This study determined outcomes of a low-carbohydrate (CHO) and moderate-CHO diet on weight loss, ketone production, and urinary calcium excretion in a convenience sample of 14 (ages 18-26, m=2, f=12) overweight students at a midwestern college for one month in a two-week, cross over study design. Results showed significant weight loss in subjects over time (p< .01). However, no significant difference between diet groups over time for weight loss was shown. Outcome of urine ketone production remained unaffected over time and between groups over time. A significant difference was noted in urinary calcium excretion within subjects over time (p=.035), yet not between groups over time. These findings suggest that weight loss may be due to a decrease in water and lean body mass from glycogen mobilization. Ketone production was unaffected possibly due to non-compliance with diet recommendations and small sample size of the study. Urinary calcium excretion increases may be attributed to higher protein intakes in participants on the modified-CHO diets, possibly allowing for a negative calcium balance in the body leading to premature osteoporosis. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-129). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

No description available.

Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinarty Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Objectives: To determine aspects of knowledge, attitudes and practices of Medical Practitioners on obesity and weight management in three urban centres in Kenya. Research methods and procedures: A cross sectional survey of a randomly selected sample of 485 Medical Practitioners (MPs) from three urban centres in Kenya namely Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu was carried out. Four hundred and thirty (89% response) questionnaires were fully completed and returned. Data was gathered on the demographics of the study population; knowledge of nutrition and obesity; awareness of obesity as a health problem assessment, management (diet, exercise and pharmacology) and practices regarding obesity as well as if and how the MPs would like their knowledge of obesity improved.

No

A indústria siderúrgica do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul é do tipo semi-integrada e produz aço a partir de sucata, utilizando fornos a arco elétrico. Em suas atividades gera vários tipos de resíduos, dentre estes as carepas, cujo componente principal são óxidos de ferro. Este material não encontra utilização e geralmente tem destinação final em aterros de resíduos industriais ou co-processamento em fábricas de cimento. A produção e o processamento do carvão vegetal no estado do Rio Grande do Sul também geram como principal resíduo uma fração de baixa granulometria constituída de finos de carvão vegetal que praticamente não tem utilização e é descartada no meio ambiente. O objetivo do presente trabalho é buscar uma solução para a reciclagem de carepas geradas em usinas semi-integradas dentro do próprio processo produtivo. A solução proposta foi o desenvolvimento de um briquete autorredutor elaborado com carepa de aciaria e finos de carvão vegetal, com possibilidade de utilização na carga do forno elétrico à arco. Carepas e finos de carvão vegetal foram coletados e caracterizados. Briquetes autorredutores foram feitos com estes materiais e submetidos a ensaios de redução nas temperaturas de 1100, 1200 e 1260°C. O comportamento dos briquetes em altas temperaturas foi qualitativamente avaliado. Cálculos matemáticos e simulação computacional foram utilizados numa estimativa do consumo energético destes briquetes. O desempenho dos briquetes e os resultados obtidos permitem concluir pela potencialidade de utilização destes briquetes autorredutores como parte da carga de fornos elétricos a arco. / The steelmaking industry in Rio Grande do Sul State is semi-integrated and produces steel from scrap metal using electric arc furnaces. In its activities generates several wastes, among them mill scale, which main component are iron oxides. This material does not have use and generally have final destination in industrial landfills or co-processing in cement plants. The production and processing of charcoal in Rio Grande do Sul State also generate as main waste a fraction of low granulometry, consisting of charcoal fines what practically have no use and is disposal in the environment. The objective of the present work is to look for a solution to mill scale recycling, generated in semi-integrated steelmaking plants, inside its own productive process. The proposed solution was the development of self-reducing briquette produced with mill scale and charcoal fines, with possibilities of use in charge of electric arc furnace. Mill scale and charcoal fines were collected and characterized. Self-reducing briquettes were made from these materials and subjected to tests of reduction at temperatures of 1100, 1200 and 1260°C. The behaviour of briquettes in high temperatures was qualitatively evaluated. Mathematical calculation and computational simulation were used in a estimative of the energetic consumption of these briquettes. The performance of briquettes and the obtained results allow to conclude the potential use of these self-reducing briquettes as a part of charge in electric arc furnaces.

