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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Axial-load response of CFST stub columns with external stainless steel and recycled aggregate concrete: Testing, mechanism analysis and design

Zhang, W-H., Wang, R., Zhao, H., Lam, Dennis, Chen, P. 18 March 2022 (has links)
Yes / Recycled aggregate concrete filled stainless steel tube (RAC-FSST) is a new type of composite member combining the advantage of stainless steel and RAC. In this paper, a total of twenty-four RAC-FSST stub columns were tested under axial load, considering the influences of coarse recycled aggregate (CRA) content, steel ratios and compressive strengths of RAC. The obtained results, including the failure patterns, responses of axial load vs. deformation, stress states of external stainless steel tube and inner RAC and confinement effects, were systematically analyzed. Results indicated that all specimens presented good ductility and high residual strengths after reaching the maximum axial load. The elastic stiffness of RAC-FSSTs obviously declined with the increasing CRA content, while the strain at the ultimate load was larger. The inclusion of CRA could advance the occurrence of the confinement and lead to lower confining stress. Based on the experimental results, an analytical model with consideration of confinement action was developed to predict the axial response of RAC-FSST stub columns. Besides, the current design provisions for the normal CFST and RAC-FST members were employed to evaluate their applicability to RAC-FSSTs. In general, the design rules EN 1994-1-1:2004, GB 50936-2014 and T/CECS 625-2019 gave a conservative and relatively accurate prediction on ultimate strength of RAC-FSST stub columns. / This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation.
12

An evaluation of partial depth dry bottom-feed vibro stone columns to support shallow footings in deep soft clay deposits

Serridge, Colin J. January 2013 (has links)
Ground Improvement using vibro stone columns is gaining increasing acceptance on marginal soft clay sites as a sustainable foundation solution, particularly for lightly loaded low-rise structures supported by shallow, narrow footings. Most experience in this context however has been with widespread loads and use of the wet top-feed stone column technique, which has now been largely superseded, on environmental grounds, by the dry bottom-feed technique, and for which no significant published field trial data currently exists in deep soft clay deposits in the context of shallow, narrow footings. This research is therefore principally concerned with evaluating both the ground response to installation of partial depth vibro stone columns using the dry bottom-feed method in a deep moderately sensitive soft clay soil, together with the influence of parameters such as stone column spacing and length, founding depth within a thin surface 'crust', and also foundation shape on the performance of narrow footings subsequently constructed and subjected to incremental loading, over the installed stone columns, at the Bothkennar soft clay research site in Scotland. Comparisons are made with footings constructed within the surface 'crust' at Bothkennar without stone columns. Whilst stone columns were satisfactorily constructed with the dry bottom-feed technique at Bothkennar, it was evident that the vibroflot should not remain in the ground for longer than is necessary, in order to avoid excessive soil disturbance. For this reason construction of partial depth stone columns to a more uniform diameter, without construction of an 'end bulb', is advocated. Stress ratio was found to increase significantly with increasing length of stone column and also applied load, up to a maximum value of around 4.0. Moreover, for a trial footing founded at the base of the 'crust', stresses attracted by the columns were higher than all other columns where founding depth (level) was at shallower depth in the crust. A significant stress transfer was also measured beneath the toe of columns intentionally installed shorter than the minimum design length predicted by the Hughes and Withers (1974) approach at all iii applied loads, but not for columns equal to, or longer than minimum design length, confirming the predictions of this laboratory-based approach at the field scale. The stress measurements recorded by the field instrumentation demonstrate that the behaviour of the composite stone column-soil-foundation system is complex, with simultaneous and interdependent changes in pore pressures, soil stress ratios and resulting stiffness of both soil and columns. Whilst observed settlements exceeded those predicted, with larger foundation settlements observed at low applied loads over stone columns than at the same loading level in untreated ground, principally due to soil disturbance and accelerated consolidation effects during initial loading, at higher applied loadings however the stone columns significantly reduced the rate and magnitude of settlement compared to a foundation in the untreated 'crust'. It is therefore clear that the stone columns 'reinforced' the weak soil, providing a significantly increased factor of safety against bearing failure.
13

Variabilidade de agregados graúdos de resíduos de construção e demolição reciclados. / Variability of coarse recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste.

