[Truncated abstract] Field pea (Pisum sativum) has many benefits when included in the crop rotation system in broadacre grain farming. These benefits include a disease break and improved weed control for cereals and less dependence on nitrogenous fertilisers due to the leguminous nature of pea. Currently, field pea adoption in Australia is low because the crop is susceptible to the fungal disease `black spot’ (Mycosphaerella pinodes) and has low stem strength and a lodged canopy. Black spot causes yield losses averaging 10-15% per year. Lodging results in difficult and costly harvesting, increased disease pressure and increased wind erosion from exposed soil surface when stems break at the basal nodes. This project aimed to address these problems through breeding, and through the application of quantitative genetics theory to a recurrent selection program. A quantitative measurement of relative stem strength was developed which could be used effectively in the field on single plants. Accurate laboratory measurements of stem strength were closely correlated with the field measure of compressed stem thickness in the basal node region. A diallel analysis of stem strength of the progeny of crosses among a range of pea lines with different values of compressed stem thickness concluded that the genetic control of stem strength was additive, with no maternal inheritance or dominance or epistasis effects.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:39:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mota_jan_me_ilha.pdf: 251974 bytes, checksum: 6b15f7bfd8cf4d26aabd50365c86450f (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de verificar o progresso com seleção recorrente nos Compostos Flintisa e Dentado, além da potencialidade dos mesmos para um possível uso como variedades comerciais. Observou-se que os rendimentos médios dos melhores ciclos de seleção do Flintisa e do Dentado equipararam-se com as melhores cultivares comerciais, apresentando rendimento de 5,5 t/ha e 5,3 t/ha na condição de baixa tecnologia e 7,3 t/ha e 7,7 t/ha na condição de alta tecnologia, respectivamente. O ganho com seleção para menor altura de espigas foi quantificado em um decréscimo de 1,2% ao longo de doze ciclos seletivos no Flintisa e 11,9% ao longo dos quatro últimos ciclos seletivos no Dentado, na avaliação conjunta dos ambientes de alta e baixa tecnologia. Ao longo de todo o processo seletivo houve uma resposta correlacionada de -4,1%/ciclo no acamamento do Flintisa na avaliação em baixa tecnologia e de -5,2%/ciclo no Dentado em alta tecnologia. Os resultados indicam que a seleção foi eficiente em aumentar o rendimento e diminuir a altura de espigas quando o processo seletivo foi voltado especificamente para esses caracteres. A continuidade do programa deve ter como base a seleção entre progênies para REND e AE conjuntamente nos próximos ciclos, em ambos os compostos. / This research was developed aiming to verify the progress after recurrent selection in Flintisa and Dentado Composite of maize, as well as the potentiality of the same population for a possible commercial use. It was observed that grain yield representing the best cycles of selection of Flintisa and Dentado (5.5 and 5.3 t/ha, in low technology; and 7.3 and 7.7 t/ha in high technology, respectively) were compared with the best commercial cultivars. The effect of selection on ear height resulted an average decrease of 1.2% after 12 cycles in Flintisa and 11.9% after four cycles in Dentado, evaluated under low and high technology. Along the selective process, the correlated responses for plant lodging were -4.1% per cycle for Flintisa in low technology and -5.2% per cycle in Dentado in high technology. The overall results indicated that selection was effective to increase grain yield and reduce ear height when the selection process was directed specifically for each trait. The continuity of the program shell is based on selection among progenies simultaneously for higher grain yield and lower ear height.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Leticia da Silveira Pinheiro.pdf: 1061417 bytes, checksum: d3b6dccd4e5c363bd8b7c9da2c672cc0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-07 / Recurrent Selection is a population inbreed method that is not traditionally used in autogamous species as rice. However, it is still an interesting methodology to the implementation of recurrent selection populations, due to the possibility of obtaining genotypes with wide genetic base and adequate agronomical traits. It is even more attractive when a great genetic variability is easily available, as it is for rice and could be largely used in the development of more productive elite cultivars and with a better production stability even under low input agricultural systems. Two recurrent selection irrigated rice populations, developed by Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, were synthetized using different recombination methods. The CNA-IRAT 4 population was developed in field conditions using male-sterelity, while the CNA 12 population originated from manual crosses in a circulant partial diallel scheme. The aim of this work was the evaluation of the genetic variability among cycles of the two recurrent selection populations using fourteen SSR markers. Hundred and eighty genotypes of the cycles 1, 2 and 5 of CNA-IRAT 4 population and cycles 1 and 2 of CNA 12, were evaluated. The AMOVA did not indicate any genetic structure among the cycles of selection, meaning that the greater variation was attributed between individuals within cycles, in both studied populations. Unexpected alleles, which means alleles that not belong to the genetic pool of the genitors, were identified in both populations and in all cycles evaluated, mostly of these alleles were observed on CNA-IRAT 4 population. These alleles were probably a result of undesired crosses of genotypes which did not belong to both populations. Parameters Fis and Fit of Wright s statistics indicated that the genetic variability of the manually conducted population (CNA 12) were increased while the population using male-sterelity recombination (CNA-IRAT 4) were reduced. The mean reason for this particular situation was due to the directionally crosses that promoted a greater combination between the alleles of all genitors, while male-sterelity methodology pollination the alleles from plants with major height and more capable