Orientador: Paulo José Rocha de Albuquerque / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T07:37:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Noguchi_LeandroTomio_M.pdf: 6042585 bytes, checksum: 3b22b2450a9ddc40e2911dbb661a0359 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Este trabalho teve o objetivo estudar às formulações e teorias de capacidade de carga e previsão de recalques para o caso de uma solução em fundação superficial adotado em uma obra de um edifício comercial de 10 pavimentos e 3 subsolos localizado na cidade de São Caetano do Sul/SP, por meio de análise de quatro provas de carga sobre placa. Para tal, o solo local foi submetido a ensaios de laboratório para caracterização e determinação de parâmetros geotécnicos que alimentaram os métodos propostos e apresentados na literatura. Um modelo do ensaio de carga foi simulado em programa de elementos finitos, com os parâmetros dos ensaios de laboratório e assim determinando a curva carga vs recalque. Foram realizadas análises probabilísticas que forneceram o índice de confiabilidade e a probabilidade de ruína, possibilitando a redução do fator de segurança da fundação e o aumento da tensão admissível / Abstract: This work aims to study the methods and theories of bearing capacity and settlement prediction for the solution of a shallow foundation adopted in a commercial building of 10 floors and 3 basements in the city of São Caetano do Sul/SP through analysis of 4 plate loading tests. An undisturbed soil sample was collected that was submitted to laboratory tests for characterization and determination of geotechnical parameters that will support the theoretical methods proposed in the literature. With this it is expected to check the existing calculation methods for bearing capacity and settlement prediction. A model of the load plate test was simulated using a finite element program, with the parameters of laboratory tests, thus determining the load-settlement curve. By the allowable stress obtained, probabilistic analysis were performed, what made possible the calculation of reliability and failure probability indexes, allowing the reduction of the safety factor of the foundation and increase in the allowable stress / Mestrado / Geotecnia / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

M.Phil. / In modern society, professional engineers, technologists and technical managers are responsible for the planning, design, manufacture, maintenance and operation of the processes and systems ranging from simple processes to complex systems. The failure of these can often cause effects that range from inconvenience and irritation to severe impact on the society and its environment. Users, customers and society in general expect that products be reliable and safe at all times (Allan & Ballinton 1992). The biggest investment in any plant is, arguably, on individual plant equipment. It is therefore reasonable to give the greatest attention possible to the health and integrity of equipment that form part of the chemical process plant.Most of plant failures occur without warning and this result in equipment breakdowns, huge production losses and expensive maintenance. The reaction to plant failures has, in most cases, been a reactive maintenance which means that the plant equipment must fail before the cause of fault is investigated and the equipment is repaired. Reactive maintenance has shortcomings in that it is successful in solving problems temporarily but does not guarantee prevention of fault recurrence. Equipment and process failures waste money on unreliability problems. The question that arises is. ‘How reliable and safe is the plant during its operating life?’ This question can be answered, in part, by the use of quantitative reliability evaluation. The growing need to achieve high availability for large integrated chemical process systems demands higher levels of reliability at the operational stage. Reliability is the probability of equipment or processes to function without failure when operated correctly for a given interval of time under stated conditions. This research dissertation is aimed at developing equipment optimisation program for the chemical process plant by introducing a logical approach to managing the maintenance of plant equipment. Some relevant reliability theory is discussed and applied to the Short – Path Distillation (SPD) plant of SASOL WAX. An analysis of the failure modes and criticality helps to identify plant equipment that needs special focus during inspection.