Angulo, Sérgio Cirelli 27 November 2000 (has links)
Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma metodologia de análise da variabilidade de agregados graúdos de RCD reciclados, que possa ser utilizada em Centrais para o controle de qualidade dos mesmos, objetivando à identificação da influência destas características no desempenho de componentes produzidos a partir dos RCD. Nos três primeiros capítulos, realiza-se uma revisão bibliográfica do assunto, identificando os pontos relevantes do tema, abordando desde Centrais de moagem até desenvolvimento sustentável. No quarto capítulo, discute-se a metodologia de análise proposta, analisando a experimentação realizada em Santo André e no laboratório de materiais de construção da Escola Politécnica da USP. No quinto capítulo, desenvolve-se a análise de resultados e discussões. Nesta etapa, é exposto o estudo da composição de agregados graúdos de RCD reciclados por análise de imagem. Apresentam-se resultados da variabilidade obtidos para os agregados graúdos reciclados de Santo André quanto à composição de fases por separação manual e outras propriedades como materiais pulverulentos, composição granulométrica, índice de forma, absorção e massa específica. Como conclusões, o estudo aponta para a presença da significativa variabilidade em agregados reciclados em todas as propriedades analisadas e a necessidade de realização das mesmas caracterizações para a fração miúda. O uso das propriedades, abosorção de água e massa específica para adeterminação dos teores de concreto e argamassa apresentou bons resultados, aconselhando-se o emprego para a determinação das composições das fases concreto e argamassa em amostras de Centrais de Reciclagem. Os ensaios de caracterização física dos agregados graúdos naturais devem ser empregados para caracterizar esses agregados. A homogeneização da composição deve ser realizada em período superior a dois dias para esta Central. Os agregados, quando empregados em situações mais nobres, devem possuir equipamentos de controle de qualidade, como tanques de flutuação e separação magnética. Constatou-se que a porcentagem retida no fundo pelo ensaio de granulometria e os teores de argamassa têm correlação linear positiva. A análise de imagem pode ser aplicada para o estudo da composição dos agregados graúdos de RCD recilados, pois seus princípios foram comprovados em experimentos de laboratório, quando os grãos são distribuídos de forma aleatória nos plano. / The main point of this research proposes one methodology which analyses the variability of coarse CDW (Construction and Demolition Waste) recycled aggregates, applied on the quality control of these aggregates. With these analysis, it can be identified the influence of this variability in components performances. In the first three chapters, it is done one review of the literature, discussing about recycling plants, sustainable development and other topics. In the fourth chapter, it is discussed the methodology, analysing the experimentation. In fifth chapter, it is presented the results and discussions. The results presents the evaluation of the composition of the coarse CDW recycled aggregates by digital image processing. There are results of the variability of coarse CDW recycled aggregates by properties like composition using manual technique, particle size distribution, particle shape analysis, absorption, specific density and fine particles (< 0,075 mm). To sum up, the study indicates the existence of variability in whole properties analysed and the necessity of doing characterisation on fine aggregates. One developed technique improves the evaluation of composition by manual technique, using absorption and determines the percentage on the composition of concrete and mortar phases. The other characterisations of the study developed for natural aggregates can be applied to these recycled aggregates. The variability control must be done after two days for this recycling plant. In best applications, reycling plants need equipment of quality control like float tank and air classifier. It can be inferred that the percentage of fine aggregates (< 4,8mm) in grading test have linear correlation with percentage of mortar phase in composition. The study of composition using digital image processing obtained good results.
14

Avaliação de resíduos da fabricação de telhas cerâmicas para seu emprego em camadas de pavimento de baixo custo. / Evaluation of the waste from ceramic roofing tiles manufacturing for its use in unbound pavement layers.

Dias, João Fernando 02 December 2004 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta a análise de agregados reciclados de telhas de cerâmica vermelha, visando seu emprego em camadas de pavimentos de baixo custo, baseado em estudos de laboratório. A indústria de cerâmica vermelha gera refugos da queima que são tratados como resíduos, mas se constituem em materiais de alto conteúdo energético e matéria prima de qualidade. O quadro da geração desses resíduos foi diagnosticado nas cidades de Monte Carmelo e Ituiutaba, em Minas Gerais. Os dados quantitativos obtidos indicam que é justificável a sua reciclagem. Somente na cidade de Monte Carmelo, as quantidades geradas permitiriam executar 10,8 km de camada de base de pavimento, ao se misturar 40% de solo poderia atingir 32 km por ano. Aproximadamente 10 t destes resíduos foram britadas obtendo-se o agregado reciclado de telha (ART). Estes agregados foram caracterizados mediante os ensaios físicos e mecânicos, e submetidos aos ensaios empregados na pavimentação, como a metodologia tradicional, metodologia MCT, método da pastilha, resistência ao cisalhamento, outros ensaios denominados índices de qualidade, ensaio de módulo resiliente e deformação permanente. Apesar deste material atender aos principais requisitos da metodologia tradicional, identificou-se que ele quebra com a aplicação de energia de compactação e de tensões nos ensaios, e apresenta alta resiliência - grandes deformações resilientes-, o que levaria à perda da capacidade de suporte da estrutura do pavimento, por fadiga. Desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para a determinação da absorção no estado saturado superfície seca, de agregados porosos, com fração fina inclusive, pois os métodos conhecidos não são aplicáveis; esta metodologia pode ser aprimorada para se constituir em norma de ensaio. Estudou-se um método inédito para a otimização do volume compactado da mistura de agregado com solo, baseado na porosidade do material granular, como uma alternativa ao método da estabilização granulométrica que se mostrou inadequado, no caso. As misturas produzidas com solos lateríticos foram avaliadas após a compactação não apresentando mais a quebra dos grãos do agregado, e mostraram ganhos expressivos no valor do módulo de resiliência, chegando em um caso a atingir 288% acima do módulo do agregado. Os resultados dos ensaios de laboratório indicaram ser possível a aplicação deste material em misturas com solos lateríticos, em camadas de pavimentos de baixo custo. / The purpose of this work is to use recycled aggregate of ceramics roofing tiles for low cost pavement layers, based on laboratory studies. The heavy-clay ceramic industry generates wastes, originated from the calcination stage, that are considered as residues which demand resources for its deposition. However they are high energy content materials which can be useful. The generation of these residues in the cities of Monte Carmelo and Ituiutaba, in the State of Minas Gerais indicated that its recycling is valid. For instance, in the city of Monte Carmelo, it is generated such a large amount of residues that it should be enough to execute about 10,8 km of base course of pavement; moreover if 40% of soil is mixed 32 km pavement per year can be produced. For this study, approximately 10 metric tones of these residues had been crushed to produce the recycled aggregate from roofing tile. The aggregates produced had been characterized by physical and mechanical tests. They were also submitted to the tests used for aggregates for pavement, such as the traditional methodology, methodology MCT (tropical compacted miniature), shear strength, resilient module, permanent deformation, and other tests called quality rates. These residues comply with the main requirements of the traditional methodology, however it is necessary to point out that the material breaks with the application of energy for compaction and under the tensions during the mechanical tests, it also presents high resilience, or great resilient deformations, which will lead to the loss of the supporting capacity of the pavement due to fatigue. An appropriate methodology was developed for the porous aggregate absorption measurement, including its fraction, in the saturated dry surface state. As the known methods for absorption are not applicable, this methodology with improvements can be proposed as standard test. A new method to optimize the compacted volume of the mixture was studied, based on the porosity of the granular material, as an alternative to the traditional method of the grain sized stabilization, which is not adequate for this purpose. The mixtures produced with lateritics soils were evaluated after the compacting, they have not presented the broken grains. These mixtures performed very well with significant increase in the value of the resilience module, up to 288% above of the module of the aggregate. The results of the laboratory indicate that it is possible to use these residues in mixtures with laterític soil, for layers of low cost pavements.
15

