京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22424号 / 工博第4685号 / 新制||工||1731(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 林 為人, 教授 小池 克明, 准教授 村田 澄彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Potato Virus Y (PVY) infection and nitrogen (N) deficiency cause similar symptoms (chlorosis and stunting) on potato foliage. While conventional methods, including ELISA and petiole testing, require destructive sampling and a longer time to diagnose, spectral analysis can be non-destructive, rapid and efficient. Spectral reflectance for potato cultivars representing three market types, chip processing, red-skinned fresh, and fresh and processing russets, were assessed in separate greenhouse trials in response to three N rates (90, 200, and 290 kg/ha) and two PVYN:O infection levels (clean and infected) at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after inoculation (WAI). Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was able to differentiate clean and PVYN:O infected samples of red-skinned and chip processing cultivars, at 4 and 8 WAI, respectively. Overall, cultivars differed in their spectral responses, indicating the importance of studying cultivar-specific spectral responses against PVY infection in future.

Routine non-destructive analyses of rocks and minerals in slab or powder form maybe practicable by the application of the technique of attenuated total reflection [ATR] in infrared [IR] spectrophotometry. An atlas of spectra would serve the analytical chemist and geologist, who in turn would serve the miner, the lapidarist, and other groups interested in rocks and minerals. No effort has been made to produce an atlas of spectra of rocks and minerals by ATR. No ATR spectra of rocks and minerals were found in the literature. The history of ATR indicates that it is still in its early stages of development. The application of all phases of IR to the study of minerals has been employed much less than to the study of organics. For the analysis of rocks and minerals, ATR is more versatile and more convenient than most methods. It is applicable for both opaque and transparent materials of thick or thin films. It is often requires no sample preparation. This study of ATR of minerals involves the development of an atlas of mineral powder spectra and of mineral slab spectra, the comparison of the two sets of spectra with each other, and the comparison of powder spectra from ATR with transmission spectra in the literature. the study is confined to the spectral range of 0.5 - 15.5 microns.

Le rendu de micro-reflets, utile pour simuler l'apparence de matériaux pailletés, de métal brossé ou de plastique rayé, est un défi théorique et technique en informatique graphique. Il implique l'utilisation de fonctions de distribution de réflectance bidirectionnelles surfaciques (P-BRDFs) hautes fréquences et qui varient spatialement. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons deux nouvelles P-BRDFs basées sur des cartes de normales presque parfaitement spéculaires. La première empêche toute création d'énergie grâce à une normalisation dépendante de l'empreinte du rayon, contrairement à la méthode précédente [YHMR16]. Cette normalisation est possible grâce à une nouvelle représentation d'une carte de normales en une mixture de NDFs de Beckmann décentrées et non-alignées sur les axes. La deuxième méthode améliore la première et empêche, pour la première fois, toute création et perte d'énergie, en simulant du multi-rebonds dans la micro-géométrie du matériau. Elle permet donc un rendu sans artefacts de surfaces opaques possédant des micro-reflets. De plus, nous donnons un algorithme d'échantillonnage optimal, utilisant la visibilité des normales. L'idée clé de cette méthode est la définition d'une V-cavité en chaque point de la surface. Pour simuler le multi-rebonds à l'intérieur, nous compensons l'énergie perdue par une modélisation simple rebond, en la réintégrant à l'aide d'une BRDF de compensation d'énergie. Nos méthodes ont le même ordre de grandeur que la méthode précédente en matière de temps de rendu et d'empreinte mémoire. / Glint rendering, useful for simulating the appearance of glittery materials, brushed metal or scratched plastic, is a theoretical and technical challenge in computer graphics. It involves the use of spatially varying patch bidirectional reflectance distribution functions (P-BRDFs) with high frequencies. In this thesis we propose two new P-BRDFs based on specular normal maps. Unlike the previous method [YHMR16], our first BRDF prevents any creation of energy through footprint-dependent normalisation. This normalisation is possible thanks to a new representation of the normal map based on a mixture of non-centered and non-axis aligned Beckmann NDFs. The second method improves the first one and prevents, for the first time, any creation and loss of energy, by simulating multiple scattering in the microgeometry. It enables artifact-free rendering of opaque and sparkling surfaces. In addition, we provide an optimal sampling algorithm using the visibility information of the normals. The key idea of this method is the definition of a V-cavity for each point of the surface. To simulate multiple scattering inside it, we compensate for the energy lost by a single scattering model, by reintegrating lost energy with an energy compensation BRDF. The rendering time and memory footprint of our methods are in the same order of magnitude than previous methods.

