In present day society there is an artificial dichotomy between wastes and resources that is perhaps best summed up by the Western Sydney Waste Board slogan 'there is no such thing as waste � only resources in the wrong place and at the wrong time'. Waste management was originally driven by managing the health consequences of wrong time/place materials. This has changed and the significant driver is now the sustainable utilisation of resources, that is, trying to optimally recover as resources (right time/place) those materials that present as wastes requiring management. However, it is not acceptable to justify a resource recovery option purely on the basis that it is diverting material away from landfill. Preferences are emerging for recovery activities that maximise the resource value of a material according to techno-economic, environmental and socio-political criteria; collectively known as the criteria of sustainability. The people and organisations articulating these preferences include owners/operators of resource recovery centres, proponents of alternative waste management technologies, waste planners and managers at both a state and local government level and environmental NGOs representing community interests, in addition to the generators of waste at a domestic, commercial and industrial, and construction and demolition level. It is therefore important to be able to answer the question of 'what is the optimal or most sustainable resource recovery option for materials presenting as waste to landfill in the Greater Sydney Region?' The point of departure for this thesis is twofold. Firstly, that optimal resource recovery options (also known as alternative waste management technologies) can be identified by understanding the context and system drivers and constraints within the system of waste generation and utilisation, by modelling the system using industrial ecology (specifically Materials Flux Analysis) and by using the technology assessment framework developed by the NSW Alternative Waste Management Technologies and Practices Inquiry to evaluate the available options. Secondly, that should the assessment framework from the NSW Inquiry prove to be unsuitable as a framework for evaluation, then an improved and refined assessment framework can be constructed in order to identify optimal resource recovery options and that this process can be successfully demonstrated using wood waste as a case study. The context of waste as an issue has shifted from local government control (pre-1970s) to state government control through the Department of Environment and Conservation. This transition followed experiments with organisations such as the NSW Waste Boards and Resource NSW, in addition to state targets such as a 60% reduction of waste to landfill by the year 2000. In addition to this backdrop of change from a government administrative perspective, there are also a suite of often conflicting drivers and constraints influencing the process of resource recovery. For example, sustainable development is a public policy driver for the integration of environmental and societal concerns, but can also constrain new innovation if competing 'status quo' utilisation options are not subject to the same scrutiny. Similarly, legislation acts as a constraint to resource recovery options by establishing license conditions, prohibiting some energy recovery options and setting recovery criteria; however legislation also acts as a driver for resource recovery options that generate renewable electricity or act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Other drivers and constraints include social, technical and economic issues and concerns in addition to environmental impacts such as emissions to air, land and water. Industrial ecology is a model for viewing system components as part of a dependent and interrelated greater whole. Within the context of Industrial Ecology, waste is a by-product of manufacture available as a beneficial input into other processes. Using Materials Flux Analysis as a tool to build a model of waste generation and utilisation, elements within the system are presented as a series of stocks (sources), technology interventions (transformation flows) and sinks (markets). The stocks or sources of materials for resource recovery are categorised as Municipal Solid (MSW), Commercial and Industrial (C&I) or Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes. Approximately seven million tonnes of waste is generated in the Greater Sydney Region (nearly two and a half million tonnes of materials recovered for recycling and four and a half million tonnes of materials disposed of to landfill). The purpose of technology intervention is to transform the material into a product that is suited to the end market (sink). Markets are grouped according to reuse (same function and form), direct recycling (same supply chain), indirect recycling (different supply chain) and energy recovery (either as process heat, electricity or co-generation, a combination of the two). Landfill is also a potential sink for materials and in this sense can be thought of as a negative value market. The Alternative Waste Management Technologies and Practices Inquiry provided an assessment framework for resource recovery technologies. Each technology was measured and compared against 16 evaluation criteria, resulting in a score out of one hundred. Material sorting scored the highest (81.5), incineration the lowest (50.8) with most of the biological technologies performing �well� (64.6 � 71.7) and with the landfill technologies performing 'moderately well' (60.4 - 61.4). The positive features of the Inquiry included the overview of alternative resource recovery technologies, waste generation and other issues pertinent to decision making and resource recovery. The negatives of the Inquiry arise from the inadequacies of the assessment framework, which lacked technology options, system boundary definition and requisite evaluation criteria in addition to inconsistencies in scoring approaches. By undertaking a sensitivity analysis on the Inquiry�s results, it is shown that rank order reversal results from the allocation of weightings. The improved and refined assessment framework, constructed to overcome identified inadequacies of the Inquiry�s approach, focussed on clearly identifying the problem to be addressed and the primary decision maker involved in the process; ensuring that appropriate options for evaluation were included; defining the system boundary for the assessment; selecting necessary evaluation criteria; adopting a more sophisticated system for scoring; and using a sensitivity analysis to validate the results of the resource recovery option evaluation. Wood waste was used as a case study for this second assessment methodology. Wood waste refers to the end-of-life products, failed products, offcuts, shavings and sawdust from all timber products. Approximately 350,000 tonnes of wood waste are disposed of to landfill each year. This comprises untreated timber (hard wood and soft wood), engineered timber products (particleboard, medium density fibreboard and plywood) and treated timber (predominately copper chrome arsenic). Eight wood resource recovery options