Avaliação de resíduos da fabricação de telhas cerâmicas para seu emprego em camadas de pavimento de baixo custo. / Evaluation of the waste from ceramic roofing tiles manufacturing for its use in unbound pavement layers.

João Fernando Dias 02 December 2004 (has links)
Este trabalho apresenta a análise de agregados reciclados de telhas de cerâmica vermelha, visando seu emprego em camadas de pavimentos de baixo custo, baseado em estudos de laboratório. A indústria de cerâmica vermelha gera refugos da queima que são tratados como resíduos, mas se constituem em materiais de alto conteúdo energético e matéria prima de qualidade. O quadro da geração desses resíduos foi diagnosticado nas cidades de Monte Carmelo e Ituiutaba, em Minas Gerais. Os dados quantitativos obtidos indicam que é justificável a sua reciclagem. Somente na cidade de Monte Carmelo, as quantidades geradas permitiriam executar 10,8 km de camada de base de pavimento, ao se misturar 40% de solo poderia atingir 32 km por ano. Aproximadamente 10 t destes resíduos foram britadas obtendo-se o agregado reciclado de telha (ART). Estes agregados foram caracterizados mediante os ensaios físicos e mecânicos, e submetidos aos ensaios empregados na pavimentação, como a metodologia tradicional, metodologia MCT, método da pastilha, resistência ao cisalhamento, outros ensaios denominados índices de qualidade, ensaio de módulo resiliente e deformação permanente. Apesar deste material atender aos principais requisitos da metodologia tradicional, identificou-se que ele quebra com a aplicação de energia de compactação e de tensões nos ensaios, e apresenta alta resiliência - grandes deformações resilientes-, o que levaria à perda da capacidade de suporte da estrutura do pavimento, por fadiga. Desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para a determinação da absorção no estado saturado superfície seca, de agregados porosos, com fração fina inclusive, pois os métodos conhecidos não são aplicáveis; esta metodologia pode ser aprimorada para se constituir em norma de ensaio. Estudou-se um método inédito para a otimização do volume compactado da mistura de agregado com solo, baseado na porosidade do material granular, como uma alternativa ao método da estabilização granulométrica que se mostrou inadequado, no caso. As misturas produzidas com solos lateríticos foram avaliadas após a compactação não apresentando mais a quebra dos grãos do agregado, e mostraram ganhos expressivos no valor do módulo de resiliência, chegando em um caso a atingir 288% acima do módulo do agregado. Os resultados dos ensaios de laboratório indicaram ser possível a aplicação deste material em misturas com solos lateríticos, em camadas de pavimentos de baixo custo. / The purpose of this work is to use recycled aggregate of ceramics roofing tiles for low cost pavement layers, based on laboratory studies. The heavy-clay ceramic industry generates wastes, originated from the calcination stage, that are considered as residues which demand resources for its deposition. However they are high energy content materials which can be useful. The generation of these residues in the cities of Monte Carmelo and Ituiutaba, in the State of Minas Gerais indicated that its recycling is valid. For instance, in the city of Monte Carmelo, it is generated such a large amount of residues that it should be enough to execute about 10,8 km of base course of pavement; moreover if 40% of soil is mixed 32 km pavement per year can be produced. For this study, approximately 10 metric tones of these residues had been crushed to produce the recycled aggregate from roofing tile. The aggregates produced had been characterized by physical and mechanical tests. They were also submitted to the tests used for aggregates for pavement, such as the traditional methodology, methodology MCT (tropical compacted miniature), shear strength, resilient module, permanent deformation, and other tests called quality rates. These residues comply with the main requirements of the traditional methodology, however it is necessary to point out that the material breaks with the application of energy for compaction and under the tensions during the mechanical tests, it also presents high resilience, or great resilient deformations, which will lead to the loss of the supporting capacity of the pavement due to fatigue. An appropriate methodology was developed for the porous aggregate absorption measurement, including its fraction, in the saturated dry surface state. As the known methods for absorption are not applicable, this methodology with improvements can be proposed as standard test. A new method to optimize the compacted volume of the mixture was studied, based on the porosity of the granular material, as an alternative to the traditional method of the grain sized stabilization, which is not adequate for this purpose. The mixtures produced with lateritics soils were evaluated after the compacting, they have not presented the broken grains. These mixtures performed very well with significant increase in the value of the resilience module, up to 288% above of the module of the aggregate. The results of the laboratory indicate that it is possible to use these residues in mixtures with laterític soil, for layers of low cost pavements.
16

