Autorių teisių ir visuomenės teisės į informaciją derinimo problema Vystantis informacinės visuomenės laikmečiui, esant modernios informacijos sklaidos technologijoms autorių teisių saugomi objektai tampa vis svarbesne civilinės apyvartos dalimi. Autorių teisių apsaugos reglamentavimas reikšmingos įtakos turi ne tik patiems autoriams, tačiau ir visuomenės teisei gauti informaciją. Naudodamasis savo teisėmis autorius tam tikrais atvejais gal uždrausti naudoti kūrinį ar bent jau reikalauti mokėti atlyginimą. Siekiant apginti asmens teisę gerbti jo intelektinės veiklos rezultatą bei esant būtinybei užtikrinti viešąjį interesą, būtina nustatyti tinkamą abiejų vertybių apsaugos balansą. Istoriškai tiek prigimtinės tiek ir utilitarinės autorių teisių apsaugos teorijų atstovai siekė pateisinti autorių teisių apsaugą įvairiais argumentais bei rasti atsakymą, kada autoriaus teisė turi būti apribojama. Tyrime analizuojamas visuomenės teisės ar visuomenės intereso į informaciją egzistavimas bei aiškinamasi autorių teisių apribojimo ir išimties sąvokų skirtybė. Analizuojant autorių teisių apsaugą sutelkiamas dėmesys į bendruosius apribojimus, kai autorius neturi teisės reikalauti, kad jo teisės būtų ginamos. Išanalizavus bendruosius apribojimus darbe tiriami apribojimai numatyti Prancūzijos, Vokietijos, Lietuvos bei JAV bei tarptautiniuose teisės aktuose, stengiamasi nustatyti, koki poveikį šie ribojimai turi visuomenės teisei į informaciją. Darbe atkreipiamas dėmesys ir į kitus teisių į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The problem of combining copyright and society’s right to receive information The objects of the intellectual property become a very important part of the civil turnover due the process of the development of information society and modern technologies of information dispersion. Regulation of copyright has huge impact not only to the authors themselves, but also to the society’s right to receive information. In some cases when making use of their rights, authors may prohibit usage of the copyright object or at least claim for remuneration. With due regard to the necessity to protect right of the author of respecting the result of his intellectual activity and to insure the public interest of the society it is vitally important to set a fair balance of both values. From the historical perspective representatives of both natural law and utilitarian notions theories were seeking to find the justification for limitation of copyright. In this research the existence of society’s right and society’s interest is being analyzed as well as the difference of terms exception and limitation are observed. In the analysis of copyright protection it is focused on the general limitations, when the copyright holder is not entitled to request for the protection of copyright object. After the analysis of general limitations the evaluation of limitations set in the legal acts of France, Germany, Lithuania, the USA and international legal acts are presented. It is investigated what impact the... [to full text]

In Sweden we come in contact with the English language almost daily; in television shows, radio commercials and at work. English is also mandatory in the Swedish curriculum; therefore it is important that the students learn as much as possible in school, to be able to use English in their daily life. Teachers use different methods to help students acquire the tools needed to learn English, or any other subject for that matter. One method is oral feedback, which is used to immediately encourage students or correct them when making an error. My aim in this study is therefore to investigate if students find oral feedback in the classroom valuable and if not, how they would like it to be changed. To investigate this I handed out a questionnaire to five classes. The questions were divided up into three categories: if the students had noticed oral feedback being given to them, what their experiences of oral feedback were and how they would like the feedback to be delivered. I also made observations and recorded three classes. The results of this investigation showed that the students were positive to oral feedback in the classroom. Most of the students had noticed oral feedback being given to them, and the teachers had mostly corrected the students’ grammar and pronunciation. These were also the areas where the students felt they had developed the most from oral feedback. In the questionnaire the students pointed out that they wanted the feedback to be delivered privately and that the teachers have to be careful how they give the feedback, they have to always remember to give positive feedback as well as corrective feedback.

No description available.

No description available.

