Emotions are a central part of our lives and the ability to effectively regulate them is central to well-being. Although a lot of research shows the beneficial role of sleep on emotional reactivity and regulation, little is known about how dream emotions relate to emotional reactivity and regulation. The current study investigated how dreams with high vs low levels of self-rated negative dream affect related to next-day waking emotional reactivity and regulation. Participants kept a home dream diary until reporting dreams on five days. They also reported dream and wake emotions and performed an online emotional reactivity and regulation task. Opposing predictions were derived from the continuity hypothesis and from the emotion regulation theories of dreaming. However, no significant differences were found between emotional reactivity and regulation on mornings following dreams with high vs low negative affect. Thus, no support was provided for the direct predictions made from the two theories. Nevertheless, morning wake affect differed significantly as a function of dream emotions. Specifically, participants reported significantly higher levels of positive emotions on mornings after a dream low, rather than high, in negative affect. Similarly, wake morning negative affect was higher following dreams high, rather than low, in negative affect. Thus, the results support a form of affective continuity between dreams and morning wakefulness.

Dans l’opinion courante, la sanction est souvent assimilée à sa fonction répressive. Mais sanctionner, c’est aussi amender le fautif, et déduire des implications concrètes aux différentes formes d'engagement, dont les règles. Ces finalités, peu explorées par la littérature gestionnaire, sont pourtant plus en phase avec les préoccupations actuelles. Susciter l’amendement du fautif est une réponse aux difficultés de mobilisation et d'engagement des individus. Déduire des réalités opérationnelles des différentes formes d'engagement est essentiel aux efficacités collectives. On réalise alors que la sanction peut être l'occasion de progrès, en particulier quand la déviance devient un processus (Reynaud, l 997, p. 36). C'est cependant à la condition que les entreprises apprennent à sanctionner, non pour contraindre, mais pour restituer les coopérations. La sanction ne peut plus être réduite à une demande de soumission, elle doit devenir le lieu d'un apprentissage. C'est ce que suggèrent les apports des Théories de la Régulation Sociale (TRS) et des Apprentissages Organisationnels (TAO). Les liens qu'atteste la TRS entre conflit, négociation et règles engagent à renouveler les modalités de sanctionner pour des mesures programmatiques assorties de pratiques probatoires. Quant aux obstacles aux apprentissages organisationnels démontrés par la T.A.O, ils conduisent à envisager la sanction comme un projet, construit à partir des données de l'enquête disciplinaire, des aveux du fautif et des dires des managers. / The common understanding of a sanction is frequently associated with its repressive function. To sanction, however, is also to reform the offender and undermined the real implications of various types of commitment including rules. Yet these ultimate aims, rarely exploited by managerial theory, are more relevant to present-day concerns. Arousing the desire to reform the offender provides a solution to the difficulty individuals experience in taking action and engaging. It is essential for the sake of collective efficiency to draw conclusions from the operational realities of different types of commitment. In doing so, it becomes evident that a sanction can be the opportunity for progress, particularly when deviance becomes a process (Reynaud. 1997. P. 36). It is dependent, nevertheless, on companies learning to sanction, not as a constraint, but as a means of encouraging greater cooperation. A sanction can no longer be considered merely a demand for obedience, it must become a base for learning. The Social Regulation Theories (TRS) and Organisational learning Processes (TAO) make such a case. The links between conflict, negotiation and rules borne out by the TRS encourage the renewal of sanctioning methods in favour of programmed measures in conjunction with probationary practices. As for the barriers to organisational learning processes proven by the TAO, they lead co envisaging a sanction as a project that is built on the results of a disciplinary enquiry, admissions of the offender and managers' statement.

Dreaming is a complex, multimodal and sequentially organized model of the waking world (Metzinger, 2003). Nightmares are a category of dreams involving threatening scenarios, anxiety and other negative emotions (Hartmann, 1998; Nielsen & Levin, 2007). Dreams and nightmares are explored in this present thesis in the light of psychology and modern cognitive neuroscience as to their nature, function and neural correlates. The three main dream theories and their leading investigations are reviewed to evaluate their evidence and overall explanatory power to account for the function of dreams and nightmares. Random Activation Theories (RATs) claim dreams are biological epiphenomena and by-products of sleep underlying mechanisms (Crick & Mitchison, 1983; Flanagan, 1995, 2000a, 2000b, Hobson & McCarley, 1997). Mood regulation theories consider that the psychological function of dreams is to regulate mood and help with the adaptation of individuals to their current environment such as solving daily concerns and recovery after trauma exposure (Hartmann, 1996; Levin, 1998; Stickgold, 2008; Kramer, 1991a, 1991b, 2014). Threat Simulation Theories of dreams present the evolutionary function for dreaming as a simulating off-line model of the world used to rehearse threatening events encountered in the human ancestral environment (Revonsuo, 2000a). With the threat-simulation system, threats were likely to be recognized and avoidance skills developed to guarantee reproductive success. TST consider nightmares to reflect the threat-simulation system fully activated (Revonsuo, 2000a). Supported by a robust body of evidence TST is concluded to be the most plausible theory at the moment to account as a theoretical explanation of dreams and nightmares

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 68492.pdf.jpg: 20813 bytes, checksum: 0001e6d692a415578581d24eb0f74dc6 (MD5) 68492.pdf: 2153990 bytes, checksum: 9c5fb8717416e22ab2e567a1a69b21f2 (MD5) 68492.pdf.txt: 907628 bytes, checksum: 775a7074a73521e39a02096c4730361b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-04-16T00:00:00Z / Recent changes in the Brazilian regulatory environment demand the creation of a new institutional context that allows to one better joint in the relation between State and society. The new experience based on the creation of “regulatory agencies” in Brazil evidences the deficiencies of its logic. This work, from revisions of the institutional and regulation theories, examines the sprouting and functioning of the current brazilian regulatory framework, especially the mechanisms of social control, and constructs a model that considers the interrelation enters the institucional dynamic of the spheres social and politics and, consequently, in one real public participation in the regulation process. / Mudanças recentes no ambiente regulatório brasileiro demandam a criação de um novo contexto institucional que permita uma melhor articulação na relação entre Estado e sociedade, em especial no que se refere aos mecanismos de controle social. A nova experiência baseada na criação de “agências reguladoras” no Brasil evidencia as deficiências de sua lógica. O trabalho apresentado, a partir de revisões da teoria institucional e da regulação, examina o surgimento e funcionamento do atual quadro regulatório brasileiro, e constrói um modelo que considera a inter-relação entre as dinâmicas institucionais das esferas social e política e, conseqüentemente, em uma real participação pública no processo de regulação.