京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22264号 / 理博第4578号 / 新制||理||1657(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科地球惑星科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 松四 雄騎, 教授 千木良 雅弘, 教授 岩田 知孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Předkládaná práce se zabývá parametrem “Reverse Recovery Time“ u polovodičových prvků a jeho vlivem na typické spínací obvody. V první části práce je objasněno co je “Reverse Recovery Time“ a jeho jednotlivé části. V další sekci je popsána jeho fyzikální podstata. Na konci teoretická části je rozebrán jeho efekt na spínací ztráty a doporučená metoda měření tohto parametru . Praktická část práce je zaměřena na simulace Dpdr45nres45 v prostředích Cadence a TCAD. Poslední část se zabývá návrhem obvodu na měření u reálných diod a samotným měřením diod a tranzistorů.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness between the 2 types of general anesthesia, namely, laryngeal mask (LMA) and endotracheal intubation (ETT). The study included 353 patients who received general anesthesia during operation in a medical center in Kaohsiung City. Of these, 183 patients were assigned to the LMA group, while the remaining 170 were assigned to the ETT group. The norm of cost adopted by this study was calculated as the average expense per hour incurred by using the anesthetic and hygienic materials for medicinal use. The indices of effectiveness were physical reactions that were tracked at 2 h and 8¡V10 h postoperatively; these indices were acute pain, dizzyness, sore throat, nausea, and vomiting. These 5 indices were rated on a scale of 0¡V10. A low score was considered to represent lesser side-effects and greater effectiveness of the anesthetic. Besides, the shorter the recovery time of the patient was, the higher the effectiveness would be. The conclusion showed that the cost of the average expense per hour produced by the anesthesia and hygienic materials of medicinal use in the LMA group was 531 dollars while in the ETT group was 1,017 dollars. In the LMA group, at 2 h postoperatively, the mean tracking score for acute pain was 2.9 ¡Ó 2.6; for dizzyness, 1.4 ¡Ó 1.9; for sore throat, 0.4 ¡Ó 1.1; for nausea, 0.5 ¡Ó 1.4; and for vomiting, 0.2 ¡Ó 0.9. In the LMA group, at 8¡V10 h postoperatively, the mean tracking score for acute pain was 0.9 ¡Ó 1.5; for dizzyness, 0.6¡Ó1.3; for sore throat, 0.2 ¡Ó 0.7; for nausea, 0.1 ¡Ó 0.6; and for vomiting, 0.07 ¡Ó 0.4. In the ETT group, at 2 h postoperatively, the mean tracking score for acute pain was 4.9 ¡Ó 3.2; for dizzyness, 2.6 ¡Ó 2.5; for sore throat, 2.0 ¡Ó 2.1; for nausea, 1.3 ¡Ó 2.4; and for vomiting, 0.7 ¡Ó 1.9. In the ETT group, at 8¡V10 h postoperatively, the mean tracking score for acute pain was 2.82¡Ó 2.5; for dizzyness, 1.9 ¡Ó 1.9; for sore throat, 1.3 ¡Ó 1.9; for nausea, 1.1 ¡Ó 2.1; and for vomiting, 0.7 ¡Ó 1.9. The mean postoperative recovery time of the patients in the LMA group was 11.5¡Ó13.2 min and that for the patients in the ETT group was 25.9¡Ó16.0 min. T-test was performed to examine the hypothesis that LMA is more cost-effective than ETT when the same variables as those mentioned above are used; the results of all variables support the hypothesis that the p-value of every index was .000. Results of stepwise regression showed that LMA plays a significant positive role in every cost-effectiveness index.