are selected for evaluation within the Greater Sydney Region with a different approach to scoring that has the advantage of 'scaling up' the best performers within each attribute (highest score) while 'scaling down' the worst performers (no score). Under this evaluation, an on-site purpose built energy facility is the most preferred option with particleboard manufacture the least preferred option. A sensitivity analysis of the results reveals that the scores of each technology option are sensitive to the weightings of the decision maker. When the change in rankings is examined, it is identified that two eight wood recovery options undergo a large rank reversal. A critique of the results of the wood evaluation reveals five major flaws. Firstly the evaluation produces non-highest resource value results that are non-intuitive (and arguably misleading), for example the poor performance of reuse and particleboard against energy generation options. Secondly, the recording of a single summary score for each recovery option hides unacceptable performance levels in some criteria. For example, the top scorer of Primary Energy On-site hides the fact that such an option is likely to have no political desirability (likely public opposition to 'incineration' within the Sydney air-shed), calling into question its ability to be implemented as a solution. Thirdly there is a reliance on judgement for the scoring of options and weighting of preferences, calling into doubt the accuracy of scores. Fourthly, the rankings of recovery options by the assessment framework are sensitive to the allocation of weightings. Finally and most importantly, the refined evaluation approach suffers from the 'discrete option syndrome', the scoring of each recovery option in isolation with no ability to look at integrated systems with joint recovery options. This is pinpointed as a fundamental flaw in the process of both the Inquiry and the wood evaluation. This leads to the conclusion that the founding assertions of this thesis were false. That is to say that the assessment framework developed by the NSW Alternative Waste Management Technologies and Practices Inquiry is not suitable for use in evaluating resource recovery options. Furthermore a refined assessment framework based on this approach is also unable to identify optimal resource recovery options as demonstrated using wood waste as a case study. The results of this research points to the overall conclusion that any discrete option evaluation and assessment for resource recovery technologies that results in a single summary score for each option will be fundamentally flawed, providing no value in determining optimal resource recovery solutions for the Greater Sydney Region. A systems approach is suggested as an alternative method for the evaluation of optimal resource recovery, the starting point of which is to ask 'what is the highest resource value of the components in the material stream under consideration and how could a network of infrastructure be designed in order to allow materials to flow to their highest resource value use?' A feature of such an integrated approach is a focus on the materials composition of recovered resources, as opposed to recovery technologies, resulting in a 'fit for purpose' as opposed to a 'forced fit' style of resource recovery. It is recommended that further research and public policy efforts be made in logistics planning across the Greater Sydney Region (as opposed to a regional or local government area) in order to create network opportunities for integrated flows of materials to move toward their highest resource value.

In present day society there is an artificial dichotomy between wastes and resources that is perhaps best summed up by the Western Sydney Waste Board slogan 'there is no such thing as waste � only resources in the wrong place and at the wrong time'. Waste management was originally driven by managing the health consequences of wrong time/place materials. This has changed and the significant driver is now the sustainable utilisation of resources, that is, trying to optimally recover as resources (right time/place) those materials that present as wastes requiring management. However, it is not acceptable to justify a resource recovery option purely on the basis that it is diverting material away from landfill. Preferences are emerging for recovery activities that maximise the resource value of a material according to techno-economic, environmental and socio-political criteria; collectively known as the criteria of sustainability. The people and organisations articulating these preferences include owners/operators of resource recovery centres, proponents of alternative waste management technologies, waste planners and managers at both a state and local government level and environmental NGOs representing community interests, in addition to the generators of waste at a domestic, commercial and industrial, and construction and demolition level. It is therefore important to be able to answer the question of 'what is the optimal or most sustainable resource recovery option for materials presenting as waste to landfill in the Greater Sydney Region?' The point of departure for this thesis is twofold. Firstly, that optimal resource recovery options (also known as alternative waste management technologies) can be identified by understanding the context and system drivers and constraints within the system of waste generation and utilisation, by modelling the system using industrial ecology (specifically Materials Flux Analysis) and by using the technology assessment framework developed by the NSW Alternative Waste Management Technologies and Practices Inquiry to evaluate the available options. Secondly, that should the assessment framework from the NSW Inquiry prove to be unsuitable as a framework for evaluation, then an improved and refined assessment framework can be constructed in order to identify optimal resource recovery options and that this process can be successfully demonstrated using wood waste as a case study. The context of waste as an issue has shifted from local government control (pre-1970s) to state government control through the Department of Environment and Conservation. This transition followed experiments with organisations such as the NSW Waste Boards and Resource NSW, in addition to state targets such as a 60% reduction of waste to landfill by the year 2000. In addition to this backdrop of change from a government administrative perspective, there are also a suite of often conflicting drivers and constraints influencing the process of resource recovery. For example, sustainable development is a public policy driver for the integration of environmental and societal concerns, but can also constrain new innovation if competing 'status quo' utilisation options are not subject to the same scrutiny. Similarly, legislation acts as a constraint to resource recovery options by establishing license conditions, prohibiting some energy recovery options and setting recovery criteria; however legislation also acts as a driver for resource recovery options that generate renewable electricity or act to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Other drivers and