Coal-generated acid mine drainage (AMD) is characterized by low-pH waters with excessive loads of dissolved species such as SO4, Fe, Al and Mn along with other elements of environmental concern (i.e. Cd, As, Cr, Ni, Pb, Se and Cu). To mitigate this problem, anaerobic sulfate reducing bioreactors (ASRB) have been implemented as a technology for passive treatment systems that utilize low-cost organic substrates to stimulate biologically enhanced contaminant sequestration. Previous work has identified the establishment of diverse microbial communities in which a hierarchal chain of substrate degradation processes is essential in developing sustainable environments to produce long-lived sulfate-reducing microbial (SRM) populations. In this study, to determine the optimal mixture of substrate types, alternating ratios of herbaceous (ie. leaves, grass, spent brewing grains) and ligneous (i.e. maple wood chips and saw dust) reactor matrices were tested. Five bioreactors along with one control reactor containing only limestone were constructed at the Tab-Simco abandoned mine land (AML) site in southern Illinois, USA. The field experiments were monitored over ~ one year (377 days) to evaluate the physical, geochemical and microbiological parameters which dictate ASRB efficiency in remediation of AMD contaminants. Results from this experiment documented contaminant removal in all reactors. However, the bioreactors established SRM populations that contributed to enhanced removal of SO4, Fe, and trace metals (i.e. Cu, Cd, Zn, Ni). Geochemical assessment of the aqueous environments established within the bioreactors suggested multiple pathways of contaminant sequestration. This included the formation of Fe-oxyhydroxide precipitates, adsorption, co-precipitation (e.g. Zn/Ni-Ferrites) and bio-induced sulfide mineralization. Activity of the SRMs was dependent on temperature, with bioreactors exhibiting decreases in both effluent sulfide concentrations and 34S-depletion of sulfate during low-T months (i.e. T < 10°C). Overall, maximum remediation of dissolved constituents SO4, Fe, Al and Mn was obtained in the predominantly herbaceous bioreactors. Extrapolation of our results to the full-scale Tab-Simco bioreactor indicated that, over the course of one year, the herbaceous bioreactors would remove ~75,600 kg SO4, 21,800 kg Fe, 8000 kg Al, and 77 kg Mn. This represents a 21.7 wt%, 41.5 wt%, 9.4 wt% and 81.8 wt% increase in SO4, Fe, Al and Mn removal over dominantly ligneous bioreactors, respectively. Although the overall Fe removal within the limestone control reactor reached 44.5 mol%; removal of 19.5 mol% SO4 and 36.9 mol% Al from influent AMD were significantly less when compared to the bioreactors. These results imply that ASRB technologies are promising in remediation of coal-generated AMD and increasing herbaceous content of bioreactors can significantly enhance contaminant sequestration. However, geochemical results also displayed seasonal variation in redox gradients within our field ASRB's which may induce dissolution of the redox sensitive phases produced within bioreactors. Furthermore, optimal microbial-mediated sulfate reduction may be inhibited by the high surface areas of the abundant Fe/Al-oxyhydroxides which dominate the system. Therefore, to enhance ASRB remediation capacity, future designs must optimize not only the organic carbon substrate but also include a pretreatment phase in which the bulk of dissolved Fe/Al-species are removed from the influent AMD prior to entering the bioreactor.