Avaliação de utilização e desempenho de resíduos de construção e demolição em bases e sub-bases de pavimentos flexíveis / Evaluation and performance of construction waste used in bases and sub-basesof flexible pavements

Quintanilha, Frederico Santana 21 August 2008 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T10:55:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Frederico Santana Quintanilha - 2008.pdf: 2426653 bytes, checksum: c299d8902a1deb193e8660110aee55a6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-06-09T10:59:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Frederico Santana Quintanilha - 2008.pdf: 2426653 bytes, checksum: c299d8902a1deb193e8660110aee55a6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-09T10:59:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Frederico Santana Quintanilha - 2008.pdf: 2426653 bytes, checksum: c299d8902a1deb193e8660110aee55a6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-21 / The increase in the generation of Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste and their subsequent accommodation have become, along with other urban problems, one of the major obstacles faced by Brazilian society. The debris generated by construction, renovation and demolition have, generally, high volume and high specific weight (relationship between mass and volume), which makes their transport and final disposal laborious. Besides, these materials are responsible for the rapid filling of available landfills and, when deposited irregularly, they cause potential social and environmental problems, such as the proliferation of vectors of urban diseases, which mainly affect the outskirts of large cities. One of the alternatives that can minimize the socio-environmental problem is the reuse of C&D aggregates in urban roads with low traffic volume. In addition to presenting one possible solution to an environmental issue, the provided alternative can minimize significant problems in the construction chain, once deforestation and depletion of natural sources often occur in the construction of roads. The alternative use of C&D as constituents of the structure of roads is the theme of this dissertation. Through laboratory tests, the physical and mechanical properties of three doses containing recycled aggregates were determined, to use as reinforcement of natural terrain, sub-base and base. The laboratory tests involves the compaction of the samples with Proctor’s modified energy and consequent evaluation; Limits of Atterberg; Specific weight of grain; Water absorption of the large stage of the aggregates; check the pH as a measure of occurrence of pozolanic reactions (self-cementation) and tests of expansion and California Bearing Ratio (CBR). With laboratory analysis, was evaluated a case study - two experimental tracks built in Goiania, Goiás. The first one has total length of 56 meters built with recycled aggregates in its base and sub-base layers, and the thickness of these layers is fifteen centimeters each. This track was executed at the buyers entrance of CEASA-GO. The second experimental track is a street built on Recanto of Minas Gerais and has total length of 140 meters long, whose base has thirty centimeters of thickness and was executed with recycled aggregate of RCD in its layers. The field tests covered the resistance to penetration with Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP), measurement of total and partial deflections with Benkelman Beam and proceed the investigation with Plate Load tests. The results of laboratory experiments indicated that the samples could achieve Brazilian standards for its uses in bases and sub-bases of flexible pavements. The results of field tests indicated that the tracks still have good structural behavior, after a period of approximately four years old, which supports the technical viability of the application of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition in flexible pavements. / A crescente geração e posterior acomodação dos rejeitos sólidos oriundos da indústria da construção - resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) - torna-se, junto com outros problemas urbanos, um dos grandes entraves enfrentados pela sociedade brasileira. Os detritos gerados pelas obras de construção, reformas e demolições apresentam, geralmente, elevado volume e grande peso específico – relação existente entre massa e volume – tornando laborioso seu transporte e sua disposição final. Observa-se, também, que estes resíduos provocam um rápido enchimento dos aterros de inertes, quando existentes, e, quando depositados de forma irregular ou incorreta possuem potencial para provocar problemas sócio-ambientais, tais como a criação de ambientes propícios à proliferação de vetores de mazelas urbanas. Esse último caso ocorre com freqüência nas periferias dos grandes centros urbanos. Uma das alternativas que podem minimizar o problema sócio-ambiental recorrente é a utilização, em vias urbanas, de agregados constituídos desses resíduos que se encontram sem a correta destinação final. Além de propiciar a solução de um problema ambiental – destinação final dos resíduos de construção, reforma e demolição – pode minimizar um outro problema existente na cadeia da construção civil – desmatamentos e aberturas de jazidas de materiais naturais para construção de estradas e vias de trânsito. Essa alternativa de uso dos RCD como constituintes estruturais de pavimentos flexíveis é o tema desta dissertação. Através de análises laboratoriais, as propriedades físicas e mecânicas de três dosagens contendo agregados reciclados foram determinadas, visando o seu emprego em camadas de reforço de subleito, sub-base e base. Os ensaios laboratoriais compreenderam o estudo da compactação das dosagens com energia modificada e a conseqüente avaliação granulométrica, determinação dos limites de Atterberg, determinação do peso específico dos grãos, absorção de água da fase graúda dos agregados, verificação do pH como medida de ocorrência de reações pozolânicas de auto-cimentação e emprego de ensaios de expansão e cálculo do Índice de Suporte Califórnia (ISC). Juntamente com as análises laboratoriais, foi avaliado em conjunto um estudo de caso – duas pistas experimentais executadas em Goiânia, Goiás. A primeira pista experimental possui extensão total de 56 metros executados com agregados reciclados em sua base e sub-base, sendo a espessura destas de quinze centímetros cada. Esta pista foi executada na entrada de compradores da CEASA-GO. A segunda pista experimental trata-se de uma rua executada no Setor Recanto das Minas Gerais e possui 140 metros de extensão, cuja base, de espessura de trinta centímetros, foi executada com agregados reciclados de RCD.Os ensaios de campo compreenderam a resistência à penetração pelo Penetrômetro Dinâmico de Cone (DCP), levantamento das deflexões totais e parciais com Viga Benkelman e averiguação de medidas de deslocamento com a realização de provas de carga sobre placa. Os resultados dos experimentos de laboratório mostraram que os agregados atendem às normas brasileiras para uso em bases e sub-base de pavimentos flexíveis. Os resultados dos ensaios de campo demonstram que os trechos analisados ainda apresentam bom comportamento estrutural, após um período de aproximadamente quatro anos de solicitação de tráfego, que corrobora a viabilidade técnica do uso de agregados de RCD.
17