constraints include social, technical and economic issues and concerns in addition to environmental impacts such as emissions to air, land and water. Industrial ecology is a model for viewing system components as part of a dependent and interrelated greater whole. Within the context of Industrial Ecology, waste is a by-product of manufacture available as a beneficial input into other processes. Using Materials Flux Analysis as a tool to build a model of waste generation and utilisation, elements within the system are presented as a series of stocks (sources), technology interventions (transformation flows) and sinks (markets). The stocks or sources of materials for resource recovery are categorised as Municipal Solid (MSW), Commercial and Industrial (C&I) or Construction and Demolition (C&D) wastes. Approximately seven million tonnes of waste is generated in the Greater Sydney Region (nearly two and a half million tonnes of materials recovered for recycling and four and a half million tonnes of materials disposed of to landfill). The purpose of technology intervention is to transform the material into a product that is suited to the end market (sink). Markets are grouped according to reuse (same function and form), direct recycling (same supply chain), indirect recycling (different supply chain) and energy recovery (either as process heat, electricity or co-generation, a combination of the two). Landfill is also a potential sink for materials and in this sense can be thought of as a negative value market. The Alternative Waste Management Technologies and Practices Inquiry provided an assessment framework for resource recovery technologies. Each technology was measured and compared against 16 evaluation criteria, resulting in a score out of one hundred. Material sorting scored the highest (81.5), incineration the lowest (50.8) with most of the biological technologies performing �well� (64.6 � 71.7) and with the landfill technologies performing 'moderately well' (60.4 - 61.4). The positive features of the Inquiry included the overview of alternative resource recovery technologies, waste generation and other issues pertinent to decision making and resource recovery. The negatives of the Inquiry arise from the inadequacies of the assessment framework, which lacked technology options, system boundary definition and requisite evaluation criteria in addition to inconsistencies in scoring approaches. By undertaking a sensitivity analysis on the Inquiry�s results, it is shown that rank order reversal results from the allocation of weightings. The improved and refined assessment framework, constructed to overcome identified inadequacies of the Inquiry�s approach, focussed on clearly identifying the problem to be addressed and the primary decision maker involved in the process; ensuring that appropriate options for evaluation were included; defining the system boundary for the assessment; selecting necessary evaluation criteria; adopting a more sophisticated system for scoring; and using a sensitivity analysis to validate the results of the resource recovery option evaluation. Wood waste was used as a case study for this second assessment methodology. Wood waste refers to the end-of-life products, failed products, offcuts, shavings and sawdust from all timber products. Approximately 350,000 tonnes of wood waste are disposed of to landfill each year. This comprises untreated timber (hard wood and soft wood), engineered timber products (particleboard, medium density fibreboard and plywood) and treated timber (predominately copper chrome arsenic). Eight wood resource recovery options are selected for evaluation within the Greater Sydney Region with a different approach to scoring that has the advantage of 'scaling up' the best performers within each attribute (highest score) while 'scaling down' the worst performers (no score). Under this evaluation, an on-site purpose built energy facility is the most preferred option with particleboard manufacture the least preferred option. A sensitivity analysis of the results reveals that the scores of each technology option are sensitive to the weightings of the decision maker. When the change in rankings is examined, it is identified that two eight wood recovery options undergo a large rank reversal. A critique of the results of the wood evaluation reveals five major flaws. Firstly the evaluation produces non-highest resource value results that are non-intuitive (and arguably misleading), for example the poor performance of reuse and particleboard against energy generation options. Secondly, the recording of a single summary score for each recovery option hides unacceptable performance levels in some criteria. For example, the top scorer of Primary Energy On-site hides the fact that such an option is likely to have no political desirability (likely public opposition to 'incineration' within the Sydney air-shed), calling into question its ability to be implemented as a solution. Thirdly there is a reliance on judgement for the scoring of options and weighting of preferences, calling into doubt the accuracy of scores. Fourthly, the rankings of recovery options by the assessment framework are sensitive to the allocation of weightings. Finally and most importantly, the refined evaluation approach suffers from the 'discrete option syndrome', the scoring of each recovery option in isolation with no ability to look at integrated systems with joint recovery options. This is pinpointed as a fundamental flaw in the process of both the Inquiry and the wood evaluation. This leads to the conclusion that the founding assertions of this thesis were false. That is to say that the assessment framework developed by the NSW Alternative Waste Management Technologies and Practices Inquiry is not suitable for use in evaluating resource recovery options. Furthermore a refined assessment framework based on this approach is also unable to identify optimal resource recovery options as demonstrated using wood waste as a case study. The results of this research points to the overall conclusion that any discrete option evaluation and assessment for resource recovery technologies that results in a single summary score for each option will be fundamentally flawed, providing no value in determining optimal resource recovery solutions for the Greater Sydney Region. A systems approach is suggested as an alternative method for the evaluation of optimal resource recovery, the starting point of which is to ask 'what is the highest resource value of the components in the material stream under consideration and how could a network of infrastructure be designed in order to allow materials to flow to their highest resource value use?' A feature of such an integrated approach is a focus on the materials composition of recovered resources, as opposed to recovery technologies, resulting in a 'fit for purpose' as opposed to a 'forced fit' style of resource recovery. It is recommended that further research and public policy efforts be made in logistics planning across the Greater Sydney Region (as opposed to a regional or local government area) in order to create network opportunities for integrated flows of materials to move toward their highest resource value.

