This thesis mainly deals with the thermal treatment of waste - hazardous waste incineration and energy recovery municipal waste incinerators - their descriptions and analysis of legislative conditions. The flue gas cleaning system energy production in different operating modes is assessed by energy and mass balances. Computational models are developed for this purpose. On this basis, productions of energy from thermal treatment of hazardous and communal waste were compared.

La anodización es un proceso electrolítico que convierte la superficie metálica en un recubrimiento de óxido insoluble. El aluminio es el material anodizado con más frecuencia. El llamado “abrillantado” del aluminio se realiza comúnmente con baños de ácido fosfórico concentrado. Después de la anodización, las piezas deben enjuagarse cuidadosamente, y es en ésta operación en la que se produce una dilución de la solución del baño arrastrada en la capa de óxido formada. Es en este aspecto donde se plantea la mejora de la calidad medioambiental del sector mediante un plan de recuperación y reutilización de los ácidos diluidos en las aguas de lavado, especialmente del ácido fosfórico. Las membranas son una herramienta atractiva que ofrece un amplio rango de aplicaciones, especialmente en el campo de la alimentación, bebidas, bioquímica, etc. Hay muchos ejemplos que pueden encontrarse en el tratamiento de efluentes, la desalinización de aguas o la concentración de soluciones. La separación de diferentes componentes se consigue por la acción de una membrana separadora y por la influencia de una fuerza impulsora a ambos lados de la membrana (presión, concentración, campo eléctrico). Son objetivos de este trabajo: Realizar un aporte a la investigación sobre la recuperación de materia prima en efluentes industriales mediante técnicas de membrana El eficaz aprovechamiento de la materia prima mediante el reciclado de los ácidos a los baños de anodizado La reducción del volumen de aguas residuales finales, con la correspondiente reducción en la contaminación ambiental del medio receptor La elaboración de una propuesta técnico-económica innovadora en el sector del recubrimiento metálico Los principales resultados obtenidos son: Se ha encontrado que las membranas de nanofiltración DK de Osmonics y la MPF-34 de Koch permiten una adecuada separación entre el Al3+ y los ácidos fosfórico y sulfúrico de las aguas de lavado. Los rechazos promedio (del ensayo de concentración) de Al3+ y H3PO4 para la membrana MPF-34 son de 99,7% y de 66,9% respectivamente y para la membrana DK de 99,5% y de 32,3% respectivamente. - Se han desarrollado expresiones para poder estimar adecuadamente los rechazos de Al3+, H3PO4 y H2PO4- en función de la composición del alimento con la membrana MPF-34. Se ha visto que estos valores son los intrínsecos de la membrana. Estas expresiones se obtuvieron mediante un estudio fenomenológico debido a que la complejidad del problema no permite hacerlo desde el punto de vista mecanístico. Se ha encontrado que la estabilidad de la membrana DK en el medio ácido del alimento es suficiente para asegurar un funcionamiento adecuado a nivel industrial. Un tratamiento utilizando la membrana DK permite una recuperación del 73% del ácido fosfórico. En el ácido fosfórico recuperado la relación Al/H3PO4 es de 0,11% en peso mientras que en la disolución alimento inicial era de 6%. Se ha visto que las membranas tanto poliméricas como cerámicas con un PMC de 1000 Da o más no permiten una recuperación adecuada del ácido fosfórico, debido a que el máximo rechazo de Al alcanzado ha sido del 58%. Para las condiciones estudiadas y debido a la naturaleza del las disoluciones tratadas la electrodiálisis no permite una recuperación adecuada del ácido fosfórico Se ha visto que la UFAP no permite separar el Al debido a que no es posible formar complejos Al-Polímero en medios ácidos como el del alimento. La adición de especies que permitan variar el pH de las disoluciones complicaría la recuperación del ácido debido a la presencia de impurezas adicionales. / Most of the hazardous waste in a metal finishing operation comes from the wastewater generated by rinsing operations. The acidic solution that is dragged out from the bath into the following rinsing tanks is the primary source of contamination of rinse water. The use of acidic solutions is very common in metal processing. Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid, chromic acid and nitric acid are used in chemical bath for anodising, galvanising, brightening, plating and pickling process. The known strategies to reduce the pollution in the wastewater effluent are based on the recovery of contaminant compounds to be recycled to the process reducing the expense in fresh compounds. By definition, recycling includes all measures in order to reduce volume of effluent by recovery raw materials from wastewaters. Membrane separation has become a competitive technology to traditional water treatment processes because of highly effective in removing most inorganic and organic contents to produce a very pure effluent.