Optimisation des caractéristiques rhéologiques, mécaniques et thermiques des bétons à base de granulats recyclés avec différents couples ciment/adjuvant / Optimization of rheological, mechanical and thermal characteristics of concrete with recycled aggregates with different couple cement / adjuvant

Tahar, Zine-el-abidine 08 November 2016 (has links)
Devant le besoin croissant de ressources en matériaux de construction ainsi que les exigences en terme de préservation de l’environnement dans une vision de développement durable, il est devenu nécessaire d'étudier toutes les possibilités de réutilisation et de valorisation des déchets et des sous-produits industriels, notamment dans le domaine de la construction et des travaux publics.Les mortiers et bétons confectionnés à partir de granulats recyclés ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études. Toutefois, aucune règle générale n’a encore été dégagée pour quantifier l’influence de telles substitutions sur leurs propriétés rhéologiques et mécaniques. L’élargissement de l’utilisation des bétons comportant des granulats recyclés, dont les propriétés physico-chimiques sont différentes des bétons à base de granulats naturels, est inévitablement cautionné par une maitrise accrue, d’une part, de leurs propriétés mécaniques et d’autre part, de leur mise en œuvre.L’objectif de ce travail est de quantifier l’influence de la nature et du dosage des gravillons et du sable recyclé sur les propriétés rhéologiques et mécaniques.Pour y parvenir, une campagne d’essais a été menée sur des bétons confectionnés avec différents taux de substitutions (sur le sable et les granulats) et avec différents couples ciments/adjuvants. En ce qui concerne les propriétés rhéologiques, les paramètres mesurés sont les suivants : le seuil de cisaillement, la viscosité plastique, l’ouvrabilité, la teneur en air et la masse volumique. De plus, afin de suivre l’évolution de ces propriétés dans le temps les essais ont été réalisés à différents âges (à la sortie du malaxeur, 30 minutes, 60 minutes et 90 minutes après la fin du malaxage). En ce qui concerne les propriétés mécaniques, des essais de compressions ont été effectués à 1 jour, 7 jours et 28 jours. Les propriétés des bétons ainsi confectionnés ont été comparées à un béton témoin.Les résultats montrent que les propriétés des bétons et des MBE (Mortier de Béton Equivalent) à base de granulats recyclés dépendent du couple ciment/adjuvant et du dosage de substitution en granulats recyclés. Cela signifie qu'il existe effectivement une influence du granulat recyclé sur la compatibilité (équilibre physico-chimique) du couple ciment/adjuvant. Cette influence est plus remarquable sur le sable que sur les gravillons. Les résultats montrent aussi que pour des bétons à base de granulats recyclés, plus le pourcentage de substitution est élevé et plus le seuil de cisaillement et la viscosité plastique augmentent, la résistance à la compression, quant à elle, diminue.Mots clés : béton, gravillons recyclés, sable recyclé, rhéologie, maniabilité. / With the growing need of building material resources and requirements in terms of environmental protection in a vision of sustainable development, it has become necessary to explore all possibilities for the reuse and recycling of and industrial waste products, especially in the field of construction and public works.Mortars and concrete made from recycled aggregates were the subject of numerous studies. However, no general rule has been identified to quantify the influence of such substitutions on their rheological and mechanical properties. Expanding the use of concrete containing recycled aggregates whose physicochemical properties are different from concrete with natural aggregates, is inevitably backed by increased mastery, on the one hand, of their mechanical properties, and secondly their implementation.The objective of this work is to quantify the influence of the nature and dosage of recycled gravel and sand on the rheological and mechanical properties.To do so, a test campaign was conducted on concrete made with different percentages of substitutions (on the sand and aggregates) and with different combination cements / admixtures. Regarding the rheological properties, the measured parameters are: shear threshold, plastic viscosity, workability, air content and density. Furthermore, in order to follow the evolution of these quantities in the time the tests were carried out at different ages (at the outlet of the mixer, 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes after the end of mixing). Regarding the mechanical properties, compression tests were performed at 1 day, 7 days and 28 days. The properties of these concretes were compared to a control concrete.The results show that the properties of recycled concrete aggregates and ECM (Equivalent Concrete Mortar) depend on the couple cement / admixture and the level of substitution on recycled aggregates. This means that there is indeed an influence of recycled aggregate on the compatibility (phisico-chemical equilibrium) of the couple cement / admixture. This influence is most notable on the sand than on gravel. The results also show that for concrete based on recycled aggregate, the higher the percentage of substitution increases, the higher the yield stress and plastic viscosity and the lower the resistance to compression.Keywords: concrete, recycled aggregates, recycled sand, rheology, workability.
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Valorisation des déchets de chantiers du BTP : comportement à haute température des béton des granulats recyclés / Promotion of agreggates obtained from demolitions sites. Behaviour of concrete containing recycled agreggates subbjected to high temperatures