Phosphorus is an essential source with significance use in agriculture. Phosphorus is lost in the human intensified global cycle and it is important to remove phosphorus from water body. However, important and potential sources for phosphorus product which is suitable and effective for fertilizer use may be ignored due to over emphasize on the pollution prevention. This work aims to identify the potential of phosphorus recovery from solid organic waste in Sweden. Based on the result of Material Flow Analysis of phosphorus, solid food waste is identified the main solid waste fractions containing phosphorus substances of phosphorus in Sweden. From the case study and comparison of three alternatives, the possibility of recovery of phosphorus from household solid food waste is analyzed. A SWOT analyst is applied to provide a best solution for phosphorus recovery from food waste. The key drivers, the system boundaries for the phosphorus recovery and collection, storage, transport and use of the phosphorus are also discussed.

Abstract AJ The goal of this thesis is to thoroughly chart the problem of waste management in Czech Republic and the European Union and to outline legal and economic situation in waste treatment and in its alternatives. This thesis deals with different types of landfills, their technical aspects and methods of depositing waste. The thesis also tries to point out material and energetic use of waste before landfilling. Recycling is considered to be important because it decreases the amount of waste stored in landfills. Composting and anaerobic digestion are the other methods of disposal. The thesis also describes the possibilities of usage of the landfill gasses with the help of cogeneration units. The thesis refers to current level of waste landfilling in the Czech Republic and in other countries of the European Union. Key words: waste management, landfilling, landfills, waste sorting, material recovery from waste, recycling, composting, energy recovery from waste, incineration,

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Maria Meneghetti.pdf: 3131022 bytes, checksum: d00518472aafe060eefb8d778a79b588 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-25 / The application of swine wastewater in soils characterized as an efficient way to reduce fertilizer use and alternative destination for the waste. However, applications are not always made at the right time, in an amount that it considers its composition and also the needs of crops, which could result in contamination levels of soil, water and plant. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic and environmental aspects of the use of swine wastewater and chemical fertilizer in the cultivation of corn (Zea mays L.) under conditions of drainage lysimeters for no tillage in the sixth cycle of cultivation. For this experiment was conducted in 24 drainage lysimeters, at Western Paraná State University´s Agricultural Engineering Experimental Nucleus, which soil was classified as Distroferic Red Latosoil, where they were applied prior to sowing four layers of swine wastewater (ARS), (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 N) and two levels of mineral fertilizer (AD), (0 and 40 kg ha-1) as urea at sowing as well as coverage. At the time occurrence of precipitation the leachate were collected for analysis of pH and electrical conductivity (EC) and at the beginning, middle and end the cycle, samples for determination of pH, EC, Ca, Mg, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, N and N-NO3-. Also during the study, three collections were made at different times of soil before sowing and application of ARS, middle and end of the cycle for pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), saturation of bases (V%), sum of bases (SB), organic matter, potential acidity (H + Aℓ+3), P , N, N-NO3-, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Na. And yet the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were calculated for material and soil leachate, and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) to the ground. To determine the nutrient levels at the beginning of silking, leaf samples were collected from corn for later analysis of nutrients: total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Na. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) in factorial 4 x 2 (four doses of ARS and two doses of AD) with three replications. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level, and growth data and leaf nutrient content submitted to regression analysis. The combined effect of ARS with AD, promote changes in soil properties: H + Aℓ +3, CEC, V%, P, K, Ca, Mg, NO3-, Cu, Zn and Na. In the material in the leachate pH, EC and Mg. On the levels of macro and micronutrients foliar these had values of P, Ca, Mg and S above the recommended N and K were below, whereas micronutrients are adequate. The higher doses favored higher results for plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, number of leaves per plant, absolute growth rate, on eating disorders and productivity data. / A aplicação de águas residuárias de suinocultura em solos caracteriza-se como maneira eficiente de redução do uso de fertilizantes, além de ser alternativa para destino do resíduo. Porém, nem sempre as aplicações são feitas no momento adequado, em quantidade que considera a sua composição e as necessidades das culturas. Tal fato poderá resultar em níveis de contaminação de solo, água e planta. Assim, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos agronômicos e ambientais da utilização da água residuária de suinocultura e adubação química na cultura do minimilho (Zea mays L.), em