Yes / The project was designed as a retrospective service evaluation using audit to assess the identification and documentation of red flags in initial assessment of patients with low back pain. Firstly, the documentation of 11 predetermined red flags was assessed. Secondly, the documentation of relevant additional information was assessed and finally, compliance with local policy to highlight positive red flag findings in the designated area on the paperwork was examined. The documentation for the majority of red flags was high, however, clear gaps were identified. Additionally, there was no evidence of further clinical consideration of positive red flags during the diagnostic process. Possible factors influencing red flag documentation are discussed and suggestions are provided to improve recording and response to clinical indicators of malignancy.

Die vorliegende Studie untersucht das Wissen und die Beratungskompetenzen bezüglich Fieber im Kindesalter bei Pharmazie- und Medizinstudierenden im letzten Studienjahr. Da alle Absolventen des Medizin- und Pharmaziestudiums mit fiebernden Kindern konfrontiert werden können, sollten sie mit der Thematik vertraut sein und eine mögliche Gefährdung des fiebernden Kindes („red flags“) erkennen sowie die Eltern kompetent beraten können. Die Studie deckte große Defizite in Wissen und Beratungskompetenzen von Pharmazie- und Medizinstudierenden auf, die sich im letzten Jahr ihrer universitären Ausbildung befanden. Aus den Ergebnissen der vorliegenden Studie lassen sich somit Erkenntnisse zur Qualitätssicherung und -verbesserung in der Lehre ableiten. Zukünftige Universitätskurse sollten die Studierenden besser auf die 'Situationen im wirklichen Leben' vorbereiten und den Schwerpunkt stärker auf wesentliche Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten legen. Dabei hat die Studie aufgezeigt, dass insbesondere die Vermittlung von theoretischem Wissen über „red flags“, das praktische Erkennen von akut gefährdenden Umständen bei kindlichem Fieber, sowie die Beratung der Eltern in den Fokus gerückt werden sollte. Fieber

In this thesis, red flags for dangerousness/lethality established from domestic violence and homicide research provided the social framework for an examination of legal responses to violence in intimate heterosexual relationships. The research investigated these gendered, structural patterns of violence and the effectiveness of criminal justice interventions in keeping victims safe. Agency interactions with offenders and victims prior to women's deaths were reviewed in selected cases. Criminal law constructions of violence in intimate relationships were evaluated for their recognition and understanding of primary risk factors for dangerousness/lethality. The research found major red flags remain invisible in criminal law stereotypes of violence between intimates. The significance of these risk factors for dangerousness/lethality is therefore overlooked, misunderstood and even misrepresented in defence of violent offenders. Although the aim of the Domestic Violence Act 1995 is to ensure effective protection for victims, the study found a significant number of women (and sometimes other family members and children) experience further sub-lethal and lethal violence following legal interventions with perpetrators. Lacking a principled policy foundation, central focus on victim safety and clear framework for interventions, legal responses are internally incoherent and inconsistent with New Zealand Family Violence Prevention Strategy. The New Zealand government has committed to principled domestic violence intervention and consistency in law and policy. This will require: a) legislative reform; b) public and professional education on the dynamics of violent relationships, including the interrelationship between sublethal and lethal assaults; and c) monitoring of criminal justice interventions to improve accountability. Until this is accomplished, stories of abused women and their children, including informal attempts to seek help and contact with state and community agencies will continue to be dishonoured by a legal system which silences their voices and fails to learn lessons from their injuries and deaths.

Investment managers are entrusted with clients assets and should act with due care and diligence when dealing with it. The regulation of investment managers does not preclude the possibility that they can defraud their clients. The question posed by this research is whether the regulator can as part of its risk-based supervision methodology apply a fraud auditing approach to identify possible investment fraud schemes. The regulatory mandate and powers to pro-actively detect fraud is considered as well as the changes required to the regulator’s methodologies. / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Accounting / unrestricted

The presentation will look beyond red flags to inform Rx legitimacy judgments and subsequent prescribing and dispensing decisions. The presenter will describe the outcomes of two research projects that examined prescribers’ and pharmacists’ perceptions of Rx legitimacy and Rx drug abuse communication behaviors. Attendees will gain insight into the process of evaluating Rx legitimacy and learn how subjectivity inherent in these judgments influences prescribing and dispensing behaviors and patient care. The presenter also will identify evidence­based, practice-friendly interventions to engage community pharmacists in community-based prevention of Rx drug abuse and its consequences.