Laneyrie, Cléo 15 December 2014 (has links)
Le béton est le deuxième matériau le plus consommé au monde après l'eau. Les professionnels de la construction, de plus en plus confrontés aux questions liées à la préservation de l'environnement, font face depuis quelques années à des difficultés d'approvisionnement en matière première. D'autre part, le secteur du bâtiment produit une quantité très importante de déchets, qui sont encore trop souvent déposés en installation de stockage. La valorisation de ces déchets devient un enjeu environnemental majeur. Leur réutilisation sous forme de granulats destinés à la fabrication de nouveaux bétons permettrait la préservation des ressources naturelles, mais également une limitation de la pollution par enfouissement.Le travail de doctorat présenté dans ce manuscrit a pour objectif d'améliorer la compréhension du comportement des bétons de granulats recyclés soumis à des températures élevées. En effet, lorsque le béton est soumis à des températures élevées, lors d'un incendie par exemple, le matériau subit de nombreuses altérations - dilatation des granulats, retrait de la pâte de ciment, augmentation de la pression de vapeur au sein du matériau, ou encore différentes contraintes thermiques qui peuvent conduire à des phénomènes de fissuration et d'écaillage. De par leur composition, les granulats recyclés présentent des caractéristiques différentes des granulats naturels qui peuvent influencer les caractéristiques physiques, mécaniques et thermiques du béton. Nous comprenons qu'il est primordial d'être en mesure d'anticiper le comportement du béton recyclé à haute température afin de permettre son utilisation dans le bâtiment.Les recherches présentées ici consistent en une approche expérimentale. Deux sortes de granulats recyclés sont testées, un « granulat recyclé de laboratoire » issu d'un béton naturel formulé, coulé et concassé au laboratoire, et un « granulat recyclé industriel » issu d'un chantier de démolition. Les bétons incorporant ces granulats sont formulés avec deux types de matrices cimentaires : une matrice ordinaire, avec un rapport E/C de 0.6 et une matrice hautes performances, avec un rapport E/C de 0.3. Les bétons sont soumis à des cycles de chauffage – refroidissement jusqu'à 150°C, 300°C, 450°C et 750°C, à vitesse lente afin d'assurer l'homogénéité de la température au sein des échantillons. A l'issue de chaque traitement thermique, l'évolution des propriétés thermiques, mécaniques et microstructurales est analysée. L'enjeu de ces travaux est également de comprendre l'interaction entre les granulats et les matrices de compacité variable, à température élevée. / In the past decade, constructions sites have been growing more than ever, and the aggregate production and importation are not sufficient any more to cover the needs in construction materials. The goal set in France is to re-use 20 more Mt each year of waste as recycled material for building sites before 2020.The objective of this experimental study is to assess the high temperature behavior of ordinary and high performance concrete made with recycled coarse aggregates (RCA). Concrete behavior at high temperature -expansion of aggregates, withdrawal of cement paste, increase of vapor pressure, chemical transformations...- can lead to several phenomena such as spalling, and a dramatic loss of mechanical properties. As aggregates occupy a large volume of concrete, around 60-80%, they play a major role in the heat and mass transfer into concrete during fire. Recycled coarse aggregates (RCA) being different from natural coarse aggregates (NCA) in many ways – higher porosity, double interfacial transition zone – it is essential to study recycled aggregate concrete behavior when submitted to high temperature.Two types of recycled coarse aggregates are used. An industrial one, obtained from a building demolition site and a laboratory one was obtained from a parent concrete (PC) mixed, cast and crushed in the laboratory. From both recycled aggregates, normal concrete (w/c = 0.6) and high performance concrete (w/c = 0.3) are cast. The four recycled concretes are compared to reference concretes, with the same formulation, made with silico-calcereous coarse natural aggregates. Concretes cylinders are subjected to heating/cooling cycles, up to 150, 300, 450 or 750°C. The heating rate is 0.5°C/min, and is followed by a 2 hours stage once the target temperature is reached, to insure an homogeneous temperature inside the cylinder. Cracks of concrete specimen are observed by optical microscopy, then their residual mechanical performances are measured (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and dynamic young modulus). Their thermal behavior (conductivity, diffusivity, specific heat, thermal gradient during heating), and the evolution of their microstructure (loss of weight, porosity) are also studied.The study is completed with a Life Cycle Analysis were the life cycle of 1m3 of concrete is studied according three options. A scenario without recycling, a scenario were demolition waste are recycled into aggregates in-situ, a scenario were demolition waste are recycled into aggregates and transported to another construction site.
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Variabilidade de agregados graúdos de resíduos de construção e demolição reciclados. / Variability of coarse recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste.