condições de lisímetros de drenagem em sistema plantio direto no sexto ciclo de cultivo. Para isso foi conduzido experimento em 24 lisímetros de drenagem, no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola da UNIOESTE, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico, no qual foram aplicadas, anteriormente à semeadura, quatro lâminas de águas residuárias de suinocultura (ARS), (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha-1 de N), e dois níveis de adubação química mineral (AD), (0 e 40 kg ha-1), na forma de uréia na semeadura e também como cobertura. No momento da ocorrência de precipitações coletaram-se amostras do percolado para análise de pH e condutividade elétrica (CE) e, no início, meio e final do ciclo da cultura, amostras para determinação do pH, CE, Ca, Mg, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ntotal e N-NO3-. Ainda durante a realização do estudo, foram feitas três coletas de solo em momentos distintos: antes da semeadura e aplicação da ARS, e no meio e final do ciclo, para determinação de pH, capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), saturação por bases (V%), somas das bases, matéria orgânica, acidez potencial (H + Aℓ+3), P, Ntotal, N-NO3-, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn e Na. Além disso, foram calculadas a razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS) para material percolado e solo e a porcentagem de sódio trocável (PST) para solo. Para a determinação de níveis de nutrientes no início do embonecamento, foram coletadas amostras da folha de minimilho para posterior análise de nutrientes: Ntotal, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe e Na. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (quatro doses de ARS e duas doses de AD), com três repetições. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de significância. Os dados de crescimento e os teores de nutrientes foliares, foram submetidos à análise de regressão. O efeito da ARS, combinado com AD, promoveu alterações nos atributos do solo: acidez potencial, CTC, V%, P, K, Ca, Mg, NO3-, Cu, Zn e Na. No material percolado no pH, CE e Mg. Sobre os teores de macro e micronutrientes foliares, observou-se que estes apresentaram valores de P, Ca, Mg e S acima dos recomendados, N e K, estiveram abaixo, enquanto que os micronutrientes apresentaram-se adequados. As maiores dosagens favoreceram maiores resultados para estatura da planta, área foliar, índice de área foliar, número de folhas por planta, taxa de crescimento absoluto e agiram também sobre os dados de produtividade.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriana Maria Meneghetti.pdf: 3131022 bytes, checksum: d00518472aafe060eefb8d778a79b588 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-25 / The application of swine wastewater in soils characterized as an efficient way to reduce fertilizer use and alternative destination for the waste. However, applications are not always made at the right time, in an amount that it considers its composition and also the needs of crops, which could result in contamination levels of soil, water and plant. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic and environmental aspects of the use of swine wastewater and chemical fertilizer in the cultivation of corn (Zea mays L.) under conditions of drainage lysimeters for no tillage in the sixth cycle of cultivation. For this experiment was conducted in 24 drainage lysimeters, at Western Paraná State University´s Agricultural Engineering Experimental Nucleus, which soil was classified as Distroferic Red Latosoil, where they were applied prior to sowing four layers of swine wastewater (ARS), (0, 40, 80 and 120 kg ha-1 N) and two levels of mineral fertilizer (AD), (0 and 40 kg ha-1) as urea at sowing as well as coverage. At the time occurrence of precipitation the leachate were collected for analysis of pH and electrical conductivity (EC) and at the beginning, middle and end the cycle, samples for determination of pH, EC, Ca, Mg, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, N and N-NO3-. Also during the study, three collections were made at different times of soil before sowing and application of ARS, middle and end of the cycle for pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), saturation of bases (V%), sum of bases (SB), organic matter, potential acidity (H + Aℓ+3), P , N, N-NO3-, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Na. And yet the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) were calculated for material and soil leachate, and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) to the ground. To determine the nutrient levels at the beginning of silking, leaf samples were collected from corn for later analysis of nutrients: total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Na. The experimental design was completely randomized (CRD) in factorial 4 x 2 (four doses of ARS and two doses of AD) with three replications. Means were compared by Tukey test at 5% significance level, and growth data and leaf nutrient content submitted to regression analysis. The combined effect of ARS with AD, promote changes in soil properties: H + Aℓ +3, CEC, V%, P, K, Ca, Mg, NO3-, Cu, Zn and Na. In the material in the leachate pH, EC and Mg. On the levels of macro and micronutrients foliar these had values of P, Ca, Mg and S above the recommended N and K were below, whereas micronutrients are adequate. The higher doses favored higher results for plant height, leaf area, leaf area index, number of leaves per plant, absolute growth rate, on eating disorders and productivity data. / A aplicação de águas residuárias de suinocultura em solos caracteriza-se