Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:16:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuziaLSF_Dissert.pdf: 2090486 bytes, checksum: d33aa3d21b6e7f08dba8853438e95a45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-30 / The lipid profile is a group of lab tests that include triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). However, serum non-HDL-C, Apo A-I and Apo B levels, as well as the lipids ratios (TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and Apo B/Apo A-I), have been described as better predictors of cardiovascular diseases. Reference intervals are tools often used to help the evaluation of the people s health state. These days, Brazilian studies still use the reference intervals of lipids and lipoproteins from other countries, ignoring differences between the populations. Therefore, this study aimed to establish reference intervals for lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in adults of Rio Grande do Norte/Brazil. Healthy individuals (96 men and 283 women) between 18 and 59years old formed the reference sample group. The samples were collected after fasting 12 to 14 hours. Information on lifestyle and dietary habits of the participants were obtained through questionnaire. The serum glucose level and renal and liver activity were evaluated by laboratory testing. The results of lipid profile were analyzed according to sex, age and mesoregion of Rio Grande do Norte, with significance level of 5% (p < 0,05). The lower and upper reference limits were identified by the 2.5 percentile and 97.5 percentile, respectively, and assurance intervals of 90% was calculated for each of these limits. Among the determinants of lipid profile analyzed, only a few significant differences were observed according to sex, but in terms of age, the groups of smaller and older ages were most likely different. When evaluated by region, the means of West region shown the most significant variations. Not many studies were useful to compare the reference intervals determined in this study. Thus, it becomes necessary to carry out similar studies in other regions of Brazil and of the world given the clinical importance of reference intervals / O perfil lip?dico ? definido pelas determina??es laboratoriais dos triglicer?deos, do colesterol total (CT) e das fra??es do colesterol (HDL-C e LDL-C). Por?m, as concentra??es s?ricas do n?o-HDL-C e das apolipoprote?nas A-I e B, assim como as raz?es CT/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C e Apo B/Apo A-I, t?m sido descritos como melhores preditores de doen?as cardiovasculares. Os intervalos de refer?ncia s?o ferramentas frequentemente utilizadas no aux?lio da avalia??o do estado de sa?de das pessoas. Hoje, estudos nacionais ainda utilizam intervalos de refer?ncia do perfil lip?dico procedentes de outros pa?ses, desconsiderando diferen?as entre as popula??es. Assim, este trabalho objetivou estabelecer intervalos de refer?ncia para lip?dios, lipoprote?nas e apolipoprote?nas em adultos no estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN). Ap?s uma criteriosa sele??o para compor o grupo de refer?ncia de indiv?duos sadios, foram utilizadas 379 amostras de sangue coletadas por venopun??o ap?s jejum de 12 a 14 horas, sendo 96 de homens e 283 de mulheres, ambos com idade entre 18 a 59 anos. Informa??es sobre o estilo de vida e os h?bitos alimentares dos participantes foram obtidas atrav?s de um question?rio e a avalia??o da glicemia e das fun??es renal e hep?tica foi realizada por testes laboratoriais. Os resultados do perfil lip?dico foram analisados em fun??o do sexo, da idade e da mesorregi?o do RN, sempre adotando um n?vel de signific?ncia de 5% (p < 0,05). Os limites de refer?ncia inferior e superior foram identificados atrav?s do percentil 2,5 e do percentil 97,5, respectivamente, e intervalos de confian?a de 90% foram calculados para cada um desses limites. Dentre os determinantes do perfil lip?dico estudados, poucos apresentaram diferen?a significativa quanto ao sexo mas, quanto ? idade, os grupos de menor e maior faixa et?ria foram os que mais diferiram. Quando avaliados por regi?o, os valores m?dios da mesorregi?o Oeste foram os mais diferentes significativamente. Poucos trabalhos foram ?teis para comparar os intervalos de refer?ncia determinados neste estudo. Assim, se faz necess?ria a realiza??o de estudos semelhantes a este em outras regi?es do pa?s e do mundo, visto a grande import?ncia cl?nica dos intervalos de refer?ncia

Introduction: Sexual hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a protein that binds to androgens and oestrogens, especially testosterone. The fraction of testosterone that is not bound to SHBG is the biologically active fraction which makes its determination more relevant than determining the total amount of circulating testosterone. It is difficult to measure the plasma concentration of free testosterone; therefore calculations using the concentrations of testosterone and SHBG are used to estimate the amount of free testosterone. A few calculations include the concentration of albumin because testosterone also binds to albumin. The main aims of this study were to verify a method for the determination of SHBG and to calculate a reference interval for free androgen index (FAI, testosterone/SHBG) in women. Other calculations for determination of the free testosterone fraction were compared. Methods: Testosterone, SHBG and albumin were measured in serum from 20 men and 100 women. Testosterone and SHBG was measured using immunoassays on a Roche Modular E instrument (ECLIA). Albumin was measured with a c8000 Architect instrument. Four calculations, two with only testosterone and SHBG and two with testosterone, SHBG and albumin were compared.  Results/Conclusion: The verification of the SHBG method was successful which means that the method can be taken into routine use. A reference interval for FAI was constructed. It was difficult to show if other estimation of free testosterone would work better than FAI in clinical practice. This is discussed.