Sérgio Cirelli Angulo 27 November 2000 (has links)
Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma metodologia de análise da variabilidade de agregados graúdos de RCD reciclados, que possa ser utilizada em Centrais para o controle de qualidade dos mesmos, objetivando à identificação da influência destas características no desempenho de componentes produzidos a partir dos RCD. Nos três primeiros capítulos, realiza-se uma revisão bibliográfica do assunto, identificando os pontos relevantes do tema, abordando desde Centrais de moagem até desenvolvimento sustentável. No quarto capítulo, discute-se a metodologia de análise proposta, analisando a experimentação realizada em Santo André e no laboratório de materiais de construção da Escola Politécnica da USP. No quinto capítulo, desenvolve-se a análise de resultados e discussões. Nesta etapa, é exposto o estudo da composição de agregados graúdos de RCD reciclados por análise de imagem. Apresentam-se resultados da variabilidade obtidos para os agregados graúdos reciclados de Santo André quanto à composição de fases por separação manual e outras propriedades como materiais pulverulentos, composição granulométrica, índice de forma, absorção e massa específica. Como conclusões, o estudo aponta para a presença da significativa variabilidade em agregados reciclados em todas as propriedades analisadas e a necessidade de realização das mesmas caracterizações para a fração miúda. O uso das propriedades, abosorção de água e massa específica para adeterminação dos teores de concreto e argamassa apresentou bons resultados, aconselhando-se o emprego para a determinação das composições das fases concreto e argamassa em amostras de Centrais de Reciclagem. Os ensaios de caracterização física dos agregados graúdos naturais devem ser empregados para caracterizar esses agregados. A homogeneização da composição deve ser realizada em período superior a dois dias para esta Central. Os agregados, quando empregados em situações mais nobres, devem possuir equipamentos de controle de qualidade, como tanques de flutuação e separação magnética. Constatou-se que a porcentagem retida no fundo pelo ensaio de granulometria e os teores de argamassa têm correlação linear positiva. A análise de imagem pode ser aplicada para o estudo da composição dos agregados graúdos de RCD recilados, pois seus princípios foram comprovados em experimentos de laboratório, quando os grãos são distribuídos de forma aleatória nos plano. / The main point of this research proposes one methodology which analyses the variability of coarse CDW (Construction and Demolition Waste) recycled aggregates, applied on the quality control of these aggregates. With these analysis, it can be identified the influence of this variability in components performances. In the first three chapters, it is done one review of the literature, discussing about recycling plants, sustainable development and other topics. In the fourth chapter, it is discussed the methodology, analysing the experimentation. In fifth chapter, it is presented the results and discussions. The results presents the evaluation of the composition of the coarse CDW recycled aggregates by digital image processing. There are results of the variability of coarse CDW recycled aggregates by properties like composition using manual technique, particle size distribution, particle shape analysis, absorption, specific density and fine particles (< 0,075 mm). To sum up, the study indicates the existence of variability in whole properties analysed and the necessity of doing characterisation on fine aggregates. One developed technique improves the evaluation of composition by manual technique, using absorption and determines the percentage on the composition of concrete and mortar phases. The other characterisations of the study developed for natural aggregates can be applied to these recycled aggregates. The variability control must be done after two days for this recycling plant. In best applications, reycling plants need equipment of quality control like float tank and air classifier. It can be inferred that the percentage of fine aggregates (< 4,8mm) in grading test have linear correlation with percentage of mortar phase in composition. The study of composition using digital image processing obtained good results.
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Caracterização de agregados de resíduos de construção e demolição reciclados e a influência de suas características no comportamento de concretos. / Characterisation of recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste and the influence of their characteristics on concrete mechanical performance.