The use of fully grouted reinforced masonry shear walls (RMSWs) has been growing in several areas around the world owing to their relative ease of construction and their in-plane ductile behavior. However, RMSWs possess low out-of-plane ductility which amplifies the vulnerability of such components under blast loading. Furthermore, the long time and high costs of recovery following devastating (deliberate or accidental) explosions have created a need for resilience-based design for risk mitigation, especially considering the different sources of associated uncertainty. As such, this study aims to lay out the foundations of a probabilistic resilience–based blast analysis and design framework. The framework should have the capability of quantifying the overall building post-blast functionality in order to estimate its recovery cost and time, and thus the building resilience following such a demand. The proposed framework will be specifically applied for RMSW buildings incurring blast loads through a profound investigation for the behavior of rectangular RMSWs as being a primary structural element in reinforced masonry buildings. The investigation will subsume an experimental and analytical evaluation for the performance of load-bearing RMSWs with different in-plane ductility levels subjected to out-of-plane quasi-static loading. This will be followed by a numerical investigation of RMSWs to conclude the blast probabilistic performance of RMSWs that can be applied within the proposed probabilistic resilience-based blast framework. The work in this dissertation presents a key step towards adopting resilience based analysis and design in future editions of blast-resistant construction standards and provides the decisionmakers with a complete insight into post-blast building functionality and its recovery. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Groundwater is one of the main natural resources worldwide. Groundwater exists in aquifers below the earth surface and provides quantities of water for various purposes such as supply to households and businesses, public supply, drinking water supply, irrigation and agriculture. Sweden is also highly dependent on groundwater. As mentioned in the list of 16 Environmental Quality Objectives, that the Swedish Parliament established, "groundwater must assure a safe and sustainable supply of drinking water, as well as promoting viable habitats for plants and animals in lakes and watercourses". However, the protection of groundwater and generally the aquifer resources is prone to various human activities that are harmful in terms of volume and quality. The present thesis aims to investigate the behavior of groundwater towards such human activities of large scales, like a tunnel construction, and small scale, like a construction of a geothermal plant. The area under study is investigated through spatial analysis, using ArcGIS; the groundwater levels are monitored and further statistically analyzed by implementing a Modified Double Mass Statistical Analysis; and further on a 3D numerical model is built in COMSOL Multiphysics in order to simulate possible drawdown caused by human intervention to the natural environment. The created 3D model was used in order to evaluate the drawdown and different scenarios were implemented with the aim to determine the degree of sensitivity the model has towards fracture parameters. Since the occurrence of fractures in the rock mass is often connected to extended investigation and time/cost consuming techniques, the model contains an overall uncertainty concerning the location and properties of the fracture formations in the area. The different scenarios involve variation of fracture zone width and thus the behavior of the top soil layer is investigated in terms of recovery after drawdown. The results indicated connection to human activities, with the statistical analysis to support this. Also, the numerical model showed that the fracture properties are connected to the recovery time of the groundwater levels after a drawdown is noticed. Wider fracture zone width implied more time needed for the groundwater levels to get to their initial values, under the perception that the source of recharge is precipitation. On the other hand, narrow fracture zone width was connected with greater drawdown, compared to the wider width scenario, and also earlier in time recovery of the groundwater levels. The type of the soil layer and its vulnerability to human activities can vary greatly in terms of volume loss which can prove a hazard to existing infrastructure on the ground surface. The present study can prove useful in cases of prestudy of drilling