como maneira eficiente de redução do uso de fertilizantes, além de ser alternativa para destino do resíduo. Porém, nem sempre as aplicações são feitas no momento adequado, em quantidade que considera a sua composição e as necessidades das culturas. Tal fato poderá resultar em níveis de contaminação de solo, água e planta. Assim, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos agronômicos e ambientais da utilização da água residuária de suinocultura e adubação química na cultura do minimilho (Zea mays L.), em condições de lisímetros de drenagem em sistema plantio direto no sexto ciclo de cultivo. Para isso foi conduzido experimento em 24 lisímetros de drenagem, no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola da UNIOESTE, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico típico, no qual foram aplicadas, anteriormente à semeadura, quatro lâminas de águas residuárias de suinocultura (ARS), (0, 40, 80 e 120 kg ha-1 de N), e dois níveis de adubação química mineral (AD), (0 e 40 kg ha-1), na forma de uréia na semeadura e também como cobertura. No momento da ocorrência de precipitações coletaram-se amostras do percolado para análise de pH e condutividade elétrica (CE) e, no início, meio e final do ciclo da cultura, amostras para determinação do pH, CE, Ca, Mg, P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ntotal e N-NO3-. Ainda durante a realização do estudo, foram feitas três coletas de solo em momentos distintos: antes da semeadura e aplicação da ARS, e no meio e final do ciclo, para determinação de pH, capacidade de troca de cátions (CTC), saturação por bases (V%), somas das bases, matéria orgânica, acidez potencial (H + Aℓ+3), P, Ntotal, N-NO3-, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn e Na. Além disso, foram calculadas a razão de adsorção de sódio (RAS) para material percolado e solo e a porcentagem de sódio trocável (PST) para solo. Para a determinação de níveis de nutrientes no início do embonecamento, foram coletadas amostras da folha de minimilho para posterior análise de nutrientes: Ntotal, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe e Na. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em esquema fatorial 4 x 2 (quatro doses de ARS e duas doses de AD), com três repetições. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de significância. Os dados de crescimento e os teores de nutrientes foliares, foram submetidos à análise de regressão. O efeito da ARS, combinado com AD, promoveu alterações nos atributos do solo: acidez potencial, CTC, V%, P, K, Ca, Mg, NO3-, Cu, Zn e Na. No material percolado no pH, CE e Mg. Sobre os teores de macro e micronutrientes foliares, observou-se que estes apresentaram valores de P, Ca, Mg e S acima dos recomendados, N e K, estiveram abaixo, enquanto que os micronutrientes apresentaram-se adequados. As maiores dosagens favoreceram maiores resultados para estatura da planta, área foliar, índice de área foliar, número de folhas por planta, taxa de crescimento absoluto e agiram também sobre os dados de produtividade.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:22Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 fukayama_eh_dr_jabo.pdf: 525968 bytes, checksum: 2de8151a4f75d0ad1dc36da356f16775 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização de cama de quatro lotes de criações de frangos de corte sobre a produção de cama de frango, a produção de biogás e a utilização do biofertilizante para adubação de milho. No capítulo sobre produção de cama foram avaliados quatro reutilizações de cama de frangos de corte criados em um galpão comercial dividido em 12 boxes pertencente à Empresa Rei Frango em São Carlos - SP - Brasil. Para caracterização da produção de cama foi avaliado a quantidade de cama produzida na matéria seca (MS) e o coeficiente de resíduo (Cr), ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo das aves. Na caracterização qualitativa, foram analisados os teores de macro, micronutrientes e metais na casca de amendoim e cama de frango. Com o acréscimo de casca de amendoim nova mais o aumento de excretas do lote anterior, houve aumento (P<0,05) na produção de cama (MS). Assim, o Cr aumentou de acordo com a reutilização da cama. Porém, quando se avalia o Cr acumulado, ou seja, a quantidade de resíduo por kg de peso vivo acumulado das aves dos lotes criados, não houve diferença (P>0,05). De forma geral, foi observado que, com a reutilização da cama houve aumento (P<0,05) na concentração de nutrientes na cama. Conclui-se que com a reutilização de cama é possível igualar ou diminuir os custos com a aquisição de nova cama, aumentar a quantidade de nutrientes na cama para ser utilizada como biofertilizante na agricultura e estabilizar ou diminuir o impacto ambiental com a produção de cama por ave produzida. No capítulo sobre biodigestão anaeróbia de cama de frangos, para cada lote de aves conduzidos foram realizadas duas avaliações de biodigestão anaeróbia, sendo 4 ensaios (camas de 1 a 4º reutilização) avaliados de 2 formas: as 4 camas foram avaliadas em diferentes épocas do ano e também avaliadas na mesma época... / The objective was to evaluate the effect of reuse of litter of four broiler breeding cycle on the broiler litter’ production, the biogas’ production and use of organic fertilizer for fertilization of maize. In the chapter on production of litter were evaluated four reuses of litter of broiler chickens reared in a commercial shed divided in 12 boxes belonging to Rei Frango Company in São Carlos - São Paulo - Brazil. To characterize the production of litter was assessed the amount of litter produced in dry matter (DM) and the coefficient of waste (CW), or the amount of waste per