No description available.

No description available.

In a series of systematic studies using a steady-state jejunal perfusion technique the influence of carbohydrate content and type, osmolality and sodium concentration on jejunal absorption was investigated. Carbohydrate content over the range from 225 to 440 mmol glucosyl units.1-1 did not increase intestinal carbohydrate or water absorption. The type of carbohydrate used also appears to have little effect on the rates of water or solute absorption from moderately hypotonic carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions. Solutions which were moderately hypotonic with respect to normal human serum promoted faster rates of water absorption than isotonic, which in turn were faster than that from hypertonic solutions. Increased rates of solute absorption were associated with faster rates of water uptake from the hypotonic solutions. Sodium chloride concentration over the range 22 to 44 mmol.1-1 did not affect water or carbohydrate absorption, although sodium chloride uptake tended to be faster from the solutions with the higher electrolyte content. Measurement of net and unidirectional water fluxes suggests that the increase in net water absorption in segmental perfusion studies is due mainly to a decrease in mucosa-to-lumen water flux. The pattern of water uptake, as assessed by deuterium accumulation in the circulation, generally appeared to follow the pattern indicated by the combined effect of the measured rate of gastric emptying and segmented water intestinal absorption. In conclusion, intestinal perfusion studies have identified moderate hypotonicity as the major factor in determining the rate of water absorption and an important influence in regulating solute transport from carbohydrate-electrolyte solutions. Although there was a tendency for hypertonicity to be associated with faster rates of deuterium accumulation in the circulation, this model of assessing water uptake indicated that the sodium content of the ingested drink was also an important factor.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第18314号 / 農博第2039号 / 新制||農||1020(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H26||N4821(農学部図書室) / 31172 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 安達 修二, 教授 伏木 亨, 教授 松村 康生 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Poor rehydration properties of skim milk powder (SMP) can impact processing efficiency and functionality in finished product applications. Rehydration can be split into four stages: wettability, sinkability, dispersibility, and solubility. Previous work has suggested that chelator addition during SMP manufacture leads to higher solubility compared to SMP without chelators. This study focuses on the addition of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or sodium citrate dihydrate (SCD) at concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 mM to skim milk prior to evaporating and spray drying. The objective of this investigation was to determine the effects of the chelator additions on each SMP rehydration property (wettability, sinkability, dispersibility, and solubility) during reconstitution to 10% total solids. SCD 15 mM, SCD 10 mM, and SCD 5 mM did not have a significant effect on wettability as measured by IDF method (p-value 0.3234, 0.6376, and 1.0000, respectively). However, SCD 15 mM, SCD 10 mM, and SCD 5 mM had higher levels of solubility as measured by particle size analysis of reconstituted 10%TS samples (p-value

Thesis (M.P.H.M. (Primary Health Care Management))-- Mahidol University, 2005.

Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) undergoes major biochemical and structural rearrangements in order to survive cycles of desiccation and rehydration, yet a firm understanding of the response is lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine the response of S. cerevisiae to desiccation and rehydration at both the physiological and molecular levels. Transmission electron microscopy was used to show that loss of vacuolar structure, enlarged nuclear boundaries, as well as cell wall thickening were all associated with the desiccation response. Molecular analysis focused on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH, E.C. 1.2.1.13), a multifunctional protein that is involved in several cellular processes other than glycolysis, including nuclear translocation under stress and intracellular sensing of oxidative stress during apoptosis. Here, GAPDH was studied primarily to determine its potential role in mediating the changes in cell wall physiology identified through our structural studies. GAPDH appears to be shuttled between the cell wall and the cytoplasm during the desiccation/rehydration process. Western analyses in combination with the use of inhibitors of translation (cycloheximide) suggest that the shuttling process does not require de novo protein synthesis. Western analyses also identified an immuno-reactive peptide in the cell wall and cytoplasmic fractions of lower molecular mass than native GAPDH (27 KDa vs. 37 KDa). This lower molecular weight peptide exhibited the translocation process similar to that of the full length GAPDH. Studies with GAPDH deletion strains suggested that the 27 kDa fragment is encoded by tdh3. The importance of this lower molecular weight form is yet to be determined. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