projects of any scale. There is strong connection between fracture formations and recovery of groundwater levels and thus such kind of models can generate innovative techniques of planning before a project begins. / Grundvatten är en av de viktigaste naturresurserna världen över. Grundvatten finns i akviferer under jordytan och ger vatten för olika ändamål så som tillförsel till hushåll och företag, kommunalt bruk, dricksvattenförsörjning, bevattning och jordbruk. Även Sverige är mycket beroende av grundvatten. I en sammanställning av 16 nationella miljökvalitetsmål fastställde riksdagen bland annat att "grundvatten måste säkerställa ett säkert och hållbart utbud av dricksvatten samt att främja livskraftiga livsmiljöer för växter och djur i sjöar och vattendrag". Skyddet av grundvatten och de allmänna vattenresursresurserna är framtaget för att begränsa påverkan från olika mänskliga aktiviteter som är skadliga när det gäller volym och kvalitet. Föreliggande uppsats syftar till att undersöka grundvattnets beteende till följd av storskaliga mänskliga aktiviteter, till exempel en tunnelkonstruktion, och mindre aktiviteter, till exempel byggnation av en geotermisk anläggning. Det område som studeras undersöks genom rumslig analys, med hjälp av ArcGIS; grundvattennivån övervakas och analyseras vidare statistiskt genom implementering av en statistisk analys av Modified Double Mass Statistical Analysis; en numerisk 3D-modell byggs i mjukvaran COMSOL Multiphysics för att simulera möjlig grundvattennivåsänkning orsakad av mänsklig påverkan i den naturliga miljön. 3D-modellen användes för att utvärdera eventuell grundvattensänkning och olika scenarier implementerades med syfte att bestämma graden av känslighet med avseende på sprickparameterar i modellen. Eftersom förekomst av sprickor i bergmassan ofta innebär ett behov av utökad undersökning och tid/kostnadskrävande tekniker innehåller modellen en övergripande osäkerhet om platsen samt egenskaper hos sprickorna i området. De olika scenarierna involverar variation av sprickzonsbredd och det övre jordskiktets beteende betraktas i termer av återhämtning efter avsänkt grundvattennivå. Resultaten indikerade koppling till mänskliga aktiviteter, den statistiska analysen stödjer detta. Den numeriska modellen visade också att sprickornas egenskaper är kopplade till grundvattennivåernas återhämtningstid efter det att en grundvattennivåsänkning noterats. Bredare sprickzonsbredd innebar längre återhämtningstid för grundvattennivåerna att stiga till deras ursprungliga värden, under förutsättning att källan till återhämtning är nederbörd. Å andra sidan var en smalare sprickzonsbredd förenad med större grundvattenavsänkning samt snabbare återhämtning av grundvattennivån jämfört med scenariot för bredare sprickzoner. Jordlagrets typ och dess känslighet för påverkan från mänskliga aktiviteter kan variera kraftigt i fråga om volymförlust vilket kan utgöra en fara för befintlig infrastruktur på markytan. Den aktuella studien kan vara användbar i förstudier till borrprojekt av vilken skala som helst. Det finns stark koppling mellan sprickbildning och återhämtning av grundvattennivån, och sålunda denna typ av modeller generera innovativa planeringstekniker innan ett projekt börjar.

In this thesis new circuit solutions of universal precision rectifiers with current active elements are proposed. Based on the knowledge of current active elements, universal precision rectifiers and adverse impacts on these circuits new circuit solutions are proposed. These circuits are then simulated and compared with the known circuits of precision rectifiers. In concusion two original circuits and two proposed circuit solutions based on original ones are implemented, their properties are experimentally measured and their function are verified. The main active element in the original circuit are the OPA or THS, the proposed circuits are used the OPA and THS and the universal current conveyor, which offers a wide range of application use and realization of different variations of active current elements.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / Bit errors often occur in a wireless communications link when impairments alter the transmitted signal. It is advantageous to be able to predict how well a system will tolerate transmission problems. This paper details laboratory performance measurements and comparisons in terms of evaluating configurations of a digital receiver for Feher patented Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (FQPSK-B) demodulation. The transmitted signal is subjected to calibrated levels of impairments while the receiver performance is monitored in real-time.