kg of live birds. In qualitative characteristics, were analyzed the levels of macro, micro and metals in the shell of peanuts and broiler litter. With the addition of new peanut shell, plus the increase of manure of the previous batch, there was an increase (P<0.05) in the production of litter (dry matter - DM). Thus, the increased CW according to the reuse of litter. But when assessing the cumulative CW, or the amount of waste per kilogram of body weight of accumulated lots of birds created, there was no difference (P>0.05). Overall, it was observed that with the reuse of the litter there was an increase (P<0.05) in the concentration of nutrients in litter. It follows that with the reuse of litter can be equal or lower cost for the purchase of new litter, increase the amount of nutrients in litter to be used as organic fertilizer in agriculture and keep or reduce the environmental impact to the production of litter by produced per bird. In the chapter on anaerobic digester with litter of broiler, for each batch of birds conducted two evaluations were made of anaerobic digester, and 4 trials (litters from 1 to 4 reuse) evaluated in 2 ways: the 4 litters were evaluated at different times of the year and also evaluated in the same season, totaling 8 tests. 24 digesters were used in batch, distributed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Júnior / Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa / Banca: Roberto Alves de Oliveira / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização das camas de quatro lotes de frango de corte, sobre a produção de biogás, sendo estas submetidas ou não à diluição e separação de sólidos e líquidos em biodigestores operados em batelada e contínuo. No Capítulo 1 é apresentado o problema, a justificativa do estudo juntamente com os objetivos gerais do projeto. O Capítulo 2 teve como objetivo avaliar as diluições de cama de frango e as concentrações de Sólidos Totais (ST). As camas de casca de amendoim foram diluídas em água e separadas em peneira de malha de 3 mm, nas seguintes proporções: 2:1; 4:1 até 14:1. Assim foi escolhida a diluição 4:1 (a qual se obteve 3,01 % de ST) para realizar os ensaios. Os Capítulo 3 e 4 avaliaram as camas de quatro lotes de frango de corte com diluição 4:1, submetidas ou não à separação de sólidos, em biodigestores batelada e contínuo respectivamente. O tratamento não peneirado obteve maiores produções de biogás em relação ao tratamento peneirado (Capítulo 3), ao passo que no Capítulo 4 os resultados se inverteram. Em ambos os os ensaios experimentais, ocorreram aumento da concentração de minerais em massa. O objetivo do Capítulo 5 foi avaliar o processo de compostagem da cama de frango, após diluição e separação de sólidos. O ensaio foi conduzido por um período de 90 dias, utilizando-se a cama de frango de corte de 4º reutilização. Foram utilizados para montagem da leira 348,94 kg de cama de frango/MN. A cama retida na peneira se mostrou favorável ao processo de compostagem, apresentando uma relação C:N de 12:1, o que influenciou na redução de 25 % dos ST ao final do enleiramento. / Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reuse of litters of four batches of broilers on the production of biogas. The litters were submitted or not the dilution and separation of solids and liquids in batch and continuous systems of anaerobic digestion (AD). In Chapter 1 is presented the problem, the justification of the study together with the general objectives of the project. Chapter 2 was to evaluate the dilutions of broiler litter and the concentrations of Total Solids (TS) for AD. The litter of peanut hulls was diluted in water and separated in a mesh sieve of 3 mm, as follows: 2:1, 4:1 to 14:1. The highest values of TS were found in the lower dilutions, was chosen as the dilution 4:1 (which returned 3.01% in TS) to perform the tests for AD. In Chapter 3 and 4 were intended to assess the DA of the litters of four batches of broiler with 4:1 dilution, or not submitted to the separation of solids in batch and continuous systems, respectively. The treatment not sieved obtained higher production of biogas in the treatment sieved (Chapter 3), while Chapter 4 the results are reversed. In both chapters were reductions of mineral mass (kg) after AD. The purpose of Chapter 5 was to evaluate the process of composting of broiler litter, after dilution and separation of solids. The test was conducted in a period of 90 days, using the litter of broilers from 4 reuses. Were used for assembling a pile 348.94 kilograms of broiler litter / MN. The litter retained on the sieve was favorable to the process of composting, giving a C:N of 12:1, which influenced the reduction of 25% of the end of piling ST. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:42Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 aires_am_me_jabo.pdf: 8042698 bytes, checksum: cee6205ffc3aed9386f08ebaca4e0466 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da reutilização das camas de quatro lotes de frango de corte, sobre a produção de biogás, sendo estas submetidas ou não à diluição e separação de sólidos e líquidos em biodigestores operados em batelada e contínuo. No Capítulo 1 é apresentado o problema, a justificativa do estudo juntamente com os objetivos gerais do projeto. O Capítulo 2 teve como objetivo avaliar as diluições de cama de frango e as concentrações de Sólidos Totais (ST). As camas de casca de amendoim foram diluídas em água e separadas em peneira de malha de 3 mm, nas seguintes proporções: 2:1; 4:1 até 14:1. Assim foi escolhida a diluição 4:1 (a qual se obteve 3,01 % de ST) para realizar os ensaios. Os Capítulo 3 e 4 avaliaram as camas de