Marine turtle numbers are in a state of flux around the world. Six of the seven remaining species of these long-lived animals are threatened; with the seventh being listed data deficient. Reasons for these fluctuations are speculated to be due to human related impacts (direct) and increase in disease occurrence caused by changes in the natural environment (indirect). Most direct impacts have been identified and strategies implemented to mitigate their effects with varying degrees of success; however the indirect effects on marine animals remain an understudied area. This thesis outlined the development of ante- and post-mortem diagnostic techniques to identify prevalent diseases affecting two marine turtle species in southern Queensland over a four year (2006-2009) period. This data was used to determine the impact of disease on turtle survivorship. Two-hundred and ninety green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from Moreton and Shoalwater Bays were captured, clinically assessed and blood sampled. Clinically healthy animals (n = 211) were used to derive biochemical and haematological reference intervals using two methods. Comparisons with clinically unhealthy animals (n = 25) indicated all unhealthy animals had at least some plasma biochemical and haematological values outside the derived intervals (albumin, 48% of unhealthy animals; alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 35%; aspartate transaminase (AST), 13%; creatinine, 30%; globulin, 3%; glucose, 34%; lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), 26%; phosphorus, 22%; sodium, 13%; thrombocytes, 57%; and monocytes, 5%). Amongst small immature animals, those with Chelonibia testudinaria plastron barnacle counts of at least 20 were approximately three times more likely to be unhealthy than turtles with no barnacles. In addition, small immature and mature turtles were more likely to be unhealthy than large immature turtles (Chapter 2). By the same method, 101 loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) in Moreton Bay were assessed and bled. Clinically healthy animals (n = 63) were used to derive intervals. Comparisons with clinically unhealthy animals (n = 23) indicated 82% and 45% had at least one biochemical and hematological result, respectively, outside of at least one of the calculated intervals. Neither sex nor maturity (mature versus large immature) influenced the risk of being clinically unhealthy (Chapter 3). A standardised approach to post-mortem examination of marine turtles for veterinary clinicians with a concurrent descriptive review of gross and microscopic pathological lesions commonly seen during examination in Australia (Chapter 4) was used to accurately determine diseases and causes of death in 100 green turtles submitted from various regions of southern Queensland for examination. Spirorchiid parasitism was found to be the most frequently occurring cause of mortality (41.8%), followed by gastrointestinal impaction (11.8%), microbiological infectious diseases (5.2%) and trauma (5.2%). Spirorchiid parasitism with associated inflammation (75%) was the most frequently occurring disease followed by gastrointestinal impaction (5.1%). Season and turtle age had limited influences on disease. Severity of spirorchiidiasis in the brain was independent of severity in other organs (Chapter 5). From these examinations, the most prevalent disease syndrome (spirorchiidiasis) and a previously unreported finding in Australian waters (corneal fibropapillomatosis) were selected to be examined in greater detail. Spirorchiid parasites from four organs in five green turtles were identified by established morphological and molecular techniques. Morphological study of adults identified Carettacola sp. in the serosal wall of the gastrointestinal tract, Hapalotrema mehrai in the heart and Learedius learedi in the spleen. Worms from the brain probably belonged to the genus Neospirorchis. DNA sequences from a portion of the 28S ribosomal RNA gene were obtained; but only matches for Hapalotrema mehrai and Learedius learedi were made. The prevalence and severity of this disease warrants further investigation into development of molecular techniques for use as a prognostic tool for turtles entering rehabilitation (Chapter 6). Chelonid corneal fibropapillomatosis, a previously unreported disease manifestation in Australia, was identified in 0.5% of 787 examined green turtles in 2008 (Chapter 7). This novel syndrome was shown to reduce visibility, potentially negatively affecting turtle survivorship and should be monitored for further spread. Findings from this thesis and the published literature were used to derive a mathematical model to determine the effects of identified diseases on Moreton Bay green turtle survivorship. This model demonstrated diseases at current prevalence will not negatively affect survivorship but an adverse environmental disruption or an increase in current disease frequency may threaten these animals (Chapter 8). Information presented in this thesis was used to test the general hypothesis ‘Differences in disease and health between stranded and functional populations of marine turtles will indicate major and currently unmeasured causes of population decline.’ This hypothesis was partially upheld. Differences in disease and health status between stranded and functional populations were demonstrated, but more work is required to comprehensively examine these statuses. Diagnostics and continued environmental assessment should become the focus of future investigations. These findings should be incorporated in future management strategies.