La sélection des habitats est un comportement important reliant des individus aux conditions environnementales de leur habitat. Elle est généralement étudiée pour faire des inférences sur les patrons de distribution des populations. Or, la sélection des habitats peut varier entre individus d’une même population et cette variation peut excéder la variation observée entre les populations. D’une part, si la sélection des habitats est adaptative, on peut supposer que les individus sélectionneront des habitats leur permettant de maximiser leur performance. D’autre part, les conditions environnementales dans les habitats peuvent affecter les performances individuelles, impliquant ainsi que la sélection des habitats peut avoir des conséquences physiologiques. Par ailleurs, l’environnement social peut influencer la performance physiologique des individus. L’objectif général de la thèse est l’étude des déterminants et des conséquences physiologiques de la sélection des habitats chez les poissons. Dans un premier temps, nous avons créé et comparé la capacité prédictive de modèles de sélection des habitats pour l’achigan à petite bouche Micropterus dolomieu intégrant la variabilité individuelle. Nos résultats ont démontré que l’intégration de la variabilité individuelle permettait d’identifier les variables influençant la sélection des habitats au niveau individuel, des groupes et de la population. Les modèles incluant les variables représentant la présence de refuges dans les habitats avaient un meilleur pouvoir prédictif que ceux qui ne les incluaient pas. Par ailleurs, des groupements d’individus présentant des similitudes dans leur sélection d’habitats ont été identifiés. Malgré tout, la variabilité dans la sélection des habitats entre les individus était nettement plus grande que la variabilité entre les groupes. Nous avons démontré que la présence de refuge était la variable la plus importante à considérer dans les modèles de sélection d’habitats pour les achigans à petite bouche. Nous avons ensuite investigué si la présence de refuge pouvait influencer différents traits métaboliques des achigans à petite bouche grâce à des expériences de respirométrie en laboratoire. La présence de refuge a diminué les taux métaboliques au repos (RMR) des achigans provenant d’un lac alors qu’il n’y a pas eu d’effet sur les achigans provenant d’une rivière. En considérant la position hiérarchique des individus, nous avons noté que les individus dominants avaient un temps de récupération plus court en présence de refuge alors que la présence de refuge n’a rien changé pour les individus soumis. Finalement, nous avons étudié si l’environnement social, en particulier la taille du groupe social, pouvait influencer l’estimation des taux métaboliques des poissons en présence ou en absence de refuge. Nous avons cette fois mené des expériences sur des vairons Phoxinus phoxinus, des poissons très sociaux. Les vairons gardés en petits groupes avaient des taux métaboliques plus élevés que ceux gardés en grands groupes. La présence de refuge a diminué les taux métaboliques indépendamment de la taille des groupes. Nos résultats ont démontré que la taille des groupes peut influencer les dépenses énergétiques des individus, ce qui souligne l'importance de comprendre le rôle des dynamiques sociales sur les variations dans les traits métaboliques. Les résultats de la thèse démontrent l’importance de tenir compte de l’environnement physique et de l’environnement social pour mieux comprendre les conséquences physiologiques de la sélection des habitats. / Habitat selection is an important behaviour that relates individuals to the environmental conditions in their habitat, and is generally studied to infer population-level patterns of distributions. Habitat selection varies among individuals and there is growing evidence that individual differences often exceed population differences in habitat selection. On the one hand, if habitat selection is adaptive, it could be hypothesized that individuals would select habitats that would maximize their fitness. On the other hand, environmental conditions in habitats can have physiological consequences, which can be amplified or masked by the social environment. Therefore, the general objective of this thesis was to better understand the determinants and physiological consequences of habitat selection. We created and compared the predictive capacity of habitat selection models for smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu integrating individual variability. Our results show that by integrating individual variability, we could identify variables influencing individual-, group-, and population-level habitat selection. Models that included variables referring to presence of shelter had the best predictive capacity. Further, we identified groups of individuals defined by their habitat selection. Nevertheless, variation in habitat selection among individuals was higher than that among groups. Presence of shelter was the main correlate of habitat selection for smallmouth bass. We then we tested whether presence of shelter could influence smallmouth bass metabolic traits estimated during respirometry trials. In presence of shelter, resting metabolic rates (RMR) were lower than in absence of shelter for smallmouth bass from a lake population. There was no difference in RMR for smallmouth bass from a river population. Further, dominant individuals showed reduced recovery time (RT) in presence of shelter, while no difference was observed in subordinate individuals. We investigated how social group size and availability of shelter could influence metabolic rate. This project was conducted on Eurasian minnow Phoxinus phoxinus, a highly social fish. Fish held in smaller groups had higher standard metabolic rate as compared to that of fish held in larger groups. Presence of shelter during respirometry trials was associated with reduced metabolic rates, regardless of group size fish were held in. Our results suggest that social group size may directly influence energy demands of individuals, highlighting the importance of understanding the role of group size on variations in physiological traits associated with energy expenditure. Our results highlight the importance of considering the physical and social environment to better understand the physiological consequences of habitat selection.