In this thesis, the circuits which comprise the front-end of a millimeter-wave transmit-receive module are investigated using a state-of-the-art 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS process for use in radar remote sensing applications. In Chapter I, the motivation for a millimeter-wave radar in the context of space-based remote sensing is discussed. In addition, an overview of Silicon-germanium technology is presented, and the chapter concludes with a discussion of design challenges at millimeter-wave frequencies. In Chapter II, a brief history of radar technology is presented - the motivations leading to the development of the transmit-receive module for active electronically scanned arrays are discussed, and the critical components which reside in nearly every high-frequency transmit-receive module are introduced. In Chapter III, the design and results of a W-band single-pole, double-throw switch using SiGe p-i-n diodes are discussed. In particular, the design topology and methods used to achieve low-loss and high power handling over a wide matching bandwidth without sacrificing isolation are described. In Chapter IV, the design and results of a W-band low-noise amplifier using SiGe HBT's are discussed. The design methodologies used to achieve high gain and exceptional noise performance over a wide matching bandwidth are described. Concluding remarks and a discussion of future work are in Chapter V.

The area of school facilities maintenance as an integral component of schools' educational programmes is only beginning to receive attention in South Africa, through the publishing of Notice 1438 of 2008 of the National Education Policy, which is a call for comments on the National Policy for an Equitable Provision of an Enabling School Physical Teaching and Learning Environment. This implies that, while it is a critical aspect of teaching and learning, school facilities maintenance has not been accorded a priority status. Numerous studies have indicated a strong correlation between the quality of school facilities and learner achievement and educator morale and job satisfaction. This study aimed at determining how a whole-school approach to facilities maintenance can be developed at schools by investigating the nature of school facilities maintenance and what the current school facilities maintenance practices are. An exploratory qualitative empirical research involving the use of ethnographic observation, photography and interviews was conducted. The study found that the current facilities maintenance practices at schools mainly comprised routine, corrective and emergency maintenance, which implies that facilities maintenance is not an integral component of the educational programmes. It also implies that schools need to implement a comprehensive and systematic process of facilities maintenance, which has a strong strategic dimension. A Whole-School Facilities Maintenance Model is thus proposed as a solution to this need. The model addresses schools' immediate facilities maintenance needs and long-term needs as it is accommodative of changes, both minor and major, as can be the case with the enactment of policy regarding school infrastructure management. This study contributes to the practice of school organisational development and management by customising strategic planning into school development planning and improvement. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education Management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

The area of school facilities maintenance as an integral component of schools' educational programmes is only beginning to receive attention in South Africa, through the publishing of Notice 1438 of 2008 of the National Education Policy, which is a call for comments on the National Policy for an Equitable Provision of an Enabling School Physical Teaching and Learning Environment. This implies that, while it is a critical aspect of teaching and learning, school facilities maintenance has not been accorded a priority status. Numerous studies have indicated a strong correlation between the quality of school facilities and learner achievement and educator morale and job satisfaction. This study aimed at determining how a whole-school approach to facilities maintenance can be developed at schools by investigating the nature of school facilities maintenance and what the current school facilities maintenance practices are. An exploratory qualitative empirical research involving the use of ethnographic observation, photography and interviews was conducted. The study found that the current facilities maintenance practices at schools mainly comprised routine, corrective and emergency maintenance, which implies that facilities maintenance is not an integral component of the educational programmes. It also implies that schools need to implement a comprehensive and systematic process of facilities maintenance, which has a strong strategic dimension. A Whole-School Facilities Maintenance Model is thus proposed as a solution to this need. The model addresses schools' immediate facilities maintenance needs and long-term needs as it is accommodative of changes, both minor and major, as can be the case with the enactment of policy regarding school infrastructure management. This study contributes to the practice of school organisational development and management by customising strategic planning into school development planning and improvement. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Education Management))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2010.

No description available.

