Concrete has many advantages as a low cost and sustainable material. However, more than 5% of the planet’s total carbon emissions are associated with the production of cement, which, in fact, is predominantly due to the large volume of concrete used worldwide. It is known that traditionally designed concrete structures typically use more material than structurally required and, therefore, an important question is whether material demand can be reduced through structural optimisation. A major drawback from optimised design, however, is the cost and complexity of producing conventional rigid moulds. Fabric formwork is emerging as a new method for construction, gaining popularity among architects and engineers for the opportunity to build unique forms and to shape concrete elements efficiently. Porous fabrics, acting as controlled permeability formwork, also have proven effect on the durability characteristics of concrete. While fabric formwork has a profound potential to change the appearance of concrete structures, the shapes cast in fabrics are not defined in advance and have been often created unintentionally. The design of load-bearing reinforced concrete structures, however, requires accurate form-prediction and construction methods for securing steel reinforcement inside flexible fabrics, which presents a number of constructability challenges. For example, cover formers cannot be used to ensure adequate thickness of protective cover, inevitably affecting the acceptance of such structures in practice. This research has demonstrated that non-corrodable FRP reinforcement can be incorporated more easily than steel bars in fabric-formed concrete due to its light weight and flexibility, while it is possible to ensure ductility of such structures through confinement of concrete using FRP helices. A novel splayed anchorage system has been developed to provide end anchorage for optimised sections where standard bends or hooks cannot fit. This work also provides an experimentally verified methodology and guidance for the design and optimisation of fabric-formed elements.

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Asadollah Esmaeily / Bridge and building construction in areas that sustain frequent seismic activity require the use of heavy lateral steel reinforcement within concrete columns to handle the lateral loads. Multi-spiral lateral reinforcement has been recently introduced to the construction field to offer an alternative to the traditional hoop and tie reinforcement. This report evaluates the experimental data observed in multiple experimental studies done on different concrete specimens. These specimens include multiple rectilinear reinforcement and several multi-spiral configurations in both rectangular and oblong columns. Due to multi-spiral reinforcement being a relatively new design, traditional computer programs have yet to include design analysis for this type of reinforcement in computer programs. Dr. Asad Esmaeily developed the program KSU RC 2.0 that can implement multiple analytical models to evaluate different multi-spiral configurations, as well as traditional hoop and tie confinement, that may be compared with experimental data. This report illustrates the comparative data from several different reinforced concrete column models. The data clearly indicates that multi-spiral reinforced columns exhibit higher compressive strength in the axial direction as well as higher ductility capabilities when compared to traditional rectilinear reinforcement of similar lateral steel reinforcement ratios. The use of multi-spiral reinforcement is also shown to lower costs for both the work time needed to install the structures as well as lowering the required steel ratio; all while maintaining the structural integrity of the columns.

The Diploma thesis deals with the Diagnostics of Reinforced Concrete Bridge in the village of Luhačovice. This thesis also describes the individual Diagnostic methods and instruments used in purpose to make Diagnosis of bridge constructions. The main aim of the Diagnostics is to determine the current state of the Bridge which consists in verification of the actual road structure, determination of the physical and mechanical parameters of the Concrete (strength, depth of carbonation) and in some parts of the bridge structure to determine the type, number and position of the bending or shear reinforcement. Based on the evaluation of the laboratory tests a static calculation of the selected part of the Bridge structure is performed. The final evaluation is the determination of the load and the subsequent design of the necessary and recommended measures for maintaining or improving the functionality of the bridge structure.

