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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Métodos avançados da química quântica relativística aplicados em estudos de cinética química / Advanced methods of relativistic quantum chemistry applied in chemical kinetics studies

Santiago, Régis Tadeu 18 October 2018 (has links)
O emprego da química computacional fornece subsídios para a interpretação dos estudos experimentais e permite fazer previsões sobre as propriedades de sistemas ainda não sintetizados. Devido aos avanços computacionais, métodos de química quântica com diferentes níveis de tratamento de estrutura eletrônica são mais facilmente encontrados. Entretanto, certas aproximações ainda são necessárias devido à grande demanda por recursos computacionais dos métodos mais avançados. Desta forma, os resultados obtidos podem não representar adequadamente as propriedades dos sistemas estudados. Para compostos contendo elementos pesados, como é o caso de muitos catalisadores, seriam necessários estudos que levem em conta os efeitos relativísticos. Desta forma, foi realizado um estudo cinético de quatro tipos de reações envolvendo sistemas contendo átomos pesados. Na determinação das geometrias otimizadas verificou-se que os efeitos relativísticos escalares são geralmente predominantes e que não há diferença significativa entre os resultados do método de dois componentes ZORA em relação ao tradicional tratamento RECP. No entanto, cálculos DKH2 não conseguiram descrever os parâmetros geométricos de compostos de platina com a mesma eficácia. Por outro lado, foi possível observar que os efeitos relativísticos são muito mais importantes para uma determinação confiável de outras propriedades relacionadas à cinética química, como as energias relativas ao longo do mecanismo de reação. Neste caso, além dos efeitos relativísticos escalares, o acoplamento spin-órbita também se torna crucial para uma descrição acurada das barreiras de ativação em compostos com elementos do sexto período em diante. Assim, recomenda-se o uso de um tratamento combinado em duas etapas para uma correta descrição dos sistemas. Em geral, a etapa de otimização de geometrias pode ser realizada em nível RECP. Entretanto, para a obtenção de valores acurados de energia por métodos relativísticos, sugere-se a utilização dos tratamentos de quatro componentes, como Dirac-Coulomb (DC), e dos formalismos exatos de dois componentes, como X2C-MMF. / The use of computational chemistry provides support for the interpretation of experimental studies and allows making predictions about the properties of systems not yet synthesized. Quantum chemistry methods with different levels of electronic structure treatments are more easily found due to computational advances. However, some approximations are still required because of the significant demand for computational resources associated to more advanced methods. Thus, the results obtained may not adequately represent the properties of the systems studied. In the case of compounds containing heavy elements, such as many catalysts, studies that take into account the relativistic effects would be need. Thus, a kinetic study of four reaction categories involving systems containing heavy atoms was conducted. It was noticed that the scalar relativistic effects are generally predominant and that there is not significant differences between the results from the ZORA method in relation to the traditional RECP treatment during the determination of optimized geometries. Nevertheless, the DKH2 calculations failed to describe the geometric parameters of platinum compounds with the same efficiency. On the other hand, it was possible to observe that relativistic effects are very important for a reliable determination of other properties related to chemical kinetics, such as the relative energies along the reaction mechanism. In this case, in addition to scalar relativistic effects, the spin-orbit coupling also becomes crucial for an accurate description of the activation barriers in compounds with elements from the sixth period and beyond. Therefore, a two-step combined treatment is recommended for a correct description of the systems. In general, the geometry optimization step can be performed at the RECP level. However, in order to obtain accurate energy values by relativistic methods, we suggest the use of four-component treatments such as Dirac-Coulomb (DC) and exact two-component formalisms like X2C-MMF.
2

Estudo das propriedades de moléculas com átomos pesados utilizando um novo conjunto de base relativístico / Study of Properties in Molecules containing Heavy Atoms by means of a New Relativistic Basis set