Em Palmas, o Decreto Municipal nº 227/2011, determinou a implantação da coleta seletiva nas quadras 404 e 904 Sul, mas, desde 2014, a coleta seletiva foi suspensa devido à baixa adesão e à grande quantidade de rejeito presente no material coletado. Neste trabalho, o Método de Valoração Contingente (MVC) foi aplicado com o intuito de captar a Disposição a Receber (DAR) da população das quadras 404 e 904 Sul de Palmas pela participação em um programa de coleta seletiva de resíduos sólidos domiciliares. A forma de captação do valor foi a de lances livres e o instrumento de pagamento foi a oferta de desconto mensal na fatura de energia elétrica. A DAR obtida foi de R$29,04/residência/mês e as variáveis independentes presentes no modelo econométrico adotado foram: o grau de escolaridade, a natureza do imóvel de residência, o tempo em que o indivíduo reside em Palmas e o engajamento ambiental. O estudo mostrou que a adoção de incentivos econômicos para fomentar a participação da população em iniciativas de coleta seletiva é uma boa ferramenta para motivar a adesão. No entanto, a educação ambiental e o envolvimento afetivo da comunidade com a cidade também são fatores capazes de aumentar a participação em programas de coleta seletiva. / In Palmas, the Municipal Decree number 227/2011 determined the implementation of the selective waste collection in blocks 404 and 904 south, but since 2014, the selective waste collection was suspended due to the low adhesion and the large amount of waste present in the material collected. In this work, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was applied with the purpose of capturing the willingness to receive (WTR) of the population of blocks 404 and 904 south of Palmas by participating in a selective collection program of household solid waste. The method of capturing the value was free throws and the payment instrument was the monthly discount offer on the electricity bill. The WTR obtained was R$ 29.04/residence/month and the independent variables present in the econometric model adopted were the degree of schooling, the nature of the residence property, the time in which the individual resides in Palmas and the environmental engagement. The study showed that the adoption of economic incentives to encourage the participation of the population in selective waste collection initiatives is a good tool to motivate the adhesion. However, environmental education and the affective involvement of the community with the city are also factors capable of increasing participation in selective waste collection programs.

The interest in wireless communications among consumers has exploded since the introduction of the "3G" cell phone standards. One reason for their success is the increasingly higher data rates achievable through the networks. A further increase in data rates is possible through the use of multiple antennas at either or both sides of the wireless links. Precoding and receive filtering using matrices obtained from a singular value decomposition (SVD) of the channel matrix is a transmission strategy for achieving the channel capacity of a deterministic narrowband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications channel. When signalling over wideband channels using orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), an SVD must be performed for every sub-carrier. As the number of sub-carriers of this traditional approach grow large, so does the computational load. It is therefore interesting to study alternate means for obtaining the decomposition. A wideband MIMO channel can be modeled as a matrix filter with a finite impulse response, represented by a polynomial matrix. This thesis is concerned with investigating algorithms which decompose the polynomial channel matrix directly. The resulting decomposition factors can then be used to obtain the sub-carrier based precoding and receive filtering matrices. Existing approximative polynomial matrix QR and singular value decomposition algorithms were modified, and studied in terms of decomposition quality and computational complexity. The decomposition algorithms were shown to give decompositions of good quality, but if the goal is to obtain precoding and receive filtering matrices, the computational load is prohibitive for channels with long impulse responses. Two algorithms for performing exact rational decompositions (QRD/SVD) of polynomial matrices were proposed and analyzed. Although they for simple cases resulted in excellent decompositions, issues with numerical stability of a spectral factorization step renders the algorithms in their current form purposeless. For a MIMO channel with exponentially decaying power-delay profile, the sum rates achieved by employing the filters given from the approximative polynomial SVD algorithm were compared to the channel capacity. It was shown that if the symbol streams were decoded independently, as done in the traditional approach, the sum rates were sensitive to errors in the decomposition. A receiver with a spatially joint detector achieved sum rates close to the channel capacity, but with such a receiver the low complexity detector set-up of the traditional approach is lost. Summarizing, this thesis has shown that a wideband MIMO channel can be diagonalized in space and frequency using OFDM in conjunction with an approximative polynomial SVD algorithm. In order to reach sum rates close to the capacity of a simple channel, the computational load becomes restraining compared to the traditional approach, for channels with long impulse responses.