This diploma thesis deals with optimization models with design of a new waste management infrastructure in the Czech Republic, such that combustible waste, which is not utilized by the material recovering, can be used by energy recovering. This task is handled by optimization models, including trac and mixing problems. First of all, the concepts of graph theory and optimization are presented in this paper. Subsequently, some of the GAMS functions are discussed, and later the VBA programming language used to handle the larger data quickly is presented. In the main part, three gradually expanding models are developed. At the end the data from the waste management information system are implemented into them.

This diploma thesis deals with the design and optimization of the control valve for EHRS exchanger. The first part of the thesis contains a research describing the historical development of internal combustion engines, their impact on the environment and especially the possible ways of waste heat recovery. The second part focuses on the design of the control valve and experimental measurement to verify its functionality. The final part contains an analysis of pressure losses of the designed valve to improve its construction disadvantages.

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior / Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Banca: Júlio Cesar Pascale Palhares / Banca: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização de cama de quatro lotes de criações de frangos de corte sobre a produção de cama de frango, a produção de biogás e a utilização do biofertilizante para adubação de milho. No capítulo sobre produção de cama foram avaliados quatro reutilizações de cama de frangos de corte criados em um galpão comercial dividido em 12 boxes pertencente à Empresa Rei Frango em São Carlos - SP - Brasil. Para caracterização da produção de cama foi avaliado a quantidade de cama produzida na matéria seca (MS) e o coeficiente de resíduo (Cr), ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo das aves. Na caracterização qualitativa, foram analisados os teores de macro, micronutrientes e metais na casca de amendoim e cama de frango. Com o acréscimo de casca de amendoim nova mais o aumento de excretas do lote anterior, houve aumento (P<0,05) na produção de cama (MS). Assim, o Cr aumentou de acordo com a reutilização da cama. Porém, quando se avalia o Cr acumulado, ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo acumulado das aves dos lotes criados, não houve diferença (P>0,05). De forma geral, foi observado que, com a reutilização da cama houve aumento (P<0,05) na concentração de nutrientes na cama. Conclui-se que com a reutilização de cama é possível igualar ou diminuir os custos com a aquisição de nova cama, aumentar a quantidade de nutrientes na cama para ser utilizada como biofertilizante na agricultura e estabilizar ou diminuir o impacto ambiental com a produção de cama por ave produzida. No capítulo sobre biodigestão anaeróbia de cama de frangos, para cada lote de aves conduzidos foram realizadas duas avaliações de biodigestão anaeróbia, sendo 4 ensaios (camas de 1 a 4º reutilização) avaliados de 2 formas: as 4 camas foram avaliadas em diferentes épocas do ano e também avaliadas na mesma época... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the effect of reuse of litter of four broiler breeding cycle on the broiler litter' production, the biogas' production and use of organic fertilizer for fertilization of maize. In the chapter on production of litter were evaluated four reuses of litter of broiler chickens reared in a commercial shed divided in 12 boxes belonging to Rei Frango Company in São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil. To characterize the production of litter was assessed the amount of litter produced in dry matter (DM) and the coefficient of waste (CW), or the amount of waste per kg of live birds. In qualitative characteristics, were analyzed the levels of macro, micro and metals in the shell of peanuts and broiler litter. With the addition of new peanut shell, plus the increase of manure of the previous batch, there was an increase (P<0.05) in the production of litter (dry matter - DM). Thus, the increased CW according to the reuse of litter. But when assessing the cumulative CW, or the amount of waste per kilogram of body weight of accumulated lots of birds created, there was no difference (P>0.05). Overall, it was observed that with the reuse of the litter there was an increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of nutrients in litter. It follows that with the reuse of litter can be equal or lower cost for the purchase of new litter, increase the amount of nutrients in litter to be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture and keep or reduce the environmental impact to the production of litter by produced per bird. In the chapter on anaerobic digester with litter of broiler, for each batch of birds conducted two evaluations were made of anaerobic digester, and 4 trials (litters from 1 to 4 reuse) evaluated in 2 ways: the 4 litters were evaluated at different times of the year and also evaluated in the same season, totaling 8 tests. 24 digesters were used in batch, distributed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

