In order to create sustainable competitive advantages, organizations are embedded in dyadic exchange relationships, which depend on the coordination of the behavior of the actors involved. Often, coordinated behavior is explained by trust. Since trust develops in a process of reciprocal responses to presumed trustworthy behavior, it is a reciprocity-based concept. While inter-organizational exchange relationships can appear in different stages (forming, establishing, broken), different reciprocity types (direct, indirect, negative) can be distinguished. The study links reciprocal behavior to different stages of inter-organizational exchange relationships in order to investigate reciprocity as a possible coordination mechanism of behavior and thus explore the basis of coordination of trust-based behavior. Qualitative Comparative Analysis as a set-theoretic approach is applied to analyze the empirical data consisting of 78 qualitative semi-structured interviews with managers of small-, medium- and large-sized companies. The results show that different reciprocity types become effective in different stages of an inter-organizational exchange relationship: For forming inter-organizational exchange relationships indirect reciprocal behavior, besides direct reciprocity, becomes effective while in establishing inter-organizational exchange relationships, direct reciprocal behavior is evident. Negative reciprocal behavior leads to a break up of relationships. Using these results, on the one hand, the concept of trust can be sharpened by deepening the understanding of the trust-building mechanisms and on the other hand, reciprocity can be seen as coordination mechanism in exchange relationships of different stages. In doing so, with this knowledge, relationships can be coordinated towards a long-term orientation in order to create sustainable advantages.

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The accusation by some villagers that I was an Anti-Christ provides an opportunity to reflect on the production of anthropological knowledge. The production of knowledge by anthropologists must not only take into account the personal characteristics of the anthropologist but also the ways in which the culture the anthropologist studies classifies that anthropologist, thereby making available to him or her certain ways of knowing. I my case, as an unmarried man with no visible means of economic support, I appeared similar to others, like Earthlords, and priests, who offered villagers Faustian bargains. The deals' dangers lay in the fact that the exchanges occurred outside of the moral and social frameworks which undergird the community. Thus, their accusation of me as antithetical to the community opens an opportunity to consider the nature of that community.

This synthesis article joins the authors of the special issue "Gender perspectives in resilience, vulnerability and adaptation to global environmental change" in a common reflective dialogue about the main contributions of their papers. In sum, here we reflect on links between gender and feminist approaches to research in adaptation and resilience in global environmental change (GEC). The main theoretical contributions of this special issue are threefold: emphasizing the relevance of power relations in feminist political ecology, bringing the livelihood and intersectionality approaches into GEC, and linking resilience theories and critical feminist research. Empirical insights on key debates in GEC studies are also highlighted from the nine cases analysed, from Europe, the Americas, Asia, Africa and the Pacific. Further, the special issue also contributes to broaden the gender approach in adaptation to GEC by incorporating research sites in the Global North alongside sites from the Global South. This paper examines and compares the main approaches adopted (e.g. qualitative or mixed methods) and the methodological challenges that derive from intersectional perspectives. Finally, key messages for policy agendas and further research are drawn from the common reflection.