Einleitung: Mangan (Mn) ist ein essentielles Spurenelement, welches als integraler Bestandteil von Metalloenzymen oder als Kofaktor zahlreiche Stoffwechselprozesse katalysiert. Häufig wird der Versorgungsstatus von Pferden über eine Blutanalyse im Serum überprüft, obwohl wissenschaftlich belegte Referenzbereiche für Pferde bislang nicht etabliert wurden. Es liegen für Pferde kaum Untersuchungen vor, die Effekte einer Supplementierung bei definierter Mn-Aufnahme betrachtet haben. In der Literatur finden sich im Allgemeinen nur wenige Untersuchungen zu Mn bei Pferden. Ziel der Studie: Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung war die Etablierung von Mn-Referenzintervallen für adulte Warmblutpferde im Plasma, Serum und Vollblut sowie die Überprüfung von Effekten einer oralen Mn-Supplementierung mit unterschiedlichen Verbindungen (organisch vs. anorganisch) auf die Mn-Konzentrationen im Blut und in der Milch von Stuten und auf die Mn-Blutkonzentrationen von deren Saugfohlen. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Für die Referenzwerterhebung wurden von 270 gesunden, adulten Warmblutpferden im Alter von 3-25 Jahren einmalig Blutproben gewonnen, um im Lithium Heparin (LH)-Plasma, Serum und Vollblut die Mn-Konzentration mittels Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie (AAS) und Massenspektrometrie mit induktiv gekoppeltem Plasma (ICP-MS) zu analysieren. Zeitgleich entnommene Futterproben ermöglichten die Bestimmung des Mn-Gehaltes der korrespondierenden Fütterung. In eine 90-tägige, randomisierte, placebo-kontrollierte Supplementierungsphase wurden 33 laktierende Stuten und deren Saugfohlen einbezogen und in drei Fütterungsgruppen (Placebo n = 11, MnChelat n = 11, MnSulfat n = 11) eingeteilt. Zusätzlich zur Basisration (Heu ad libitum, Mischration: Mn-Aufnahme ca. 100 mg/kg Trockenmasse (TM)) erhielten die Stuten täglich 200 g eines Ergänzungsfutters entweder als Placebo oder mit 560 mg Mn als Mn-Sulfat oder Mn-Chelat zugesetzt. Blut- und Milchanalysen wurden mittels ICP-MS an 14-tägig gewonnenen Proben von Stuten und Fohlen durchgeführt. Die Daten wurden unter Verwendung der kommerziellen Software Statistica®, IBM SPSS Statistics 27 und XLSTAT statistisch ausgewertet. Die Referenzintervalle wurden nach den Empfehlungen des Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute und der International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine berechnet, wonach sie den Bereich zwischen 2,5. und 97,5. Perzentil der analysierten Mn-Konzentrationen umfassen. Ein Methodenvergleich für die AAS und ICP-MS erfolgte mittels Passing-Bablok-Regression. Daten aus der Mn-Supplementierungsstudie wurden mittels des Shapiro-Wilks-Testes auf Normalverteilung überprüft. Die Daten waren nicht normalverteilt, sodass Tests für nicht-parametrische Daten angewendet wurden. Das Signifikanzniveau lag bei p < 0,05. Die Darstellung der Daten erfolgt als Median und dem 25./75. Perzentil. Ergebnisse: Die Mn-Aufnahme (587 – 1702 mg/Tag) war bei allen Pferden deutlich höher als die Mn-Versorgungsempfehlung von 485-545 mg/Tag. Die Pferde zeigten bei der Referenzwerterhebung im Vollblut mit medianen Mn-Konzentrationen von 12,4 µg/l (Interquartilsbereich: 9,10-16,1 µg/l) signifikant höhere Mn-Werte (p < 0,0001) als im korrespondierenden Serum (Median: 1,65 µg/l; Interquartilsbereich: 1,39-1,95 µg/l) oder LH-Plasma (Median: 1,35 µg/l; Interquartilsbereich: 1,01-1,71 µg/l). Diese Ergebnisse ließen sich auch durch die Supplementierungsstudie