The thesis describes the development of a computational tool that allows sophisticated analysis and design of flue gas cleaning technologies for thermal treatment of waste. The assessment of a technological composition of the process in terms of energy consumption, temperature of the flue gas stream and ensuring the fulfilment of emission limits allows estimating the influence of flue gas cleaning system on parameters of an up-to-date waste incinerator. The work is based on an already created computational system. Its output will be integrated into a software system with a user-friendly interface. Creation of the computational system is based on the performed research in the given area. The work presents sets of operational values and relationships describing current technologies used to reduce harmful emissions in the flue gas from thermal treatment of waste.

The industrial development of our society pushes waste management into becoming an important part of both the economy as well as the environmental protection. It is essential to reduce the amount of waste which is being deposited in landfills without any further use. In the next 10 years it is necessary to completely eliminate waste disposal of the reusable waste and especially of the mixed municipal waste. This thesis focuses on the waste management of various types of municipalities. It aims to provide optimization of waste management, in the connection with economical and technical possibilities of various types of municipalities. This thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part describes the issue of waste management in the course of history. It shows the various methods of waste disposal and describes the economic and environmental aspects and impacts in general. It briefly summarizes the development of waste management legislation. The second part of this thesis is focused on the analysis of waste management in selected municipalities. Twelve towns in three groups of different sizes were chosen. A survey of waste disposal and the influence of the size of the town and its technical options on the waste management was conducted. The results showed that municipalities have substantial reserves in reducing the amount of waste going to landfill and also in the practical use of waste sorting. In the conclusion of this thesis suggestions to optimization of waste disposal are being presented.

This master thesis deals with the current situation of waste management of material usable municipal waste with focus on various fractions of plastics. The theoretical part summarises the legislation of waste treatment, also contains an analysis of the current situation of waste management in the Czech Republic and comparison the situation in the European Union. In the next part of thesis are described basic fractions of plastics and their properties. There are mentioned the current problems with plastics processing and the risks of leakage to the environment. Furthermore, a complex chain of plastic waste reprocessing is described, since the inception of plastics waste to the manufacture of products made from recycled plastics. The most attention is paid to the discription of recycling plant, where the output material from sorting lines is reprocessed into a secondary material in the form of flakes or granules. Also this part is focused on the technology of recycling line and the individual devices are described. In the practical part of the thesis is created techno-economic model of recycling line with the aim of its use for balance calculations of recycling and also economic evaluation. As a part of the model was made a market research of secondary raw materials with a focus on price development. Subsequetly, sensitivity analyzes of selected parameters are applied to the model and the impact of scenarios on the economic results are evaluated.

The Master's thesis "Food Waste in the United States as an Issue of Federal Public Policy Making" analyzes the role of the federal government in dealing with food waste. It mainly focuses on federal legislation, but it also examines actions on the state level to illustrate the contrast between the two. In the thesis, the author examines the causes and sources of food waste, federal jurisdiction for intervention, and the history of passed legislation, as well as proposed legislation, and solutions. The main goal of the thesis is to demonstrate that federal involvement is fundamental in achieving any significant change, but so far has failed to do so. Primary literature consisting largely of bills, materials published by federal agencies, and reports by non-profit organizations were used to uncover the character of passed legislation. Academic secondary literature in the form of articles, reports, and factsheets offered context to understand the scope and impacts of the legislation. Analysis of those sources revealed federal authority to deal with the issue, as well as possible obstacles standing in the way of an extensive federal intervention. Research also showed that in the absence of federal action, some states have stepped up to introduce legislation to reduce food waste, but this legislation is...

This thesis deals with the operation and management of shower recuperative heat exchangers, energy recovery from them and further use of this energy. This work is divided into four parts. The first presents the possibilities of using energy from wastewater. The second part deals with the design possibilities of energy recovery from waste water in the building, design water and sewer . The third part is devoted to the specification of the shower regenerative heat exchanger, its operation, regulation and control, culminating in economic evaluation of the proposed exchanger. The last part is a technical report and annexes drawings of the project.