diversos predictors d'ús en les TLBs (UP), els quals permeten una classificació independent de la grandària de les TLBs. Específicament, aquesta tesi introdueix un predictor que obté informació d'ús de la pàgina a escala de sistema mitjançant un nivell de TLB compartida (SUP) or mitjançant TLBs cooperant juntes (CUP). / Esteve García, A. (2017). Design of Efficient TLB-based Data Classification Mechanisms in Chip Multiprocessors [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/86136 / TESIS

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This thesis is the result of an examination of the biological and physical science information content included in late nineteenth and early twentieth century elementary school readers and textbooks.