As lajes formadas por vigotas pré-moldadas são utilizadas em larga escala no Brasil, em especial as formadas por vigotas treliçadas. As facilidades no manuseio e economia de fôrmas são algumas das vantagens do sistema. Apesar de serem muito utilizadas, ainda existe necessidade de estudo das recomendações no sentido de basear o projeto destas lajes. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: (a) contribuir no projeto de lajes formadas por vigotas com armação treliçadas através de uma análise crítica da bibliografia pesquisada; (b) tratar de temas pouco disseminados no que se refere ao cálculo de lajes pré-moldadas; (c) fornecer recomendações de projeto através de exemplo resolvido que aborda as principais dúvidas de projetistas da área. Neste exemplo avaliam-se as lajes, entre outros aspectos, quanto às flechas iniciais e ao longo do tempo, vibrações e momento negativo nos apoios. Os resultados são analisados e confrontados com as indicações da bibliografia. Comprova-se o fato destas lajes serem mais susceptíveis quanto às vibrações causadas por caminhada e mostra a dificuldade em atender à ABNT NBR 6118:2003. O vão máximo admissível para uma laje do exemplo de aplicação é 28% inferior quando comparado à laje maciça de mesma espessura na análise da vibração excessiva. Enfatiza a importância em prever armadura contra o colapso progressivo e demonstra que o aumento de consumo de aço em 5% é pequeno quando comparado ao total, para uma laje do exemplo de aplicação. / Precast slabs are used in large scale in Brazil, special those formed by lattice reinforcement. Facilities handling and economy mold are some of the advantages of the system. The objectives of this work are: (a) improve study of the design of slabs formed by precast lattice reinforcement through a review of literature; (b) address topics a little spread regards to the calculation of precast slabs; (c) providing design recommendations through examples solved by addressing the main concerns of designers in the area. This example evaluate the slabs to initials and long-term deflections, vibrations and bending moment at the supports. The results are analyzed and compared with indications in the literature. It demonstrates the suscetibility of the slabs for vibrations caused by walking and shows the difficulty in following ABNT NBR 6118:2003. The maximum span for one slab of the aplication example is 28% slower than solid slabs with the same thickness in excessive vibration analysis. This dissertation emphasizes the importance of predicting reinforcement against progressive collapse and shows the increase in steel consumption is small compared to the total, for one slab of the example.

As lajes formadas por vigotas pré-moldadas são utilizadas em larga escala no Brasil, em especial as formadas por vigotas treliçadas. As facilidades no manuseio e economia de fôrmas são algumas das vantagens do sistema. Apesar de serem muito utilizadas, ainda existe necessidade de estudo das recomendações no sentido de basear o projeto destas lajes. Os objetivos deste trabalho são: (a) contribuir no projeto de lajes formadas por vigotas com armação treliçadas através de uma análise crítica da bibliografia pesquisada; (b) tratar de temas pouco disseminados no que se refere ao cálculo de lajes pré-moldadas; (c) fornecer recomendações de projeto através de exemplo resolvido que aborda as principais dúvidas de projetistas da área. Neste exemplo avaliam-se as lajes, entre outros aspectos, quanto às flechas iniciais e ao longo do tempo, vibrações e momento negativo nos apoios. Os resultados são analisados e confrontados com as indicações da bibliografia. Comprova-se o fato destas lajes serem mais susceptíveis quanto às vibrações causadas por caminhada e mostra a dificuldade em atender à ABNT NBR 6118:2003. O vão máximo admissível para uma laje do exemplo de aplicação é 28% inferior quando comparado à laje maciça de mesma espessura na análise da vibração excessiva. Enfatiza a importância em prever armadura contra o colapso progressivo e demonstra que o aumento de consumo de aço em 5% é pequeno quando comparado ao total, para uma laje do exemplo de aplicação. / Precast slabs are used in large scale in Brazil, special those formed by lattice reinforcement. Facilities handling and economy mold are some of the advantages of the system. The objectives of this work are: (a) improve study of the design of slabs formed by precast lattice reinforcement through a review of literature; (b) address topics a little spread regards to the calculation of precast slabs; (c) providing design recommendations through examples solved by addressing the main concerns of designers in the area. This example evaluate the slabs to initials and long-term deflections, vibrations and bending moment at the supports. The results are analyzed and compared with indications in the literature. It demonstrates the suscetibility of the slabs for vibrations caused by walking and shows the difficulty in following ABNT NBR 6118:2003. The maximum span for one slab of the aplication example is 28% slower than solid slabs with the same thickness in excessive vibration analysis. This dissertation emphasizes the importance of predicting reinforcement against progressive collapse and shows the increase in steel consumption is small compared to the total, for one slab of the example.