Like many other animals, butterflies are able to visually perceive the ultraviolet (UV) light; many species even have patterns on their wings which are visible in this part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Over the last forty years, it has been shown that these UV patterns play an important role in behaviour of many butterflies, especially in relation to sexual selection - they are involved in the process of recognising a suitable mate, and likely can signal some of the mate's qualities, such as its age, ability to handle stressful environmental factors, or efficiency in foraging. The patterns may also be used for taxonomical purposes. This dissertation thesis contains a comprehensive research into ultraviolet patterns of the Gonepteryx brimstones, with a primary focus on the issue of environmental influences in relation to the expression of these traits, on the patterns' potential role in sexual selection, or on their evolution. It has been successfully demonstrated that UV patterns of at least some Gonepteryx species are affected by the environment to a strong degree, significantly more than the traits not involved in sexual selection. On the whole, the conclusions made by submitted publications suggest that UV patterns play a role in the sexual selection of the chosen brimstones, though it is not clear...

A bst r a ct Ultravi olet ( U V) mea ns' bey o n d vi olet' (fr o m t he Lati n - ultra - bey on d), w here by vi oletis t he c ol o ur wit h hig hestfre q ue nciesi n t he'visi ble'lig ht s pectr u m. By'visi ble' we refer t o h u ma n visi o n b utit m ust be ta ke n i nt o acc o u nt t hat h u ma n vis ual perce pti o n is i n c o m paris o n t o ma ny ot her orga nis ms rat her li mite di n ter ms of wavele ngt hsit ca n perceive. isis w hy c o m m u nicati o ni n t he U V s pectr u mis of- te n calle d hi d de n, alt h o ug hit m ostli kely plays a ver yi m p orta nt r olei n t he c o m m u nicati o n of vari o us ki n ds ofi nf or mati o n a m o ng a wi de variet y of orga nis ms. e ai m of t he prese nt t hesis is t o el uci date t he fu ncti o ns a n d relative i m p orta nce of U V pa er ns mai nl y i n L e pi d o ptera fr o m a h olistic ec ol o gical a n d ev ol uti o nar y pers pective. U V re fl ecta nce ca n- n ot be st u die d i n is olati o n: i m p orta nt i nteracti o ns a m o n g several ot her varia bles s uc h as li g ht c o n - dit i o ns, ge neral o ptic pr o perties of nat ural o bjects, t he vis ual s yste m, a n d si g nal pr ocessi n g are t h us disc usse d as well, b ut a n overall e m p hasis o n U V re flecta nce is mai ntai ne d t hr o u g h o ut. M ore over, t his w or k...

Orientadora: Maria del Pilar Taboada Sotomayor / Banca: Mirian Cristina dos Santos / Banca: Bruno Campos Janegitz / Resumo: A tartrazina é um corante amplamente usado na indústria alimentícia que pode ocasionar doenças na pele e doenças neurológicas. O presente trabalho explora diferentes sínteses de polímeros impressos para o corante alimentício Tartrazina, incluídos o método convencional por precipitação e no formato core@shell. Para isso, foram avaliadas sínteses com o monômero funcional, acrilamida, e monômero estrutural, N-N' metileno-bis-acrilamida, e os núcleos (core) de sílica (SiO2) e sílica funcionalizada com agente vinil-silanizante (SiO2-C=C), os quais foram empregados em diferentes proporções molares para a polimerização. Obtendo-se três materiais, MIP convencional por precipitação, SiO2-C=C@MIP e SiO2@MIP estes últimos foram obtidos pelo método core@shell usando diferentes suportes. Se avaliaram as propriedades de adsorção dos materiais. O primeiro material não foi eficiente, nem seletivo. O material híbrido SiO2-C=C@MIP apresentou uma boa porcentagem de adsorção, 91,5% e manifestou interferência do corante Amarelo Direto 50. Porém, manteve a cor amarela de fundo intensa, devido à alta adsorção do corante pela sílica funcionalizada. O seguinte material híbrido sintetizado foi o SiO2@MIP, o qual apresentou os melhores resultados e usando a refletância total atenuada diretamente nos sólidos adsorvidos. Para a síntese usou-se a proporção molar 1:2:100 (analito: monômero funcional: monômero estrutural) usando 300 mg de SiO2. Este material mostrou uma porcentagem de adsorção próxima a 93%... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Tartrazina is a dye widely used in food industry, which can cause skin neurological diseases. The present work explores different syntheses of imprinted polymers for food dye Tartrazine, including the conventional method by precipitation and the core@shell format. For this, diverse syntheses with functional monomer, acrylamide, and structural monomer, N-N'-methylenebisacrylamide, and cores of silica (SiO2) and vinyl-functionalized silica (SiO2-C=C), which were employed in different molar ratios for polymerization. Obtaining three materials, conventional MIP by precipitation, SiO2-C=C@MIP and SiO2@MIP by core@shell method using different cores. Evaluating adsorption properties of the materials, the first material was not efficient, nor selective. The hybrid material SiO2-C=C@MIP showed a good adsorption percentage, 91.5% and an interfering dye, Direct Yellow 50. However, the material presented an intense yellow coloration given by the high adsorption of dye on the used core. Synthesized SiO2@MIP hybrid material showed better results and attenuated total reflection was directly used on adsorbed solids. For the syntheses was used 1:2:100 molar proportion (analyte: functional monomer: structural monomer) using 300 mg of SiO2. This material showed an adsorption percentage near to 93%. In the adsorption studies of the analyte, the adsorption isotherms were plotted in the concentration range of 0.1 to 100 μmol L-1, adjusting to a Langmuir-Freundlich profile. In the study of selectiv... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The optimisation of the specular reflectance of solar collectors is a key parameter to increase the global yield of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. In this work, the influence of filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition parameters, particularly working pressure and deposition time, on the specular and diffuse reflectance of aluminium thin films, was studied. Changes in specular reflectance, measured by ultraviolet–visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (UV-vis-NIR) spectrophotometry, were directly correlated with thin film elemental concentration depth profiles, obtained by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), and surface and cross-sectional morphologies as measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and profilometry. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) provided information on the roughness and growth mechanism of the films. The two contributions to the total reflectance of the films, namely diffuse and specular reflectance, were found to be deeply influenced by deposition conditions. It was proven that working pressure and deposition time directly determine the predominant factor. Specular reflectance varied from 12 to 99.8% of the total reflectance for films grown at the same working pressure of 0.1 Pa and with different deposition times. This transformation could not be attributed to an oxidation of the films as stated by RBS, but was correlated with a progressive modification of the roughness, surface, and bulk morphology of the samples over the deposition time. Hence, the evolution in the final optical properties of the films is driven by different growth mechanisms and the resulting microstructures. In addition to the originally addressed CSP applications the potential of the developed aluminium films for other application rather than CSP, such as, for example, reference material for spectroscopic diffuse reflectance measurements, is also discussed.