of producing more pollen were privileged. To avoid the genetic drift in CNA-IRAT 4, genotypes genetically divergent, with more General Capacity of Combination and with good agronomic attributes, should be introduced on this population. / Seleção recorrente é um método de melhoramento populacional ainda pouco empregado em espécies autógamas, como o arroz. Contudo, a possibilidade de obter genótipos de ampla base genética e com bons atributos agronômicos, é um atrativo interessante para a implementação de populações de seleção recorrente, sobretudo pela necessidade de utilizar a grande variabilidade genética disponível para enfrentar o desafio de desenvolver cultivares elite mais produtivas e capazes de manter a estabilidade de produção. Foram utilizadas, neste estudo, duas populações de seleção recorrente de arroz irrigado, desenvolvidas pelo programa de melhoramento genético da Embrapa Arroz e Feijão. A população CNA-IRAT 4 portadora do gene da macho-esterilidade genética, permitindo assim que a sua recombinação seja feita à campo, e a população CNA 12 recombinada manualmente através do esquema de cruzamento em dialelo ciculante por não possuir este gene. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade genética entre os ciclos de seleção das duas populações por meio de 14 marcadores SSR. Foram avaliados 180 indivíduos dos ciclos 1, 2 e 5 na CNA-IRAT 4, e ciclos 1 e 2 na CNA 12. O estudo da análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) não indicou nenhum tipo de estruturação entre os ciclos de seleção definindo que a maior parte da variação foi encontrada entre os indivíduos dentro dos ciclos do que entre os ciclos em ambas as populações. Foram identificados alelos não provenientes dos genitores nas duas populações, e em todos os ciclos, principalmente para a CNA-IRAT 4. Estes alelos foram provavelmente resultantes da fecundação indesejada a partir de genótipos que não faziam parte das populações. Os parâmetros Fis e Fit da estatística F de Wright indicaram que a recombinação manual está ampliando a variabilidade genética da população CNA 12, enquanto que a recombinação via gene da macho-esterilidade está reduzindo a variabilidade genética da CNA-IRAT 4, e o principal motivo é que os cruzamentos dirigidos estão promovendo uma maior combinação entre os alelos de todos os genitores, enquanto que a polinização via macho-esterilidade vêm privilegiando os alelos dos genótipos com maior porte e capacidade de produção de pólen e do macho-estéril. Para evitar a deriva genética na CNA-IRAT 4, genótipos de arroz geneticamente divergentes das progênies, com maior Capacidade Geral de Combinação e com bons atributos agronômicos, deverão ser introduzidos nesta população.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Janine M Guedes.pdf: 986675 bytes, checksum: 0cc34cd9a835050bc20a4f5c99b5b4a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-15 / Rice (Oryza sativa) stands out in Brazil for its economic and social importance, being an important source of protein and energy. Selecting lines of upland rice adapted to different environments is critical to the success of breeding programs targeted to family farmers in the state of Goiás, The objective of this work was to evaluate S0:2 families drawn from CNA9 population of the upland rice breeding program in greenhouse and in the field, aiming to select families for recombination and obtainment of a new selecting cycle. 50 families from CNA9 population from recurrent selection were used, in four experiments, with N, P, and inoculant combinations, in a randomized bloc design arrangement with two replicates in greenhouse. Traits evaluated were: plant height, chlorophyll content, canopy dry matter, roots dry matter and volume. The field experiment was arranged in a 14 X 14 square lattice, with 194 families, two controls, and three replicates. Traits evaluated were: plant height, flowering and yield, besides the following diseases: leaf and neck blast, scald, brown spot, grain spot, and narrow leaf spot. Results obtained from greenhouse indicate that families studied performed similarly in the absence of the inoculant, but responded differently for plant height, dry matter, and root volume, regarding nitrogen and phosphorus combinations. Field data showed that the families drawn from CNA9 population showed superior performance when compared to controls and to the original population, especially regarding neck blast and yield. It was possible to select 48 families from the field to recombine in the next breeding cycle. / O arroz (Oryza sativa) destaca-se no Brasil por sua importância econômica e, sobretudo social, sendo uma importante fonte de proteína e energia. Selecionar linhagens de arroz de terras altas adaptadas a ambientes diversos é de extrema importância para o sucesso dos programas de melhoramento direcionados para os agricultores familiares do estado de Goiás. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar famílias S0:2 da população CNA9 do programa de melhoramento de arroz de terras altas em casa de vegetação e no campo, visando a seleção de famílias para recombinação e obtenção de um novo ciclo de seleção. Foram utilizadas 50 famílias da população CNA9 de seleção recorrente em quatro experimentos, utilizando combinações de N, P e inoculante, no delineamento blocos casualizados com duas repetições, em casa de vegetação. Os caracteres avaliados foram altura de plantas, teor de clorofila, matéria seca da parte aérea, matéria seca de raiz e volume. O experimento em campo foi um látice quadrado 14 x 14 com 194 famílias e 2 testemunhas, com três repetições. Foram avaliados os caracteres altura de plantas, floração e produtividade, além das principais doenças: brusone na folha, brusone no pescoço, escaldadura, mancha parda, mancha de grãos e mancha estreita. Dos resultados obtidos para casa de vegetação, pode-se concluir que as famílias mostraram comportamento semelhante na ausência ou presença do inoculante e houve resposta diferenciada das famílias para os caracteres altura de plantas, matéria seca e volume de raiz para as combinações de nitrogênio e fósforo. Os resultados obtidos no campo mostraram que as famílias avaliadas da população CNA9 apresentaram desempenho superior às testemunhas e a população original principalmente em relação a brusone no pescoço e a produtividade de grãos. Foi possível selecionar 48 famílias no campo para recombinação e obtenção do próximo ciclo.