The goal of this Master´s thesis is a review of a reinforced concrete chimney´s stack and a foundation design based on a combination of M+N load. Two bar models (by ČSN and EN) and one shall model were created to analyze internal forces. The fine element software SCIA ENGINEERING was used to create the models. The loads taken into consideration - for analysis include self weight, lining, temperature, wind, and Karman vortex. The stack was horizontally divided by several cuts which were investigated. The stack and foundation were designed by an algorithm created in the program MS EXCEL. The piles were designed in the program GEO 5. Drawings include - drawings of shapes and drawings of the reinforcement of specifics part of chimney.

Uma grande diversidade de macrofibras poliméricas para reforço de concreto se encontram disponibilizadas hoje em dia. Por natureza estas fibras apresentam grande diversidade de características e propriedades. Estas variações afetam sua atuação como reforço no concreto. No entanto, não há normas brasileiras sobre o assunto e as metodologias de caracterização de normas estrangeiras apresentam divergências. Algumas normas definem que a caracterização do comportamento mecânico deva ser feita nos fios originais e outras que se devam utilizar métodos definidos para caracterização de materiais metálicos. A norma EN14889-2:2006 apresenta maior abrangência, mas deixa dúvidas quanto à adequação dos critérios de caracterização geométrica das fibras e não define um método de ensaio específico para sua caracterização mecânica. Assim, há a necessidade de estabelecimento de uma metodologia que permita a realização de um programa de controle de qualidade da fibra nas condições de emprego. Esta metodologia também proporcionaria uma forma de caracterização do material para estudos experimentais, o que permitiria maior fundamentação científica desses trabalhos que, frequentemente, fundamentam-se apenas em dados dos fabricantes. Assim, foi desenvolvido um estudo experimental focando a caracterização de duas macrofibras poliméricas disponíveis no mercado brasileiro. Focou-se o estudo na determinação dos parâmetros geométricos e na caracterização mecânica através da determinação da resistência à tração e avaliação do módulo de elasticidade. Na caracterização geométrica foi adotada como referência a norma europeia EN14889-2:2006. As medições do comprimento se efetuaram por dois métodos: o método do paquímetro e o método de análise de imagens digitais, empregando um software para processamento das imagens. Para a medição do diâmetro, além das metodologias mencionadas, foi usado o método da densidade. Conclui-se que o método do paquímetro, com o cuidado de esticar previamente as macrofibras, e o método das imagens digitais podem ser igualmente utilizados para medir o comprimento. Já parar determinar o diâmetro, recomenda-se o método da densidade. Quanto à caracterização mecânica, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia própria a partir de informações obtidas de outros ensaios. Assim, efetuaram-se ensaios de tração direta nas macrofibras coladas em molduras de tecido têxtil. Complementarmente, foi avaliado também o efeito do contato abrasivo das macrofibras com os agregados durante a mistura em betoneira no comportamento mecânico do material. Também se avaliou o efeito do método de determinação da área da seção transversal nos resultados medidos no ensaio de tração da fibra. Conclui-se que o método proposto para o ensaio de tração direta da fibra é viável, especialmente para a determinação da resistência à tração. O valor do módulo de elasticidade, por sua vez, acaba sendo subestimado. A determinação da área da seção da fibra através do método da densidade forneceu também os melhores resultados. Além disso, comprovou-se que o atrito das fibras com o agregado durante a mistura compromete o comportamento mecânico, reduzindo tanto a resistência quanto o módulo de elasticidade. Assim, pode-se afirmar que a metodologia proposta para o controle geométrico e mecânico das macrofibras poliméricas é adequada para a caracterização do material. / A wide variety of synthetic macrofibers for concrete reinforcement are available nowadays. By nature, these fibers exhibit great diversity of properties and characteristics. These variations affect its performance as reinforcement in concrete. However, there are no Brazilian standards on the subject and characterization methodologies available in foreign standards present divergences. Some standards define that the characterization of the mechanical behavior should be made in the original filaments and others that the test should be performed according methods for metallic materials characterization. The standard EN14889-2:2006 provides greater coverage about the subject, but leaves doubts about the suitability of the geometric characterization criteria of the fibers and does not set a specific testing method for its mechanical characterization. Thus, there is a need to establish a methodology that allows to carry out a quality control program of the fiber in the onsite conditions. This approach would also provide a way of materials characterization for experimental studies, which would allow better scientific basis of these works, which often rely exclusively on data taken from manufacturers. Thus, an experimental study focusing on the characterization of two polymer macrofibers available in Brazil was developed. The study aims at the determination of the geometrical and mechanical characteristics, such as the tensile strength and the elastic modulus. The geometric characterization was based on the prescriptions of the European standard EN14889- 2:2006. Measurements of length were made by two methods: the caliper method and digital image analysis method, employing software for image processing. For the measurement of the diameter, besides the aforementioned methodologies, the density method was also used. It is concluded that the caliper method, taking care to stretch the macrofibers previously, and the method of digital images can also be used to measure the length. To determine the diameter, it is recommended the density method. As for the mechanical characterization, a methodology was developed taking in consideration the previous information related to other tests. Thus, the direct tensile test was carried out in macrofibers glued in textile fabric frames. In addition, it was also evaluated the effect of the abrasive contact of macrofibers with the aggregates during mixing on the mechanical behavior of the material. Also, the effect of the method of determining the cross-sectional area in the results measured in fiber tensile test was evaluated. It is concluded that the proposed method for direct tensile test of the fiber is feasible, especially for tensile strength assessment. The value of the modulus of elasticity, in turn, has been underestimated. The determination of the fiber section area through the density method also gave the best results. Furthermore, it was found that the friction of the fibers with aggregate during mixing compromises the mechanical behavior reducing both strength and elastic modulus. Thus, it can be said that the proposed methodology for the geometric and mechanical control of polymer macrofibers is suitable for the material characterization.

Uma grande diversidade de macrofibras poliméricas para reforço de concreto se encontram disponibilizadas hoje em dia. Por natureza estas fibras apresentam grande diversidade de características e propriedades. Estas variações afetam sua atuação como reforço no concreto. No entanto, não há normas brasileiras sobre o assunto e as metodologias de caracterização de normas estrangeiras apresentam divergências. Algumas normas definem que a caracterização do comportamento mecânico deva ser feita nos fios originais e outras que se devam utilizar métodos definidos para caracterização de materiais metálicos. A norma EN14889-2:2006 apresenta maior abrangência, mas deixa dúvidas quanto à adequação dos critérios de caracterização geométrica das fibras e não define um método de ensaio específico para sua caracterização mecânica. Assim, há a necessidade de estabelecimento de uma metodologia que permita a realização de um programa de controle de qualidade da fibra nas condições de emprego. Esta metodologia também proporcionaria uma forma de caracterização do material para estudos experimentais, o que permitiria maior fundamentação científica desses trabalhos que, frequentemente, fundamentam-se apenas em dados dos fabricantes. Assim, foi desenvolvido um estudo experimental focando a caracterização de duas macrofibras poliméricas disponíveis no mercado brasileiro. Focou-se o estudo na determinação dos parâmetros geométricos e na caracterização mecânica através da determinação da resistência à tração e avaliação do módulo de elasticidade. Na caracterização geométrica foi adotada como referência a norma europeia EN14889-2:2006. As medições do comprimento se efetuaram por dois métodos: o método do paquímetro e o método de análise de imagens digitais, empregando um software para processamento das imagens. Para a medição do diâmetro, além das metodologias mencionadas, foi usado o método da densidade. Conclui-se que o método do paquímetro, com o cuidado de esticar previamente as macrofibras, e o método das imagens digitais podem ser igualmente utilizados para medir o comprimento. Já parar determinar o diâmetro, recomenda-se o método da densidade. Quanto à caracterização mecânica, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia própria a partir de informações obtidas de outros ensaios. Assim, efetuaram-se ensaios de tração direta nas macrofibras coladas em molduras de tecido têxtil. Complementarmente, foi avaliado também o efeito do contato abrasivo das macrofibras com os agregados durante a mistura em betoneira no comportamento mecânico do material. Também se avaliou o efeito do método de determinação da área da seção transversal nos resultados medidos no ensaio de tração da fibra. Conclui-se que o método proposto para o ensaio de tração direta da fibra é viável, especialmente para a determinação da resistência à tração. O valor do módulo de elasticidade, por sua vez, acaba sendo subestimado. A determinação da área da seção da fibra através do método da densidade forneceu também os melhores resultados. Além disso, comprovou-se que o atrito das fibras com o agregado durante a mistura compromete o comportamento mecânico, reduzindo tanto a resistência quanto o módulo de elasticidade. Assim, pode-se afirmar que a metodologia proposta para o controle geométrico e mecânico das macrofibras poliméricas é adequada para a caracterização do material. / A wide variety of synthetic macrofibers for concrete reinforcement are available nowadays. By nature, these fibers exhibit great diversity of properties and characteristics. These variations affect its performance as reinforcement in concrete. However, there are no Brazilian standards on the subject and characterization methodologies available in foreign standards present divergences. Some standards define that