Background: Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis (NMDAR-E) is an autoimmune encephalitis (AE) mainly affecting young females. It typically presents with isolated psychiatric symptoms (e.g. depressed mood) at first and neurological abnormalities (e.g. seizures, movement disorders) only develop later. Thus, there is a high risk of overlooking NMDAR-E in patients with preexisting psychiatric illness due to symptom overlap in the prodromal period of the disease when treatment is most effective. Although rare, concomitant or sequential development of a demyelinating disorder is increasingly recognized as an associated disease entity (overlap syndrome), with immediate diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Case presentation: We report a patient with a borderline personality disorder (BPD), which developed NMDAR-E and an overlapping demyelinating disorder with anti-Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) -IgG positivity. The initial clinical presentation with predominantly affective symptoms (e.g. mood lability, anxiety, depressed mood) lead us to suspect an exacerbation of the BPD at first. However, acute changes in premorbid behavior, newly developed psychotic symptoms and memory deficits lead us to the correct diagnosis of an AE, which was further complicated by the development of a demyelinating disorder. As a result of impaired illness awareness and psychosis, diagnostic and treatment was difficult to carry out. The symptoms completely remitted after treatment with methylprednisolone 1 g daily for 5 days and 5 cycles of plasma exchange. Conclusions: Continuous awareness for neuropsychiatric clinical warning signs in patients with a pre-diagnosed psychiatric disorder is important for a timely diagnosis. Therefore, we believe that the diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm provided here, for the first time specifically addressing patients with preexisting psychiatric illness and integrating overlap syndromes, can be a useful tool. Moreover, in order to timely perform diagnostics and treatment, judicial approval should be obtained rapidly.

The research problem for this study was that forensic investigators in the Forensic Services (FS) of the City of Tshwane (CoT) are unable to successfully deal with procurement fraud as a result of the lack of knowledge, skills and resources required to conduct computer forensics during the investigation of procurement fraud. This research was conducted to ascertain the value of computer forensics in the investigation of procurement fraud. Further, the study sought to determine how to improve the CoT forensic investigators’ knowledge and competence regarding the application of computer forensics in the investigation of procurement fraud. The purpose of this study was to explore the procedures that should be followed by CoT forensic investigators when conducting computer forensics during the investigation of procurement fraud. The research also aimed to discover new information, not previously known to the researcher, related to computer forensics during the investigation of procurement fraud by exploring national and international literature. In addition, the study explored existing practices so as to use this information to improve the current CoT procedure, within the confines of the legislative requirements. The overall purpose of this study is to provide practical recommendations for best practices, based on the results of the data analysis, which address the problem and enhance the investigative skills of CoT forensic investigators. The study established that it is imperative and compulsory to apply computer forensics in any procurement fraud investigation in order to efficiently track down cyber criminals and solve complicated and complex computer crimes. It was also established that forensic investigators within the FS in the CoT lack the necessary computer skills to optimally investigate procurement fraud. It is therefore recommended that CoT forensic investigators acquire the necessary skills and essential training in computer forensics in order to improve their knowledge and competence regarding the application and understanding of the value of computer forensics in the investigation of procurement fraud. / School of Criminal Justice / M.Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

Text in English / Procurement fraud is an enormous problem and the South African news is perforated with reports of this illicit act. Procurement fraud occurs in all the phases of the procurement cycle, but this illicit act is mostly committed during the tender phase. Business does not see procurement fraud as a crime and therefor this crime is committed due to non-existent internal controls and processes to assess the adequacy of these controls. The purpose of the research was to highlight that procurement fraud occurs when internal controls are being bypassed or if an entity has an ineffective internal control system. The researcher studied the appraising of internal controls to understand the role it plays in detecting, preventing and investigating procurement fraud, specifically during the tender phase. The research design utilised was a qualitative research approach and an empirical design plan or strategy, to obtain the information. The researcher opted for this design to obtain information from literature and information from individuals in appraising internal controls. This ensured a comprehensive data gathering process. The goal of this research was to provide practical recommendations to assist investigators in private and public sectors with investigations into procurement fraud during a tender. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigation)

In the context of violent crimes and criminal investigations, the effectiveness and proven success of offender or criminal profiling have been well documented. In reference to white-collar crime perpetrators offenders, this is a much less documented topic though. For any organisation to function effectively and be profitable there is huge reliance placed on employees. There is an expectation that the employees will carry out their functions with honesty and integrity while having the employer’s best interests in mind. Recent local and international published fraud surveys reported widely on the growing trend that has become known as the insider threat. This trend relates to the actual occurrence of misconduct by staff members and has increased proportionally over the years, i.e. from 55% in 2010 to a staggering 81% in 2015. The aim of this research was to determine how to profile staff members who commit white-collar crime in the South African short-term insurance industry. In addition, this research also focused on an introduction on the South African short-term insurance industry, as well as the suggested sources to consider when profiling staff as potential white-collar criminal perpetrators and the importance of making use of crime linkage analysis. Results of this research include that the main objective of profiling will at all times be to perform a structured social and psychological assessment of the perpetrator and when conducting the profiling of potential white-collar criminal perpetrators, there are specific offender characteristics to consider, and detailed data will be required pertaining to certain categories. / Police Practice / M. Tech. (Forensic Investigations)