La production agricole doit augmenter à un rythme jamais atteint pour faire face à la forte hausse attendue de la demande alimentaire. La sélection génomique (SG) pourrait y contribuer en donnant la possibilité de sélectionner des individus uniquement sur leur génotype, rendant ainsi l'amélioration génétique des rendements plus efficace. L'amélioration actuelle de la production du palmier à huile, première plante oléagineuse au monde, se fait par sélection récurrente réciproque pour produire des hybrides. L'intégration de la SG à ce schéma aurait des retombées majeures. Cette thèse vise à évaluer le potentiel de la SG pour prédire les aptitudes à la combinaison hybride dans les populations parentales (Deli et groupe B).Des données du dernier cycle d'amélioration ont permis d'obtenir la première estimation empirique de la précision de la SG. Malgré les petites populations disponibles pour calibrer le modèle génomique, cette étude a montré qu'avec des candidats à la sélection apparentés à la population de calibration (plein-frères, descendants), la précision était suffisante pour faire une présélection sur certaines composantes du rendement dans le groupe B. Par ailleurs, des simulations sur quatre générations ont montré que, pour plusieurs stratégies de SG (en particulier avec une calibration faite uniquement à la première génération en incluant des génotypes d'hybrides), la précision de sélection chez les individus non testés en croisement était suffisante pour sélectionner des parents uniquement sur leur génotype. Ceci a abouti à une augmentation de plus de 50% du gain génétique annuel. Une augmentation pus rapide de la consanguinité a aussi été mise en évidence, mais elle pourrait être limitée par des méthodes classiques de gestion de la consanguinité. Finalement, les données expérimentales et simulées indiquent que la SG pourrait diminuer l'intervalle moyen de génération et accroître l'intensité de sélection, accélérant ainsi considérablement le progrès génétique sur le rendement en huile de palme. Un schéma de sélection génomique récurrente réciproque est proposé pour le palmier à huile. Son application nécessite de confirmer expérimentalement les simulations en estimant sur plusieurs générations la précision de sélection sans recalibration du modèle. Ces futures recherches devraient utiliser les nouveaux modèles de SG, potentiellement plus efficaces (prise en compte des effets non additifs ou d'informations a priori sur les effets des marqueurs, etc.). / Agricultural production must increase at an unprecedented rate to meet the strong growth expected in food demand. Genomic selection (GS) could contribute to reaching this goal by allowing selection of individuals on their sole genotype, making breeding more efficient. Breeding for yield in oil palm, the first oil crop in the world, is currently based on hybrid production by reciprocal recurrent selection. The integration of GS to this scheme would have major repercussions. This thesis aims to assess the potential of GS to predict hybrid combining abilities in parental populations (Deli and group B). Data from the last breeding cycle were used to obtain the first empirical estimate of GS accuracy. Despite the small populations available to calibrate the genomic model, the study showed that with candidates related to the training population (sibs, progenies), the accuracy was sufficient to make a pre-selection in the group B on some yield components. In addition, simulations over four generations showed that the accuracy of several GS strategies (especially when training the model only in the first generation using hybrid genotypes) was high enough for non progeny tested individuals to allow selecting among them on their genotype. This resulted in an increase of more than 50% of annual genetic gain compared to traditional breeding. A faster increase in inbreeding was also demonstrated, but this could be limited by conventional methods of inbreeding management. Finally, the experimental and simulated data indicated that GS could reduce the average generation interval and increase the selection intensity, vastly speeding up the genetic progress for oil palm yield. A recurrent reciprocal genomic selection scheme was suggested for oil palm. Its application requires an experimental confirmation of the simulations, by estimating GS accuracy over several generations without retraining the model. Future research should use new GS models, potentially more effective (taking into account non additive effects or a priori information on marker effects, etc.).