bestätigen. Die Stuten wiesen im Vollblut (Median: 15,6 µg/l; Interquartilsbereich: 12,8 - 18,5 µg/l) zehnfach höhere Mn-Konzentrationen als im Serum (Median: 1,54 µg/l; Interquartilsbereich: 1,20 - 1,90 µg/l) auf. Auch die Fohlen wiesen 16,4-fach höhere Mn-Konzentrationen im Vollblut (Median: 21,3 µg/l; Interquartilsbereich: 16,7 - 28,1 µg/l) im Vergleich zum Serum (Median: 1,50 µg/l; Interquartilsbereich: 1,30 - 1,70 µg/l) auf. Die Mn-Vollblutspiegel der Fohlen entsprachen der 1,6-fachen Mn-Konzentration ihrer Mutterstuten und unterschieden sich signifikant (p < 0,01). Die Milch enthielt mediane Mn-Konzentrationen von 0,012 mg/kg. Die Mn-Supplementierung hatte keinen Effekt auf die Mn-Spiegel in der Milch oder im Blut von Stuten und deren Fohlen. Im Methodenvergleich ergaben sich für LH-Plasma und Serum zwischen der AAS und der ICP-MS statistisch signifikante Abweichungen in den Mn-Bestimmungen, wohingegen beide Verfahren für das Vollblut vergleichbare Ergebnisse lieferten. Schlussfolgerung: Vollblut zeigt durchschnittlich 10-fach höhere Mn-Konzentrationen als Serum oder LH-Plasma. Bei der Bewertung von Mn-Konzentrationen im Blut muss daher beachtet werden, welches Probenmaterial analysiert wurde und welche Methode angewandt wird, da es zwischen AAS und ICP-MS in Serum und Plasma zu relevanten Unterschieden kommen kann. Die Mn-Supplementierung beeinflusste die Mn-Konzentrationen im Blut nicht. Darüber hinaus waren die Mn-Spiegel im Vollblut der Fohlen im Vergleich zu den Stuten höher, obwohl die Mn-Konzentrationen unabhängig von der Supplementierung in der Stutenmilch niedrig waren. Aufgrund des geringen Mn-Gehaltes in der Milch ist eine frühzeitige Mn-Ergänzung, vorzugsweise über Raufutter notwendig, um die Mn-Versorgung der Fohlen sicherzustellen. Die kalkulierte Mn-Aufnahme der Pferde in dieser Studie zeigt, dass aufgrund der hohen Mn-Gehalte im Raufutter ein Mn-Mangel in der Praxis selten vorkommt.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 1 Einleitung 1 2 Literaturübersicht 2 2.1 Vorkommen und chemische Eigenschaften von Mangan 2 2.2 Manganstoffwechsel 3 2.2.1 Absorption und Verdaulichkeit 3 2.2.2 Transport im Blut 3 2.2.3 Retention und Speicherung 4 2.2.4 Exkretion 4 2.3 Funktionen von Mangan im Stoffwechsel 5 2.3.1 Modulation von oxidativem Stress 5 2.3.2 Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel 5 2.3.3 Fettstoffwechsel 6 2.3.4 Harnstoffsynthese 6 2.3.5 Fruchtbarkeit und Reproduktion 7 2.3.6 Knorpel- und Knochenstoffwechsel 7 2.4 Manganmangel 7 2.5 Toxizität von Mangan 8 2.6 Mangan in der Pferdefütterung 9 2.6.1 Manganbedarf von Pferden 9 2.6.2 Manganversorgung von Stute und Fohlen 10 2.6.3 Mangangehalte in pferdetypischen Futtermitteln 10 2.6.3.1 Native Mangangehalte in Futtermitteln 10 2.6.3.2 Rechtliche Grundlagen zur Manganergänzung 11 2.6.3.3 Manganverbindungen zur Ergänzung 12 2.7 Diagnostik der Manganversorgung 12 2.7.1 Referenzintervalle 12 2.7.2 Blut 13 2.7.2.1 Plasma und Serum 13 2.7.2.2 Vollblut 13 2.7.3 Haar 14 2.7.4 Leber und andere Gewebe 14 2.7.5 Mangan-abhängige Superoxid-Dismutase 15 3 Publikationen 16 3.1 Mangankonzentrationen im Vollblut, Plasma und Serum adulter Warmblutpferde an drei Standorten in Deutschland 16 3.2 Effekte einer oralen Mangan-Supplementierung mit unterschiedlichen Verbindungen auf die Mangan-Vollblut- und Serumkonzentrationen von Stuten und Saugfohlen 32 4 Diskussion 45 4.1 Manganreferenzintervalle im Blut und Supplementierungseffekte 45 4.2 Diagnostik in der Praxis 48 