Le lien entre l’entreprise et son territoire d’implantation questionne depuis longtemps les chercheurs qui y répondent diversement selon les disciplines. Depuis quelques années, des formes inédites d’initiatives économiques donnent au territoire une place centrale. Ce travail de recherche entend mener une réflexion, dans le champ de l’entrepreneuriat, sur les relations entre les actants d’un territoire dans leur rapport à la nature et la destination de la valeur créée par leurs organisations. Cette recherche sera conduite dans le cadre d’analyse de l’acteur-réseau pour répondre aux attendus d’une démarche processuelle et méso-analytique.Le travail d’enquête s’est déroulé sur un territoire couvrant trois départements. Il a permis la constitution d’un corpus composé de trente-quatre entretiens semi-directifs faisant référence à cinquante-trois projets ainsi qu’une focale sur soixante-dix-sept initiatives dans le domaine agro-alimentaire. Ce matériau a fait l’objet d’une double analyse thématique et linguistique, à l’aide du logiciel TROPES. Les résultats de cette thèse apparaissent en deux temps. Le premier consiste à décrire le phénomène du point de vue de la forme des organisations et du discours porté sur la valeur et le territoire. Le second, dans le chapitre conclusif, propose une typologie des démarches entrepreneuriales territorialisées dans la perspective de la théorie des réseaux.Plusieurs réseaux coexistent sur les territoires qui partagent entre eux de nombreuses connexions avec toutefois des différences notables entre les structures entrepreneuriales étudiées. Une meilleure connaissance de l’hétérogénéité du phénomène peut permettre aux professionnels un accompagnement plus adapté, tant technique que financier, de ces initiatives. / The link between corporations and the region that they operate in has been a concern for a long time to research scientists, who are responding to this subject differently according to their specialities. For several years, previously unseen economic initiatives have given the region a central place. In the area of entrepreneurship, this research intends to highlight the interactions between the local and regional agents, their relationship with nature, and the end result of the value created by their organisations. This thesis will be driven by the analysis of the actor-network to respond to the considerations of a process oriented and meso-analytical approach. This research has taken place over an area covering three departments. It has allowed the collection of a body of work composed of thirty four semi directed interviews in reference to fifty three projects, as well as a focus on seventy seven initiatives in the food processing industry. This material has been the object of both a thematic and linguistic analysis, with the help of the TROPES software programme.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Consented by the State, the territorial configuration of rural areas in Brazil is marked by uneven processes that favored restricted portion of the population, instead of family farmers, maroon people, indigenous people, rural workers and participants of the agricultural reform. However, recently, in order to ease these social disparities, the Brazilian government has granted remedial public policies directed to this issue due to the demands from popular movements. One of these policies that stand out is the implementation of the Citizenship Territories Program, whose principle is to put together different federal agencies with the state, civil and municipal administrations, in order to enhance, expand and internalize public access policies for excluded rural populations. To accomplish that, territorial and functional units were imposed, based on the territorial approach to development, which requires the valuation of multi-dimensions, multiple scales of power, social participation, as well as the association between city and countryside with the various productive sectors located in rural areas. Considering these units, one highlights the Central Region Territory / RS, whose council belongs to Santa Maria. This study aimed to identify the effects of the Citizenship Territories Program implementation, through an analysis of the examples seen in Santa Maria city. Moreover, this research discusses the use of a territorial approach as a basis to mitigate the social inequalities in Brazil in order to promote development. This analysis was organized into four components: a) the firstly, a theoretical research was carried out; b) second, an analysis of documents produced by the program; c) the third section consisted of the primary data collection through participatory field work through visitations to the entities benefitting from the program in Santa Maria city, as well as application of questionnaires for the subjects involved in this policy; d) finally, the last section of this research tried to systematize the data, by analyzing, comparing, and contrasting them in a critical and qualitative process, observing historical facts and establishing associations between theory and practice. As a result, it was found that the Citizenship Territories Program, besides both being unknown and the territorial development not being considered as the main strategy of governance in the country, it does give the opportunity to the civil society organizations to intervene in the course of state actions, besides subsidizing the democratization of access to basic rights. The case of Santa Maria city, in particular, has helped to strengthen cooperatives and rural workers union, therefore fulfilling a secondary role. Regarding the Central Region Territory / RS, it was found that it has been consolidating as a representative institution of the disposed rural areas, although there are political conflicts and realities socially and environmentally distinct. / A configuração territorial do espaço rural brasileiro, com consentimento do Estado, historicamente, é marcada por processos desiguais, que privilegiaram restrita parcela da população, alijando maior parte dela como os agricultores familiares, povos quilombolas, indígenas, trabalhadores rurais assalariados e assentados da reforma agrária. Entretanto, mais recentemente, visando amenizar essas disparidades sociais, principalmente, em decorrência das reivindicações dos movimentos populares, os governos brasileiros têm concedido políticas públicas paliativas dirigidas a esta questão. Entre essas se destaca a implementação, em 2008, do programa Territórios da Cidadania, o qual tem como princípio articular a atuação de diferentes órgãos do governo federal, com gestões estaduais, municipais e sociedade civil, sobretudo com o objetivo de potencializar, interiorizar e expandir o acesso as políticas públicas, em especial, para as populações rurais excluídas. Para a efetivação dessas intenções foram instituídas unidades territoriais funcionais e fundamentou-se na abordagem territorial do desenvolvimento, a qual pressupõe a valorização das multidimensionalidades, das múltiplas escalas de poder, da participação social, da associação entre cidade e campo e dos diversos setores produtivos situados no espaço rural. Em meio a essas unidades territoriais, salienta-se o Território Região Central/RS, do qual o município de Santa Maria faz parte. Esta pesquisa visou identificar por meio do estudo desse território e dos exemplos verificados em Santa Maria, os efeitos da implantação do programa Territórios da Cidadania, bem como, discutindo, a utilização da abordagem territorial como fundamento para amenizar as desigualdades sociais no Brasil e promover o desenvolvimento. A realização do trabalho consistiu em quatro eixos: a) o primeiro referiu-se a pesquisa teórica; b) o segundo correspondeu à análise de documentos elaborados pelo programa; c) o terceiro consistiu no levantamento de dados primários, por meio de trabalhos a campo participativos, em visitações nas entidades beneficiarias do programa em Santa Maria e na aplicação de questionamentos para os sujeitos envolvidos nessa política; d) o último eixo buscou sistematizar os dados obtidos, analisando-os, comparando-os e os confrontando de forma crítica e qualitativa, observando o processo histórico dos fatos e exercitando associações entre o estudo teórico e a prática. Portanto, a partir disso constatou-se que o programa Territórios da Cidadania, apesar de ser desconhecido e o desenvolvimento territorial não configurar-se como a principal estratégia de gestão governamental do país, oportuniza a sociedade civil organizada a intervir nos rumos da atuação do Estado e subsidia a democratização do acesso aos direitos básicos. Especialmente, em Santa Maria tem auxiliado o fortalecimento de cooperativas e do sindicato dos trabalhadores rurais, entretanto cumprindo um papel secundário. A respeito do Território Região Central/RS averiguou-se que o mesmo, politicamente vem se consolidando, enquanto instituição representativa das populações rurais expropriadas, embora existam conflitos políticos e realidades socialmente e ambientalmente distintas.