Canella, Guilherme Arantes 08 February 2017 (has links)
Desde o início do uso de ferramentas computacionais na química, pesquisadores notaram a necessidade de um adequado tratamento da correlação eletrônica para a acurada descrição da estrutura eletrônica. Algum tempo depois, perceberam que, além da correlação, haviam ainda deficiências nos resultados obtidos, as quais estavam relacionadas com efeitos relativísticos, principalmente quando tentavam tratar moléculas com átomos pesados. Um terceiro aspecto a ser levado em consideração nestes estudos diz respeito ao uso de um conjunto acurado de funções de base. No caso específico de cálculos relativísticos, se possível, tais conjuntos ainda precisam garantir a eliminação do prolapso variacional, um problema que está relacionado com uma descrição deficiente da região mais próxima dos núcleos. Com esse propósito, o conjunto RPF-4Z foi desenvolvido recentemente. Sendo assim, este projeto foi voltado para a análise comparativa da qualidade do conjunto RPF-4Z. Desta forma, foram avaliadas propriedades fundamentais das moléculas como, por exemplo, geometrias, momentos de dipolo e constantes espectroscópicas. Simultaneamente, uma propriedade desafiadora, o gradiente de campo elétrico na posição de núcleos de xenônio, também foi considerada. Os resultados obtidos até agora reforçam a eficiência do conjunto RPF-4Z, que é capaz de fornecer valores comparáveis àqueles dados por conjuntos de base de mesma qualidade, mas com menor demanda por recursos computacionais. / Early in the application of computational framework in chemistry, researchers noticed the need for an adequate electronic correlation treatment in order to accurately describe electronic structures. Some years later they realized that, besides correlation, there were also deficiencies in the results, which were related to relativistic effects, especially when dealing with molecules containing heavy atoms. A third aspect to be taken into account is related to the use of an accurate basis set. Specifically for relativistic calculations, these basis sets must also ensure the elimination of variational prolapse if possible, which is a problem related to a poor description of the innermost region close to the nuclei. Thus, the RPF-4Z basis set was recently developed for this aim. This project is focused on a comparative analysis regarding the RPF-4Z basis set\'s quality. Thereby, fundamental properties of molecules were evaluated, such as geometries, dipole moments and spectroscopic constants. At the same time, a challenging property, the electric field gradient at the xenon nuclei, was considered as well. The results obtained so far reinforce the efficiency of the RPF-4Z basis set, which is capable of providing comparable values to those obtained by same quality basis sets but with a lower demand for computational resources.
3

Estudo das propriedades de moléculas com átomos pesados utilizando um novo conjunto de base relativístico / Study of Properties in Molecules containing Heavy Atoms by means of a New Relativistic Basis set

Guilherme Arantes Canella 08 February 2017 (has links)
Desde o início do uso de ferramentas computacionais na química, pesquisadores notaram a necessidade de um adequado tratamento da correlação eletrônica para a acurada descrição da estrutura eletrônica. Algum tempo depois, perceberam que, além da correlação, haviam ainda deficiências nos resultados obtidos, as quais estavam relacionadas com efeitos relativísticos, principalmente quando tentavam tratar moléculas com átomos pesados. Um terceiro aspecto a ser levado em consideração nestes estudos diz respeito ao uso de um conjunto acurado de funções de base. No caso específico de cálculos relativísticos, se possível, tais conjuntos ainda precisam garantir a eliminação do prolapso variacional, um problema que está relacionado com uma descrição deficiente da região mais próxima dos núcleos. Com esse propósito, o conjunto RPF-4Z foi desenvolvido recentemente. Sendo assim, este projeto foi voltado para a análise comparativa da qualidade do conjunto RPF-4Z. Desta forma, foram avaliadas propriedades fundamentais das moléculas como, por exemplo, geometrias, momentos de dipolo e constantes espectroscópicas. Simultaneamente, uma propriedade desafiadora, o gradiente de campo elétrico na posição de núcleos de xenônio, também foi considerada. Os resultados obtidos até agora reforçam a eficiência do conjunto RPF-4Z, que é capaz de fornecer valores comparáveis àqueles dados por conjuntos de base de mesma qualidade, mas com menor demanda por recursos computacionais. / Early in the application of computational framework in chemistry, researchers noticed the need for an adequate electronic correlation treatment in order to accurately describe electronic structures. Some years later they realized that, besides correlation, there were also deficiencies in the results, which were related to relativistic effects, especially when dealing with molecules containing heavy atoms. A third aspect to be taken into account is related to the use of an accurate basis set. Specifically for relativistic calculations, these basis sets must also ensure the elimination of variational prolapse if possible, which is a problem related to a poor description of the innermost region close to the nuclei. Thus, the RPF-4Z basis set was recently developed for this aim. This project is focused on a comparative analysis regarding the RPF-4Z basis set\'s quality. Thereby, fundamental properties of molecules were evaluated, such as geometries, dipole moments and spectroscopic constants. At the same time, a challenging property, the electric field gradient at the xenon nuclei, was considered as well. The results obtained so far reinforce the efficiency of the RPF-4Z basis set, which is capable of providing comparable values to those obtained by same quality basis sets but with a lower demand for computational resources.
4