Base da postulação da comunidade política, as leis naturais são resumidas por duas frases, faça aos outros o que gostaria que fizessem a si e a outra não faça aos outros o que gostaria que não fizessem a ti. Hobbes denomina essa síntese das leis naturais de princípio de reciprocidade. Fora essas duas frases, Hobbes não apresenta maiores esclarecimentos quanto ao seu significado. A presente pesquisa pretende refletir sobre a teoria política hobbesiana a partir da problematização do sentido do princípio de reciprocidade, colocando em evidência algo que não está bem explicado e que não ocupa um lugar de pouca importância na sua teoria política. Na literatura crítica é bem conhecida a controvérsia a respeito do papel das leis naturais, da relação entre as leis naturais e leis civis, do direito de resistência, do direito de punir, silêncio das leis. Reflete-se sobre essas e outras questões tendo em vista a perspectiva da elucidação do princípio de reciprocidade. Ainda que situar adequadamente o locus conceitual das dificuldades não seja uma garantia de resolução dos problemas teóricos da formulação hobbesiana, pode-se obter um ganho no sentido de melhorar o trato com essas dificuldades. / The laws of nature, support to get into commonwealth, are synthesized through two sentences: do unto others as you would have them do unto you and do not to another what you would not want done to you. Hobbes endorses this synthesis of natural law as reciprocity principle. Except these two sentences, he didnt explain more about the principle. This work intends to reflect about hobbesian political theory through this concept and emphasize the important role for his political theory. Its well-known the controversies about the role of natural laws, the relation between civil law and natural law, right of resistance, right of punishment, silence of law. The intention is discuss about these and other question to elucidate the sense of the principle of reciprocity. The correct identification of the problematic concept doesnt pledge find a solution to difficulties of Hobbess formulation. Nevertheless, its possible to make an effort with the problems.

Base da postulação da comunidade política, as leis naturais são resumidas por duas frases, faça aos outros o que gostaria que fizessem a si e a outra não faça aos outros o que gostaria que não fizessem a ti. Hobbes denomina essa síntese das leis naturais de princípio de reciprocidade. Fora essas duas frases, Hobbes não apresenta maiores esclarecimentos quanto ao seu significado. A presente pesquisa pretende refletir sobre a teoria política hobbesiana a partir da problematização do sentido do princípio de reciprocidade, colocando em evidência algo que não está bem explicado e que não ocupa um lugar de pouca importância na sua teoria política. Na literatura crítica é bem conhecida a controvérsia a respeito do papel das leis naturais, da relação entre as leis naturais e leis civis, do direito de resistência, do direito de punir, silêncio das leis. Reflete-se sobre essas e outras questões tendo em vista a perspectiva da elucidação do princípio de reciprocidade. Ainda que situar adequadamente o locus conceitual das dificuldades não seja uma garantia de resolução dos problemas teóricos da formulação hobbesiana, pode-se obter um ganho no sentido de melhorar o trato com essas dificuldades. / The laws of nature, support to get into commonwealth, are synthesized through two sentences: do unto others as you would have them do unto you and do not to another what you would not want done to you. Hobbes endorses this synthesis of natural law as reciprocity principle. Except these two sentences, he didnt explain more about the principle. This work intends to reflect about hobbesian political theory through this concept and emphasize the important role for his political theory. Its well-known the controversies about the role of natural laws, the relation between civil law and natural law, right of resistance, right of punishment, silence of law. The intention is discuss about these and other question to elucidate the sense of the principle of reciprocity. The correct identification of the problematic concept doesnt pledge find a solution to difficulties of Hobbess formulation. Nevertheless, its possible to make an effort with the problems.

This project investigates the development of four different proofs of the law of quadratic reciprocity, in order to study the critical reasoning process that drives discovery in mathematics. We begin with an examination of the first proof of this law given by Gauss. We then describe Gauss’ fourth proof of this law based on Gauss sums, followed by a look at Eisenstein’s geometric simplification of Gauss’ third proof. Finally, we finish with an examination of one of the modern proofs of this theorem published in 1991 by Rousseau. Through this investigation we aim to analyze the different strategies used in the development of each of these proofs, and in the process gain a better understanding of this theorem.