Solar cells have extrinsic losses from a variety of sources which can be minimized by optimization of the design and fabrication processes. Reflection from the front surface is one such loss mechanism and has been managed in the past with the usage of planar antireflection coatings. While effective, these coatings are each limited to a single wavelength of light and do not account for varying incident angles of the incoming light source. Three-dimensional nanostructures have shown the ability to inhibit reflection for differing wavelengths and angles of incidence. Nanocones were modeled and show a broadband, multi-angled reflectance decrease due to an effective grading of the index. Finite element models were created to simulate incident light on a zinc oxide nanocone textured silicon substrate. Zinc oxide is advantageous for its ease of production, benign nature, and refractive index matching to the air source region and silicon substrate. Reflectance plots were computed as functions of incident angle and wavelength of light and compared with planar and quintic refractive index profile models. The quintic profile model exhibits nearly optimum reflection minimization and is thus used as a benchmark. Physical quantities, including height, width, density, and orientation were varied in order to minimize the reflectance. A quasi-random nanocone unit cell was modeled to better mimic laboratory results. The model was comprised of 10 nanocones with differing structure and simulated a larger substrate by usage of periodic boundary conditions. The simulated reflectance shows approximately a 50 percent decrease when compared with a planar model. When a seed layer is added, simulating a layer of non-textured zinc oxide, on which the nanocones are grown, the reflectance shows a fourfold decrease when compared with planar models. At angles of incidence higher than 75 degrees, the nanocone model outperformed the quintic model.

Accurate modeling of acoustic propagation in the ocean waveguide is important to SONAR-performance prediction, and requires, particularly in shallow water environments, characterizing the bottom reflection loss with a precision that databank-based modeling cannot achieve. Recent advances in the technology of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV) make it possible to envision a survey system for seabed characterization composed of a short array mounted on a small AUV. The bottom power reflection coefficient (and the related reflection loss) can be estimated passively by beamforming the naturally occurring marine ambient-noise acoustic field recorded by a vertical line array of hydrophones. However, the reduced array lengths required by small AUV deployment can hinder the process, due to the inherently poor angular resolution. In this dissertation, original data-processing techniques are presented which, by introducing into the processing chain knowledge derived from physics, can improve the performance of short arrays in this particular task. Particularly, the analysis of a model of the ambient-noise spatial coherence function leads to the development of a new proof of the result at the basis of the bottom reflection-loss estimation technique. The proof highlights some shortcomings inherent in the beamforming operation so far used in this technique. A different algorithm is then proposed, which removes the problem achieving improved performance. Furthermore, another technique is presented that uses data from higher frequencies to estimate the noise spatial coherence function at a lower frequency, for sensor spacing values beyond the physical length of the array. By "synthesizing" a longer array, the angular resolution of the bottom-loss estimate can be improved, often making use of data at frequencies above the array design frequency, otherwise not utilized for beamforming. The proposed algorithms are demonstrated both in simulation and on real data acquired during several experimental campaigns.