Molecular Quadratic Response Properties with Inclusion of Relativity

Henriksson, Johan January 2008 (has links)
This thesis concerns quadratic response properties and their application to properties in Jablonski diagrams such as resonant two-photon absorption and excited state absorption. Our main interest lies in optical power limiting applications, and in this context, molecules containing heavy metal atoms prove superior. Therefore, we are interested in how relativity affects these properties, and in order to assess this, a four-component relativistic framework is adopted. To properly address the molecular properties of interest, both relativistic effects and electron correlation need to be accounted for. These two properties are not additive, and, therefore, correlation needs to be incorporated into the four-component framework. We present the implementation of quadratic response properties at the four-component density functional level of theory. For second-harmonic generation, we have, with numerical examples, demonstrated that correlation and relativity are indeed not additive and that the inclusion of noncollinear magnetization is of little importance. We report that both electron correlation as well as relativity strongly affect results for second-harmonic generation. For example, relativity alone reduces the µβ-response signal by 62% and 75% for meta- and ortho-bromobenzene, respectively, and enhances the same response by 17% and 21% for meta- and ortho-iodobenzene, respectively. In the four-component framework, we present the implementations of single and double residues of the quadratic response function, which allows for the evaluation of resonant two-photon absorption cross sections and excited state properties. Using these tools, we discuss different levels of approximation to the relativistic Hamiltonian and we demonstrate that for two-photon absorption, a proper treatment of relativistic effects qualitatively alters the spectrum. For example, already for an element as light as neon, significant differences are seen between the relativistic and nonrelativistic spectra as triplet transitions acquire substantial absorption cross sections in the former case. Finally, quantum mechanics in conjunction with electrodynamics is applied to determine clamping levels in macroscopic samples. The microscopic properties of the optically active chromophores are determined by response theory, and then, electrodynamics is used to describe the interactions between the chromophores and incident laser pulses. Using this approach a series of molecules have been investigated and their performances have been compared and ranked in order to find novel materials for optical power limiting applications.
5

Modélisation des interactions faibles en théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité / Describing weak interactions in density functional theory

Sulzer, David 28 September 2012 (has links)
Les descriptions des interactions faibles et notamment de la dispersion représentent un problème majeur pour la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité. En effet, le caractère fortement local des fonctionnelles rend problématique la description des interactions à longue-portée. Aussi, plusieurs stratégies sont envisagées: des corrections des fonctionnelles existantes ou une introduction de méthodes post-Hartree-Fock par séparation de portée. Des résultats dans les deux cas sont exposés. Tout d'abord, la méthodologie hybride est appliquée à des dimères de métaux de transition (Cr2, Mn2 et Zn2). Ensuite, le calcul de coefficients de corrections pour la dispersion dans un cadre relativiste est présenté. Enfin, les interactions faibles peuvent également résulter de l'interaction d'une molécule avec un champ magnétique. Dans ce cadre, une modélisation de la modification de la densité électronique dans les systèmes aromatiques sous l'influence d'un champ magnétique extérieur est présentée. / In quantum chemistry description of weak interactions, and particularly dispersion forces, are major problems for density functional theory. The strongly local character of functional does not allow to describe properly the long range interactions. Thus, two different strategies have been considered. Correcting the available functional or introduce post-Hartree-Fock methods by mean of range separation.Results in the two cases are discussed. First, the range separated hybrid methodology is applied to transition metal dimers (Cr2, Mn2 and Zn2). Then, correction coefficients for dispersion are calculated within the relativistic framework. Within this relativistic framework, a modelling of the electronic density in aromatic system under the influence of an external magnetic field is also presented.

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