Angulo, Sérgio Cirelli 23 September 2005 (has links)
Entre os desafios para a expansão de mercado da reciclagem, encontra-se o de viabilizar o emprego dos agregados de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) reciclados em concretos. No entanto as normas que regulamentam tal emprego não são facilmente aplicáveis nas usinas de reciclagem, existindo pouca informação sistemática de como as diferentes características dos agregados de RCD reciclados influenciam no desempenho do concreto. O objetivo desta tese é identificar as características dos agregados de RCD reciclados que exerçam influência relevante no comportamento mecânico dos concretos. As seguintes etapas experimentais são desenvolvidas: a) caracterização química e mineralógica das frações granulométricas de três amostras representativas de agregados, b) caracterização das propriedades físicas de agregados graúdos separados por densidade, assim como da composição química, mineralógica e por fases, c) influência das características dos agregados graúdos separados por densidade no comportamento mecânico dos concretos. Na caracterização dos agregados foram utilizados os seguintes métodos: análise granulométrica, análise química por FRX, análise mineralógica por DRX, determinação da fração solúvel por ataque com solução de HCl 33%, e análise termogravimétrica, separação por densidade empregando líquidos densos e equipamento “Sink and Float", catação das fases, determinação da massa específica aparente e absorção de água dos agregados, dosagem e avaliação do comportamento mecânico de concretos produzidos com esses agregados. Os resultados permitem concluir que a porosidade (ou massa específica aparente) dos agregados de RCD reciclados controla o comportamento mecânico dos concretos produzidos com relação água e cimento constante, assim como a soma dos teores de aglomerantes e de cerâmica vermelha – frações mais porosas. A separação por densidade é uma técnica eficiente para separar esses agregados em subgrupos de diferentes porosidades, gerando concretos com comportamento mecânico e absorção de água similares. O estudo realizado aponta para uma densidade de corte em torno de 2,2 a 2,3 g/cm³. Os agregados contidos no intervalo “d> 2,2" possuem teores elevados de rochas e teores baixos de cerâmica vermelha, resultando em concretos com comportamento mecânico semelhante ao dos agregados naturais analisados. A avaliação da distribuição de densidade pode ser um método simples e rápido para a classificação de lotes desses agregados e controle do comportamento mecânico dos concretos produzidos. Na fração graúda e miúda, os teores de rochas e cerâmicas são superiores a 50% da massa, e o comportamento dos principais óxidos da composição química é semelhante. Esse comportamento muda significativamente na fração fina, em que predominam os aglomerantes e argilominerais (teores superiores a 77%). A origem (Itaquera e Vinhedo) e a cominuição influenciaram, de forma representativa, a distribuição de massa dos agregados graúdos de RCD reciclados separados por densidade. O agregado de Itaquera apresentou mais de 70% da massa no intervalo de densidade superior a 2,2 g/cm³. / Construction and demolition waste (CDW) recycled aggregates are not largely used in concrete due to CDW composition heterogeneity and CDW recycled aggregate physical property variability from visual classification and hand sorting of proposed standards that provide insufficient relation between the aggregate characteristics and concrete performance. This thesis aims to identify CDW recycled aggregate characteristics that influence the concrete mechanical performance. The experimental design was divided in three stages: a) detailed chemical and mineralogical characterization of three representative CDW recycled aggregate samples, b) characterization of the physical properties of the coarse CDW recycled aggregates separated by heavy media as well as the composition in terms of chemical, mineralogical, and visual phases, and c) the influence of the coarse CDW recycled aggregate separated by heavy media on concrete mechanical performance. The following methods were used: particle size distribution, chemical analysis by XRF, mineralogical analysis by XRD, soluble fraction in chloride acid leaching assay, thermal analysis, sequential heavy media and gravity separation, hand sorting, bulk specific gravity and water absorption, concrete mix design and its compressive strength and elastic modulus using the CDW recycled aggregates. In conclusion, CDW recycled aggregate porosity controls concrete mechanical performance formulated with constant cement and water relation. The concrete mechanical performance is related to bulk specific gravity of CDW recycled aggregates separated by density, including to the sum of binder and red ceramic content. Heavy media and gravity separation is efficient to separate CDW recycled aggregates in bulk specific gravity groups, producing concrete with similar concrete mechanical behavior and water absorption. Cutting density in 2.2-2.3 g/cm³ seems to be efficient since the aggregates with the upper density have high rock content resulting concrete mechanical performance similar to that produced using natural aggregates. Mass distribution in density separation could be a simple and fast method to classify CDW recycled aggregate and to control concrete mechanical performance. The coarse and sand fraction of CDW recycled aggregates had more than 50% in mass of rocks and ceramics, with quite similar main oxide contents in chemical composition. However, the contents changed in fine fraction (lower than 0.15 mm) whose binder content and clay minerals are in majority (upper to 77% in mass). The origin of CDW recycled aggregate and comminution influenced in mass distribution of sequential density separation. In Itaquera (São Paulo), the mass distribution upper to 2,2 g/cm³ was around 70%.

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