Master of Public Health - MPH / This mini-thesis, assessed the use of ORT as a treatment for childhood diarrhoea in primary health care facilities in the Cape Metropole from the caregivers' perspective. Awareness and knowledge of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and the preparation abilities of sugar salt solution (SSS) by caregivers of children younger than 5 years attending the health facilities were assessed. The availability of resources and utensils for the use of ORS packets and SSS and the accessibility to health facilities by caregivers were also determined. Using a cross sectional descriptive study design, a baseline situation review was carried out. Primary health care facilities in three heath districts namely; Khayelitsha, Nyanga and Oostenberg were purposely selected. Ninety-two caregivers in 12 facilities participated in the study. Basic analyses of quantitative data were done using Epi-Info 2002 software. Qualitative data were analysed manually. The study found that according to caregivers, all facilities used ORS packets as their immediate treatment for uncomplicated diarrhoea, and recommended sugar salt Diarrhoea Management in PHC Facilities solution as home treatment. Ninety-one percent of caregivers used ORT at home before they presented to the health facility.Of the caregivers who were advised by the health worker to use SSS at home, 60.7%, 55.8% and 60.2% in Oostenberg, Khayelitsha and Nyanga districts respectively remembered the correct ingredients and quantities to make the solution at home. Of those given ORS packets, 94.5%, 99.0% and 98.5% respectively, remembered the quantity of water to be mixed with each packet. Packets were found to be convenient and were preferred by many caregivers as compared to SSS. The advice or health education messages given to caregivers were often unclear, and there were language barriers in Brighton and Bloekombos clinics in the Oostenberg district. A litre bottle was available in 47% of caregivers' homes, 82 % had a teaspoon and all of them had access to running water. Twelve percent and 11 % admitted to not having sugar and salt respectively when they wanted to make SSS. Eighty-eight percent walked to the health facility and 12% used taxis or buses. The study concludes that ORT is widely used in primary health care facilities for diarrhoeal disease treatment, however caregiver's knowledge and preparation abilities of SSS is still limited. The resources and utensils to prepare ORT at home were fairly available in many homes, which makes SSS preparation at home feasible and acceptable.

The consequences of ingesting different carbohydrate solutions on fluid movement and availability have not been systematically examined. In addition, the role of carbohydrate in the post-exercise rehydration period has received little attention despite the need for substrate replenishment following exercise and the role of carbohydrates in stimulating water absorption in the intestine. The aims of this thesis were to assess fluid absorption characteristics and availability of solutions containing increasing concentrations of glucose and to evaluate their role in the restoration and maintenance of fluid balance following a period of exercise-induced dehydration. The ingestion of a single bolus of a commercially available hypertonic 18% carbohydrate solution (chapter 3) and a hypertonic 10% glucose solution (chapter 4) resulted in reductions in plasma volume that are most likely due to acute net secretion of water into the intestinal lumen. When investigating recovery of whole body hydration status after sweat loss, a hypertonic 10% glucose-electrolyte solution maintained whole body fluid balance for a longer period than a hypotonic 2% glucose-electrolyte solution and an electrolyte only solution when a fixed volume of fluid was consumed during a rehydration period of one hour following cycle exercise in the heat (chapter 5). When fluid was consumed ad libitum over a two hour period following similar cycle exercise in the heat, a hypertonic 10% glucose-electrolyte solution was as effective in restoring and maintaining fluid balance as a 2% hypotonic glucose-electrolyte solution and an electrolyte only solution (chapter 6). The reduced rate of gastric emptying that accompanies the ingestion of high carbohydrate solutions was likely to be the primary cause for the difference in urine production reported between thetrials during this study (chapter 7). In conclusion, ingestion of hypertonic carbohydrate solutions results in a reduction in extracellular fluid volume that is most likely due to secretion of water into the intestinal lumen and the carbohydrate content of an ingested solution is of importance in the post-exercise rehydration period.