quatro lotes de frango de corte com diluição 4:1, submetidas ou não à separação de sólidos, em biodigestores batelada e contínuo respectivamente. O tratamento não peneirado obteve maiores produções de biogás em relação ao tratamento peneirado (Capítulo 3), ao passo que no Capítulo 4 os resultados se inverteram. Em ambos os os ensaios experimentais, ocorreram aumento da concentração de minerais em massa. O objetivo do Capítulo 5 foi avaliar o processo de compostagem da cama de frango, após diluição e separação de sólidos. O ensaio foi conduzido por um período de 90 dias, utilizando-se a cama de frango de corte de 4º reutilização. Foram utilizados para montagem da leira 348,94 kg de cama de frango/MN. A cama retida na peneira se mostrou favorável ao processo de compostagem, apresentando uma relação C:N de 12:1, o que influenciou na redução de 25 % dos ST ao final do enleiramento. / This study aimed to evaluate the effect of reuse of litters of four batches of broilers on the production of biogas. The litters were submitted or not the dilution and separation of solids and liquids in batch and continuous systems of anaerobic digestion (AD). In Chapter 1 is presented the problem, the justification of the study together with the general objectives of the project. Chapter 2 was to evaluate the dilutions of broiler litter and the concentrations of Total Solids (TS) for AD. The litter of peanut hulls was diluted in water and separated in a mesh sieve of 3 mm, as follows: 2:1, 4:1 to 14:1. The highest values of TS were found in the lower dilutions, was chosen as the dilution 4:1 (which returned 3.01% in TS) to perform the tests for AD. In Chapter 3 and 4 were intended to assess the DA of the litters of four batches of broiler with 4:1 dilution, or not submitted to the separation of solids in batch and continuous systems, respectively. The treatment not sieved obtained higher production of biogas in the treatment sieved (Chapter 3), while Chapter 4 the results are reversed. In both chapters were reductions of mineral mass (kg) after AD. The purpose of Chapter 5 was to evaluate the process of composting of broiler litter, after dilution and separation of solids. The test was conducted in a period of 90 days, using the litter of broilers from 4 reuses. Were used for assembling a pile 348.94 kilograms of broiler litter / MN. The litter retained on the sieve was favorable to the process of composting, giving a C:N of 12:1, which influenced the reduction of 25% of the end of piling ST.

Orientador: Sergio Tonini Button / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T16:59:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_Marcelo_M.pdf: 766952 bytes, checksum: fe095b522c7769ed98d42e60deea261d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Nas últimas décadas, a concorrência entre as indústrias vem ficando cada vez mais acirrada. Tem-se visto um movimento mundial no sentido de melhorar a competitividade, através de melhorias de qualidade nos produtos e serviços, redução de custos através da melhoria da produtividade, redução de quadro de pessoal e aumento da eficiência dos processos. O atendimento às normas e legislação ambientais também tem contribuído para a imagem das companhias, atuando a favor da sua competitividade. As empresas produtoras de baterias automotivas têm uma margem de lucro bastante reduzida por unidade produzida, portanto precisam produzir em larga escala, para serem lucrativas. A variabilidade dos processos, tanto administrativos quanto industriais, provoca desvios e gastos de recursos desnecessários, que devem ser eliminados. A intenção deste trabalho é demonstrar como ferramentas estatísticas podem ser utilizadas para reduzir a quantidade de borra de ligas de chumbo enviada para reciclagem externa, gerada na fundição de bobinas para a expansão de grades de baterias automotivas, através da utilização da filosofia Seis Sigma. O objetivo do trabalho foi atingido como se pode observar pela expressiva redução do nível de PPM atingido e sua conseqüente redução de custo. A redução de 55,4 % na quantidade de borra gerada significou menos resíduos de chumbo em circulação nas estradas e menos manuseio do material que, embora transportado na fase metálica, possui uma parte que se oxida e fica na forma de pó. / Abstract: In recent decades, the competition between industries is becoming increasingly fierce. It has seen a worldwide movement to improve competitiveness through quality improvements in products and services, reducing costs by improving productivity, reducing staff and increasing the efficiency of processes. The service standards and environmental legislation has also contributed to the image of companies, acting in favor of its competitiveness. The manufacturers of automotive batteries have a profit margin greatly reduced per unit of output, so they must produce on a large scale to be profitable.The variability of processes, both administrative and industrial to deflections and spending unnecessary resources, which must be eliminated. The intention of this work is to demonstrate how statistical tools can be used to reduce the amount of sludge lead alloys sent for recycling outside, generated in the casting reels for expanding grids of automotive batteries through the use of Six Sigma philosophy. The objective was achieved as shown by the significant reduction in the level of PPM achieved and the consequent cost reduction. The 55.4% reduction in the amount of sludge generated meant less waste lead in circulation on the roads and less handling of material that, while carried in metallic phase, has some rust and it is in powder form. / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica