In the field of International business management, there is more and more concentration on the topic about the role of subsidiaries in the Multinational corporations (MNC). Subsidiaries not only accept the order of head-quarter but also contribute the competitive advantage to MNCs. Depending upon the trend of the academic research The subject of the research focuses on the initiatives of Taiwan subsidiaries and their mandate in MNCs. Subsidiary initiative is defined as the activities subsidiaries take to increase the integration efficiency, local responsiveness and innovation activities. These activities include internal market development, external market development and innovation development. Subsidiary mandate is defined as the extended level and charter of decision making. Because subsidiaries have different value activities and charters which are set by the head-quarter, they will have different directions of their initiatives and mandate. Through the interview five subsidiaries in Taiwan such as Ciba, Philips, IBM, Sram and 3M, the basis of this research is set. First, the analysis logistic is begun from the value activities and charter of the subsidiaries set by the head-quarter. Second, we compare the types of the initiatives taken by the subsidiaries. Third, we list the mandate of the subsidiaries and compare them with the changed mandate after taking initiatives. Through the analysis step, we conclude the relationship of the subsidiary initiative and subsidiary mandate.

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

国立情報学研究所で電子化したコンテンツを使用している。

Background Literature supports a relationship between low income status and poor diabetes control. However this relationship has not been assessed in Botswana. Aim To determine the relationship between socio-economic status and diabetes control in patients presenting to PMH. Objectives To measure the degree of glycaemic control; to determine the relationship between glycaemic control and monthly income as well as between glycaemic control and lifestyle modification factors;to describe the relationship between glycaemic control and core social welfare indicators. Methods A cross-sectional study, conducted over a 3 months in Gaborone, The questionnaire assessed self-care activities, monthly household earnings and core social welfare indicators among diabetes patients attending PMH. A total of 240 patients were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire. Routine HbA1c values were studied alongside questionnaire responses. Results A total of 58 (24%) participants with HbA1c between 4.0%-7.0% were well controlled, 96 (40%) of participants were poorly controlled (7.1%-9.0%) and 86 (36%) in the very poorly controlled category with HbA1c >9.0%. Of the well-controlled category, 59% lived on a monthly income between P0- P5000(the lowest income bracket). Only 3% participants in this category earned above P20000 monthly (the highest income bracket). Of the 40% poorly controlled participants, 69% fell in the lowest income bracket. No participants in this poorly controlled category earned above P20000 monthly. There were 40% participants in the very poorly controlled category. Of these, 63% earned between P0 - P5000. Only 2 participants with HbA1c values of 9.1 earned above P20000. Conclusion In this study high HbA1c percentages were associated with low monthly income levels and low scores in lifestyle modification factors. Participants with poor access to core welfare indicators also had poor glycaemic control. This study suggests that poor socio-economic status is directly related to poor glycaemic control in patients attending PMH diabetes clinic.

Community-based organizations increasingly face the need to systematically gather and provide data, information, and insights on the quality of their services and performances to governments, donors, and funding agencies. To meet these demands, community-based organizations have identified the need to build their own evaluation capacity. Increasing the evaluation capacity of an organization requires evaluation capacity building at an individual level, which might be affected by other factors like employee work motivation. This quantitative study uncovers the relationship between employee work motivation and individual evaluation capacity using the Multidimensional Work Motivation Scale and the Evaluation Capacity Assessment Instrument. I found that employees with higher intrinsic motivation have higher evaluation capacity, whereas, those with higher amotivation have lower evaluation capacity. Apart from that, this study also investigates the relationships motivation - evaluative thinking, and evaluation capacity - evaluative thinking, finding that individual evaluation capacity and evaluative thinking are closely related. This study elucidates the link between employee motivation, evaluation capacity, and evaluative thinking, which will not only benefit the organizations to better their practice of evaluation, but also help the employees to make progress in their career paths. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to explore how risks and costs can be reduced when working with incoterms in purchasing within the Asia-Pacific region. To fulfil this purpose, the following two research questions have been developed: 1. How does the case company currently work with incoterms when purchasing within the Asia-Pacific region? 2. How can risks and costs be reduced when working with incoterms when purchasing within the Asia-Pacific region? Method - Theories relevant for the study's purpose were collected through a literature study. To apply the theoretical framework to empirical data, a case study was conducted at a company. The empirical data was gathered through interviews and document studies. Findings - Use of the standard Incoterms 2010 is considered to be a good tool for reducing risks and costs when purchasing within the Asia-Pacific region, where risk management is a necessary complement. It is required that all employees working with incoterms have the right knowledge about the incoterms in order to use them correctly. The knowledge can be disseminated through the organisation by using knowledge management. It is also considered important to understand the differences between countries, in order to reduce the risk of misunderstanding. Contributions - The result of the study facilitates for companies who do not know how to work correctly with incoterms. The study contributes to decreasing the gap in theory regarding working with incoterms in the APAC region. It also facilitates for companies who do not know how to disseminate knowledge internally. Limitations - The case study was conducted at a company based in Thailand, which limited the ability to communicate, due to linguistic differences. Future research - It would be of interest to conduct an empirical study at other case companies of different sizes within the APAC region and in other trade regions. In addition, it would be interesting to study how internal courses about working with incoterms can be implemented in different types of organisations. Keywords - Incoterms 2010, APAC, Asia-Pacific, risk management, logistics costs in purchasing, knowledge management, relationship between risks and costs.

The specific problem this research studied is the relationship between principal instructional leadership behaviors and student achievement in Nigeria. Eight of the often cited principal instructional leadership behaviors were selected for study. They are: set goals; set expectation; provide resources, human/material; manage/coordinate curriculum and instruction; establish school climate; promote staff professional development; and monitor student progress. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the eight selected principal instructional leadership behaviors and student achievement in Nigeria. Using the stratified random sampling technique, a sample of 400 teachers, and 40 principals was selected from 40 secondary schools in Edo State. Two questionnaires were developed to gather data for the study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and pictorial presentation. The descriptive demographic variables gender, age, experience, and education, were used to describe the data gathered. The independent and dependent variables were subjected to inferential statistics using the Pearson product – moment correlation coefficient technique. Eight null hypotheses were tested to determine the statistically significant relationship between the eight independent variables and the dependent variable. The level of significance chosen was .05. The primary findings indicated that there are no statistically significant relationship between any of the eight independent variables and the dependent variable. Therefore, it could be concluded that there are other variables that are related to student achievement in Nigeria, though the eight independent variables could enhance it. Student intrinsic motivation, discriminating synthesis of old and new values, and a return to the Nigerian tradition are variables offered as those that are related to student achievement in Nigeria. Of all these variables, student intrinsic motivation seems to be the recurring variable that is most related to it. Nine main recommendations were made to the Nigerian students, scholars, school system, and society.

The subject of this thesis is the issue of criminological aspects of drug-related crime. This topic is considerably wide, therefore this thesis focuses on two specific aspects of this particular crime: the relationship between drug use and crime and the criminal careers of drug-addicted offenders. Since these two aspects are still being overlooked in the Czech Republic, the aim of this thesis is to introduce this issue using foreign literature and to complement it with my own research carried out within the Capital City of Prague. The first part of the thesis (Chapters 1 and 2) represents an introduction into the issue of drug-related crime. First, it explains basic notions that are essential to know for easy orientation within the thesis. Then, it discusses the history of drug abuse in the Czech Republic from 1918 until nowadays, and also complements current situation with an actual drug policy strategy. The second part of this thesis (Chapters 3 and 4) focuses on acquainting with the issue of the relationship between drug use and crime and the criminal careers. Using mostly foreign literature, it looks at these specific problems from two different perspectives: describing both the most famous theories and models and the most recent or well-known empirical researches. The last part of the thesis...

My thesis focuses on electronic communication between adolescents and teachers and the aspects of communication among adolescents with regards to their teachers. I used all the resources mentioned below, as well as my realised research. This theme has not yet been completely processed. As a result, I have aimed to create a comprehensive view on the function of electronic communication within the teacher - student relationship. This essay consists of two parts; a theoretical view and a practical view. The theoretical view consists of four chapters. The first two chapters deal with the specificity of the virtual world and its place within the lives of adolescents and how they communicate. The last two chapters of the theoretical view are focused on the school environment. The third chapter talks about relations of adolescents with teachers and relations among adolescents themselves. The final chapter within the theoretical view covers issues of virtual communication in relation to the school and education. In the practical view, I present quantitative public opinion surveys carried out in the 3rd class of high schools. The research focuses on the neutral, positive or negative ways in which adolescents use Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to communicate with teachers and how they...

UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FILOZOFICKÁ FAKULTA KATEDRAANDRAGOGIKY A PERSONÁLNÍHO ŘÍZENÍ Bc. Markéta Dufková Ovlivňování kvality pracovního života rozvojovými aktivitami (Influence of development activities on quality of work life) DIPLOMOVÁ PRÁCE Praha 2013 Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Jan Gruber, Ph.D. ABSTRACT This work focuses on comparison of theoretical approaches to the quality of work life with practical approaches in international companies. At the same time, emphasis is placed on staff development, which includes education. The basis of this work is the analysis of approaches to quality of life or more precisely the quality of working life. Theoretical dimensions of quality of working life are a synthesis applied to a practical measurement tool used in the studied Corporation. Nowadays, the employee is valuable and essential element of organizational life. Orientation on cutomer and focus on employee requires a thorough knowledge of motivation patterns and human needs. Improving the quality of working life can affect not only the work performance of the employee, but also its satisfaction with the work. A secondary effect is a reduction in fluctuation. Quality of working life can be affected by a large number of ways, in this work, however, attention is focused on the effect of staff development on the...