[pt] Neste trabalho, foram feitas experiências de redução em temperaturas na faixa de 900°C a 1300°C, usando briquetes auto-redutores contendo óxidos de manganês e carvão vegetal, visando investigar o processo de redução de MnO2 para MnO. É apresentado um panorama geral do manganês, indicando os principais produtos, entre eles, o MnO para uso agropecuário e a liga FeMn, insumo siderúrgico e evidenciando os aspectos termodinâmicos e cinéticos no processamento para a obtenção destes produtos. Cabe assinalar que o MnO é um produto intermediário no processo de fabricação da liga ferro-manganês. Mostram-se também detalhes do procedimento experimental, caracterização dos materiais utilizados e as discussões sobre os resultados obtidos. Na determinação das conversões de MnO foi utilizado o método de análise química de titulação por complexometría com EDTA. A partir dos resultados experimentais foi proposto um modelo para determinação dos parâmetros cinéticos. Pelos resultados da redução de Mn+4 para Mn+2, foi possível distinguir dois estágios nas temperaturas ensaiadas. O primeiro estágio foi marcado por altas velocidades de reação, a até aproximadamente 10 minutos de experimentação, alcançando conversões elevadas de MnO; como foi o caso dos ensaios nas temperaturas de 1000°C e 1200°C, que já indicavam em 10 minutos valores de conversões iguais a 0.94. Já para o segundo estágio, após os 10 minutos iniciais de experimentação, as velocidades e os valores da conversão apresentaram uma queda, sugerindo que o produto do primeiro estágio, o MnO, poderia estar começando a se transformar em outra substancia ( provavelmente o Mn3C ). Por não ser objetivo desta dissertação determinar a natureza da citada transformação, apenas a evidência de sua ocorrência foi aqui explicitada, ficando os estudos mais detalhados para outro trabalho. O modelo cinético concluiu que o processo se passava essencialmente em duas etapas : uma para tempos curtos e outra para tempos longos, sendo o tempo de experimentação em torno de 10 minutos a fronteira destas etapas . O valor da energia de ativação para a etapa em tempos menores, ou seja, inferiores a 10 minutos, foi, nas temperaturas estudadas, 1000, 1100, 1150 e 1200°C, de 11,50 KJ/mol e o fator de freqüência pré-exponencial 0,057 mHz, sugerindo um controle difusional.. Já para os tempos maiores que 10 minutos, os experimentos nas temperaturas de 900, 1000, 1100, 1150, 1200 e 1300°C, muito embora não se tenha pesquisado a natureza do novo composto ( possivelmente o carboneto de manganês ), forneceu para a energia de ativação o valor de 46,10 KJ/mol e para o fator de freqüência pré-exponencial 48,045 Hz, sugerindo, em conseqüência, um mecanismo predominantemente misto, ou seja, equilibradamente difusional e químico. / [en] In this work, aiming at the investigation on the reduction process of manganese dioxide to manganese oxide, experiments were made using selfreducing briquettes containing manganese oxides and charcoal, at temperatures ranging from 900 to 1300oC. A general overview of the manganese is presented, indicating its principal products such as, the farming usage of MnO and the steelmaking application of the FeMn alloys, also emphasizing the thermodynamical and kinectical aspects of their productions. It is worthwhile to emphasize that MnO is an intermediary product in the production of the FeMn alloy. Experimental details concerning materials characterization and discussion on the obtained results, are also presented. In the determination of the MnO conversion the complexometric titration with EDTA chemical procedure was applied. From these determinations a model was proposed for the calculation of the kinectic parameters. The experimental results of reduction, from Mn+4 towards Mn+2 , it was possible to identify two stages for the reactions in the temperature range from 900 to 1300 C. An onset stage was marked by high reaction rates, lasting for the first 10 minutes, achieving high MnO conversions. In the experiments carried out in the range of 1000 to 1200oC, for instance, a 0,94 conversion was attained within just 10 minutes. As for the second stage, beginning after 10 minutes, the conversion showed a decrease, suggesting that the product of the first stage, the MnO, could be suffering a transformation, generating an other substance - probably Mn3C. Being this a new process, out of the scope of this work, its elucidation is left here as a suggestion for later works. Wrapping up the kinetic model, a time frontier between the two processes, around 10 minutes, was considered . Below this limit, i.e., in the temperatures - 1000, 1100, 1150 and 1200oC -, the process exhibited an apparent activation energy of 11.50 kJ x mol -1 and a pre-exponential frequency factor of 57 µHz, inferring a diffusion control. As for times beyond 10 minutes, in experiments at 900, 1000, 1100, 1150, 1200 e 1300°C, though the nature of a new compound was not probed - possibly a manganese carbide - it was possible to measure a new apparent activation energy, 46.10 kJ x mol -1 , with a pre- exponential frequency factor of 48 Hz, values coherent with a mixed control, i.e., between the diffusional and the chemical mechanisms.

This thesis deals with neonatal pain and possibility of its reduction during three most painful interventions, to which newborns are exposed. The interventions were selected based on the study of literature, among them belongs collection of capillary blood for screening of newborns, insertion and removal of a gastric tube and airway suctioning of the newborn. Pain has protective reasons as it shall protect us from harming tissues. But sometimes it is necessary to cause pain for the purpose of performing a diagnostic or medical treatment. But there are some ways how to reduce pain at newborns. The theoretical part describes the basic facts about pain, its origin and transfer, importance and types of pain. This thesis also describes the specifics of fetus nervous system maturation during pregnancy. Furthermore, it mentions evaluation of pain manifestation and ways of treating it. Another sub-chapter contains a description of selected medical treatments and ways of palliating pain during their implementation. The last section is dedicated to clinical recommended procedures. The practical part of the work was carried out in four neonatal intensive care units. There were intentionally selected three respondents in each unit, with whom were led guided interviews which are recorded in chapter 4.2. Results of interviews with each respondent are summarized in transparent tables. This thesis had three objectives. The first objective was to compare the method of implementation of selected painful procedures at newborns in theory and practice. We wanted to know whether nursing procedures carried out in selected neonatal units correspond with procedures described in literature. By questioning and observation was found out that some respondents did not follow recommendations. The differences are described in chapter "Results and discussion". The second objective was to determine whether nurses at selected wards have selected performance standards and whether they are also interested in latest procedures of palliating pain at newborns. All respondents stated that performance standards are selected, but not all are prescribed only for newborns. Almost all respondents (except one) have stated that they were interested in new ways of reducing pain, but not all methods are listed in the standards. The third objective was to determine whether nurses abide selected nursing care standards and whether they employ their most recent knowledge about neonatal pain reduction in practice. By observiation was not found non-observance of standards, but also was not found implementation of new procedure knowledge that respondents stated in an interview. At the same time the respondents (except two) reported that there was no need to change the standards at selected performances. The outcome of this work is a new standard for each performance which was dealt with in this thesis. Standards were created eventhough the respondents stated that there was no need to change them. It is necessary to verify new standards in practice.