4.3 Schlussfolgerungen 49 5 Zusammenfassung 50 6 Summary 52 7 Literaturverzeichnis 54 8 Anhang 65 8.1 Liste der Kongressbeiträge im Rahmen dieser Arbeit 65 8.2 Sonstige Kongressbeitrage 65 9 Danksagung 66 / Introduction: Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace element that catalyzes numerous metabolic processes as an integral component of metalloenzymes or as a cofactor. The supply status of horses is often monitored by means of blood serum analysis, although scientifically proven reference ranges for horses have not yet been established. There are only limited studies available for horses that have examined the effects of supplementation with a defined Mn intake. In general, there are only few studies on Mn in horses in the literature. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to establish Mn reference intervals for adult warm-blooded horses in plasma, serum and whole blood and to investigate the effects of oral Mn supplementation with different compounds (organic vs. inorganic) on the Mn concentrations in the blood and milk of mares and the Mn concentrations in the blood of their suckling foals. Animals, material and methods: For the reference value survey, blood samples were taken once from 270 healthy, adult warm-blooded horses aged 3-25 years in order to determine the Mn concentration in lithium heparin (LH) plasma, serum and whole blood by means of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accompanying feed samples were taken to confirm the Mn content of the corresponding feed. In a 90-day, randomized, placebo-controlled supplementation phase, 33 lactating mares and their suckling foals were included and divided into three feeding groups (placebo n = 11, MnChelat n = 11, MnSulfat n = 11). In addition to the routine ration (hay ad libitum, mixed ration: Mn intake approx. 100 mg / kg dry matter), the mares received 200 g of a supplementary feed daily either as a placebo or with 560 mg of Mn added as Mn sulfate or Mn chelate. Blood and milk analysis were performed using ICP-MS on samples taken from mares and foals biweekly. All data were statistically assessed with commercial software packages (Statistica®, IBM SPSS Statistics 27, XLSTAT). The reference intervals were calculated according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, according to which they range between 2.5. and 97.5. percentile of the analyzed Mn concentrations. A comparison of methods for AAS and ICP-MS was carried out using Passing-Bablok regression. Data from the Mn supplementation study were checked for normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilks test. As the data were not normally distributed, tests for non-parametric data were subsequently used for analyses. Level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Data are presented as median and 25. /75. percentile. Results: In all horses Mn intake (587-1702 mg/day) was significantly higher than the current recommendations for Mn supply (485-545 mg/day). Analyses verified significantly (p < 0.0001) higher Mn whole-blood concentrations in horses (median 12.4 µg/L; interquartile range: 9.10-16.1 µg/L) than in the corresponding serum (median: 1.65 µg/L; interquartile range: 1.39-1.95 µg/L) or LH plasma (median: 1.35 µg/L; interquartile range: 1.01-1.71 µg/L). These results could also be confirmed by the supplementation study. The mares showed 10-fold Mn concentrations in whole blood (median: 15.6 µg/L; interquartile range: 12.8-18.5 µg/L) compared to the serum (median: 1.54 µg/L; interquartile range: 1, 20-1.90 µg/L). The foals also had Mn whole blood concentrations 16.4 times higher (median: 21.3 µg/L; interquartile range: 16.7-28.1 µg/L) compared to the serum Mn concentrations (median: 1.50 µg/L; interquartile range: 1.30-1.70 µg/L). Additionally, Mn whole blood levels of the foals corresponded to 1.6 times the Mn concentration of their dams and thus differed significantly (p < 0.01). The milk contained median Mn concentrations of 0.012 mg/kg. Mn supplementation had no effect on Mn levels in milk or blood of mares and their foals. A comparison of methods showed statistically significant deviations in the Mn determinations for LH plasma and serum between the AAS and the ICP-MS, whereas they provided comparable results for whole blood. Conclusion: Whole blood shows an average of 10 times higher Mn concentrations than serum or LH plasma. When evaluating Mn concentrations, it must therefore be taken into consideration which sample material is analyzed and which method is used, as relevant differences were found between AAS and ICP-MS in serum and plasma. Blood Mn concentrations were not affected by the Mn supplementation. However, the Mn levels differed significantly between serum and whole blood. In addition, the Mn concentrations in whole blood of suckling foals were higher compared to their dams, although the Mn concentrations in the mare's milk were low regardless of the supplementation. Due to low Mn content in milk, early Mn supplementation, preferably by forages, is necessary to ensure that foals are supplied with Mn according to their requirement. The calculated Mn intake of the horses in this study shows that due to the high Mn content in roughage, Mn deficiency rarely occurs in practice.:Inhaltsverzeichnis Seite 1 Einleitung 1 2 Literaturübersicht 2 2.1 Vorkommen und chemische Eigenschaften von Mangan 2 2.2 Manganstoffwechsel 3 2.2.1 Absorption und Verdaulichkeit 3 2.2.2 Transport im Blut 3 2.2.3 Retention und Speicherung 4 2.2.4 Exkretion 4 2.3 Funktionen von Mangan im Stoffwechsel 5 2.3.1 Modulation von oxidativem Stress 5 2.3.2 Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel 5 2.3.3 Fettstoffwechsel 6 2.3.4 Harnstoffsynthese 6 2.3.5 Fruchtbarkeit und Reproduktion 7 2.3.6 Knorpel- und Knochenstoffwechsel 7 2.4 Manganmangel 7 2.5 Toxizität von Mangan 8 2.6 Mangan in der Pferdefütterung 9 2.6.1 Manganbedarf von Pferden 9 2.6.2 Manganversorgung von Stute und Fohlen 10 2.6.3 Mangangehalte in pferdetypischen Futtermitteln 10 2.6.3.1 Native Mangangehalte in Futtermitteln 10 2.6.3.2 Rechtliche Grundlagen zur Manganergänzung 11 2.6.3.3 Manganverbindungen zur Ergänzung 12 2.7 Diagnostik der Manganversorgung 12 2.7.1 Referenzintervalle 12 2.7.2 Blut 13 2.7.2.1 Plasma und Serum 13 2.7.2.2 Vollblut 13 2.7.3 Haar 14 2.7.4 Leber und andere Gewebe 14 2.7.5 Mangan-abhängige Superoxid-Dismutase 15 3 Publikationen 16 3.1 Mangankonzentrationen im Vollblut, Plasma und Serum adulter Warmblutpferde an drei Standorten in Deutschland 16 3.2 Effekte einer oralen Mangan-Supplementierung mit unterschiedlichen Verbindungen auf die Mangan-Vollblut- und Serumkonzentrationen von Stuten und Saugfohlen 32 4 Diskussion 45 4.1 Manganreferenzintervalle im Blut und Supplementierungseffekte 45 4.2 Diagnostik in der Praxis 48 4.3 Schlussfolgerungen 49 5 Zusammenfassung 50 6 Summary 52 7 Literaturverzeichnis 54 8 Anhang 65 8.1 Liste der Kongressbeiträge im Rahmen dieser Arbeit 65 8.2 Sonstige Kongressbeitrage 65 9 Danksagung 66