ABSTRACT This study examines the politics of knowledge benefit-sharing within the re-regulatory framework of the Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement which entered into force in 1995 under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The thesis argues that TRIPS both represents a mainstream legal mechanism for states and organisations to govern ideas through trade, and is characterised by a commercial direction away from multilateralism to bilateralism. In its post-implementation phase, this situation has seen the strongest states and corporations consolidate extensive markets in knowledge goods and services. Through analyses of the various levels of international and national governance within the competitive knowledge structure of international political economy (IPE), this study argues that the politicisation of intellectual property has resulted in the dislocation of reciprocity from its normative roots in fairness and trade equity. In conducting this enquiry the research focuses on the political manifestations of intellectual property consistent with long-standing epistemic considerations of reciprocity to test the extent to which the intrinsic public good value of knowledge and its importance to human societies can be reconciled with the privatisation of public forms of knowledge related to discoveries and innovations. This thesis draws on Becker's virtue-theoretic model of reciprocity premised on normative obligations to social life to ground its claim that an absence of substantive reciprocal requirements capable of sustaining equivalent returns and rewards is detrimental, both theoretically and practically, to the intrinsic socio-cultural foundation and public good value of knowledge. The conceptual framework of reciprocity defined and developed in this study challenges the materialist controlling authority and proprietary ownership vested in intellectual property law. A new conceptual approach proposed through reciprocity, and provoked by on-going debates about IP recognition, knowledge protection, access and distribution is advanced to counter strengthened and expanded IPRs. Theories of knowledge and property drawn from political philosophies are employed to test whether reciprocity is sufficiently robust enough, or even capable of, encompassing the gap between capital and applied science. This thesis argues that hyper-capitalism at global, national and local levels, accompanied by the boundless accumulation of technology, closes down competition both compromising IP as private rights and the viability of their governance. The political implications of the protection and enforcement of private rights through IP is examined in two key chapters utilising empirical data in relation to traditional knowledge (TK) and reciprocity; the first sets the parameters of TK and the second explores aspects of Māori knowledge systems and reciprocity directed at identifying national and local issues of significance to the debates on IP governance. As a viable direction for knowledge governance this thesis concludes that the gap between the re-regulatory trade framework of intellectual property on the one hand, and reciprocity on the other, requires closing to ameliorate the detrimental disruptions to democratic integrity, fairness and trade equity for significant numbers of communities and peoples around the world.

This research offers an analysis of two concepts: subjective well-being and social capital. I examine each concept separately, looking at their underlying determinants and characteristics, and I also look at the links between these two notions, as there is theoretical support for their interdependent relationship. I have conducted data analysis of five samples, all part of the World Values Survey 1995-1996. The WVS 1995-1996 offers vast data for Spain and for four autonomous regions - Basque Country, Andalusia, Galicia and Valencia. For the national sample N= 1211. Regional sampling is as follows: Basque Country (N=2205), Andalusia (N=1803), Galicia (N=1200), and Valencia (N=501). The subjects of all the surveys are citizens of both sexes, aged 18 and older.

Online communities thrive on their members participation and contributions. Continuous encouragement of participation of these members is vital for an online community. Social visualizations are one of the methods to make members explicitly aware of their connections and relationships. There are numerous ways to visually represent information, current-status, power, and acceptance of members in an online community. In this thesis I present a design of a visualization representing the evolving reciprocity of relationships among users based on the comments they give to each others posts. The purpose of the visualization is to emphasize and hopefully trigger a common bond in the community and thereby increase their participation. We developed and deployed the visualization in an online community called WISETales where women in science and engineering share personal stories. We also deployed modified and improved versions of the visualization in two other communities, I-Help class discussion forums and the Vegatopia discussion forum for vegetarians. In this thesis we present the results of the evaluation in these three communities. The results unfortunately, were negative. Even though separate explanations for the lack of motivational effect can be found in each of the experiments, it seems that the chosen motivational approach was too gentle to encourage participation. It seems for reciprocation to take place, the users need to be committed to the community and already have some other underlying motivation to participate actively. The visualization also should provide some new information that they werent aware of previously. This was not the case with the users in the three chosen communities. WISETales was too new and can barely be called a community. I-Help was not a community, but a place for student to post questions for the teacher to answer. Vegatopia, in contrast, is well established, active community, where people know each other, and engage in conversations with each other. The visualization did not provide any new information for them that they didnt know and only served as a brief attraction for a day (novelty effect). We are still optimistic, however, that the visualization may be useful for active and too dynamic communities where people are unaware of their social relationships because they are too many, for example, social network sites like Twitter.