the characterization of the mechanical behavior should be made in the original filaments and others that the test should be performed according methods for metallic materials characterization. The standard EN14889-2:2006 provides greater coverage about the subject, but leaves doubts about the suitability of the geometric characterization criteria of the fibers and does not set a specific testing method for its mechanical characterization. Thus, there is a need to establish a methodology that allows to carry out a quality control program of the fiber in the onsite conditions. This approach would also provide a way of materials characterization for experimental studies, which would allow better scientific basis of these works, which often rely exclusively on data taken from manufacturers. Thus, an experimental study focusing on the characterization of two polymer macrofibers available in Brazil was developed. The study aims at the determination of the geometrical and mechanical characteristics, such as the tensile strength and the elastic modulus. The geometric characterization was based on the prescriptions of the European standard EN14889- 2:2006. Measurements of length were made by two methods: the caliper method and digital image analysis method, employing software for image processing. For the measurement of the diameter, besides the aforementioned methodologies, the density method was also used. It is concluded that the caliper method, taking care to stretch the macrofibers previously, and the method of digital images can also be used to measure the length. To determine the diameter, it is recommended the density method. As for the mechanical characterization, a methodology was developed taking in consideration the previous information related to other tests. Thus, the direct tensile test was carried out in macrofibers glued in textile fabric frames. In addition, it was also evaluated the effect of the abrasive contact of macrofibers with the aggregates during mixing on the mechanical behavior of the material. Also, the effect of the method of determining the cross-sectional area in the results measured in fiber tensile test was evaluated. It is concluded that the proposed method for direct tensile test of the fiber is feasible, especially for tensile strength assessment. The value of the modulus of elasticity, in turn, has been underestimated. The determination of the fiber section area through the density method also gave the best results. Furthermore, it was found that the friction of the fibers with aggregate during mixing compromises the mechanical behavior reducing both strength and elastic modulus. Thus, it can be said that the proposed methodology for the geometric and mechanical control of polymer macrofibers is suitable for the material characterization.

The diploma thesis is focused on the design and evaluation of the concrete monolithic ceiling slab in the shape of semicircular ring, ribs lining this plate and skylights. The result is static calculation and drawing documentation.

The theme of my diploma thesis is Building and Technological Project for a residential building in Strážnice. This is a study of the implementation of major technological stages of object SO- 01 residential building, the project concerning the construction site installation, design the mechanical assembly, traffic solutions, technological process earthworks, foundation structures, piles CFA and reinforced concrete ceiling construction. The work includes further object schedule, financial plan, a detailed timetable for construction of residential building, the budget, the inspection and the test plan, safety hazards on a construction site in the implementation of the substructure object and thermal technical assessment of selected structures.