Orientadores: Christiano Lyra Filho, Fábio Luiz Usberti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T03:25:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bacalhau_EduardoTadeu_D.pdf: 1630102 bytes, checksum: 258db7b09d8ce71b7d9a577e1993a3c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Este trabalho explora alternativas para a determinação das melhores políticas de planejamento das ações de manutenção preventiva em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. O problema é uma extensão de abordagens da área de manutenção centrada em confiabilidade (MCC), que vem sendo objeto de pesquisas ao longo das últimas décadas. Por se tratar de um problema de otimização combinatória de difícil solução, são poucos os artigos publicados que envolvem sistemas de escala real, e a maioria dentre esses utiliza meta-heurísticas como estratégia de solução. A abordagem desenvolvida neste trabalho é baseada na técnica de otimização denominada programação dinâmica. Duas estratégias para a redução do espaço de busca são adotadas: uma delas procura identificar e eliminar soluções dominadas; a segunda estratégia envolve a aplicação do processo de otimização da programação dinâmica em torno de uma vizinhança de uma solução promissora, movendo iterativamente em um espaço de soluções --- uma abordagem inspirada na programação dinâmica diferencial discreta. A combinação dessas duas estratégias é denominada Programação Dinâmica com Reduções de Espaço de Estados (PDREE). O trabalho investiga também a construção de estratégias híbridas. Uma das alternativas utiliza um algoritmo genético híbrido para a construção de planos de manutenção iniciais de boa qualidade, posteriormente otimizados pela PDREE. A segunda estratégia híbrida utiliza a PDREE para a construção de boas populações iniciais de soluções, posteriormente otimizada pelo algoritmo genético híbrido. As abordagens desenvolvidas são aplicadas a problemas de escala real e comparadas à abordagem por algoritmo genético híbrido. Os resultados mostram que as ideias desenvolvidas na tese estendem o estado-da-arte sobre a otimização de políticas de manutenção em redes de distribuição de grande porte / Abstract: This work explores alternatives to determine the best planning policies for preventive maintenance on electric power distribution systems. The problem is an extension of approaches of the reliability-centered maintenance area that has been studied allong the last decades. Since this problem is a hard combinatorial optimization problem, there are few works that address real-life systems, and most of these works use methods based on metaheuristic as solution strategy. The approaches proposed in this work are based on the optimization technique named dynamic programming. Two strategies are developed to reduce the search space of dynamic programming: the first strategy seeks to identify and eliminate dominated solutions; the second strategy confines the dynamic programming optimization procedures to the neighborhood of good solutions that move iteratively in the solution space---an approach inspired by the discrete differential dynamic programming method. The combination of both strategies is denominated Dynamic Programming with State Space Reductions (DPSSR). The work also investigates the development of hybrid strategies. One of the alternatives uses a hybrid genetic algorithm to obtain a promising initial maintenance strategy, further optimized by the DPSSR. The second hybrid strategy uses the DPSSR for constructing an initial good population, further optimized by a hybrid genetic algorithm. All the approaches are applied to real-life problems and compared to a pure hybrid genetic algorithm approach. The results show that the ideas developed in the thesis improve the state-of-the-art in obtaining the best maintenance policies for large distribution networks / Doutorado / Automação / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_celio_costa.pdf: 1343486 bytes, checksum: defd2c580a46995d62275872e20e9326 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-30 / This Work was developed as an effort to utilize the techniques and concepts that are employed in Survival Analysis in medicine, in order to apply them in Civil Engineering in the construction area. These techniques is called Reliability, which allows estimating the life time of building components through probabilistic models commonly used in that area. These models were developed and applied to the collected data, with a reliability of 95%. This subject, in this area have been studied in the scientific community, but specifically in the construction area is poorly known and is still in its beginning and, deserves further study. Thus, our proposition was to take some benefit or some information that might help for future work from analysis of a sample to study. 60 samples were collected for study, and 10 of them were censored, so that the study ended with a predetermined number of samples. The results were obtained using the software R and compared the models Exponential, Weibull and Log-normal, with the Kaplan-Meier estimator showing both graphically and through tests, which model best fits the data collected. The model that best fitted was the lognormal / Este trabalho foi elaborado, na tentativa de se aplicar as técnicas e os conceitos que são empregadas na Análise de Sobrevivência, na medicina e aplicá-los na Engenharia Civil, na área de construção. Essas técnicas recebe o nome de Confiabilidade, onde permite estimar a vida útil de componentes construtivos, através de modelos probabilísticos mais usados nessa área. Esses modelos foram desenvolvidos e aplicados nos dados colhidos, com uma confiabilidade de 95%. Esse assunto, nessa área, já vem sendo estudado na comunidade científica, mas especificamente na área da construção civil pouco se conhece, encontrando-se ainda a fase embrionária, merecendo um estudo mais aprofundado. Logo nossa proposição foi a de a partir de análise feita em uma amostra para estudo, tirar algum proveito ou alguma informação que possa ajudar para trabalhos futuros. Foram coletados 60 amostras para estudo, sendo que 10 delas foram censuradas, onde o estudo terminou com um numero pré-determinado de amostras estudadas. Os resultados foram obtidos através do software R, sendo comparados os modelos Exponencial, Weibull e Log-normal, com o estimador de Kaplan-Meier, mostrando tanto graficamente como através de testes, qual melhor modelo se ajusta aos dados coletados. O modelo que melhor se ajustou foi o Log-normal

A unified study on the hot carrier reliability of the Pseudomorphic High Electron Mobility Transistor (PHEMT) is carried out through Sentaurus Device Simulation, measurement, and physical analyses. A trade study of devices with four various geometries are evaluated for DC and RF performance. The trade-off of DC I-V characteristics, transconductance, and RF parameters versus hot carrier induced gate current is assessed for each device. Ambient temperature variation is also evaluated to observe its impact on hot carrier effects. A commercial grade PHEMT is then evaluated and measured to demonstrate the performance degradation that occurs after a period of operation in an accelerated stress regime— one hour of high drain voltage, low drain current stress. This stress regime and normal operation regime are then modeled through Sentaurus. Output characteristics are shown along with stress mechanisms within the device. Lastly, a means of simulating a PHEMT post-stress is introduced. The approach taken accounts for the activation of dopants near the channel. Post-stress simulation results of DC and RF performance are then investigated.

Recent years have shown real advances of microwave monolithic integrated circuits (MMICs) for millimeter-wave frequency systems, such as wireless communication, advanced imaging, remote sensing and automotive radar systems, as MMICs can provide the size, weight and performance required for these systems. Traditionally, GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) or InP based MMIC technology has dominated in millimeter-wave frequency applications because of their high fT and fmax as well as their superior noise performance. But these technologies are very expensive. Thus, for low cost and high performance applications, InGaP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are quickly becoming the preferred technology to be used due to their inherently excellent characteristics. These features, together with the need for only one power supply to bias the device, make InGaP/GaAs HBTs very attractive for the design of high performance fully integrated MMICs. With the smaller dimensions for improving speed and functionality of InGaP/GaAs HBTs, which dissipate large amount of power and result in heat flux accumulated in the device junction, technology reliability issues are the first concern for the commercialization. As the thermally triggered instabilities often seen in InGaP/GaAs HBTs, a carefully derived technique to define the stress conditions of accelerated life test has been employed in our study to acquire post-stress device characteristics for the projection of long-term device performance degradation pattern. To identify the possible origins of the post-stress device behaviors observed experimentally, a two iv dimensional (2-D) TCAD numerical device simulation has been carried out. Using this approach, it is suggested that the acceptor-type trapping states located in the emitter bulk are responsible for the commonly seen post-stress base current instability over the moderate base-emitter voltage region. HBT-based MMIC performance is very sensitive to the variation of core device characteristics and the reliability issues put the limit on its radio frequency (RF) behaviors. While many researchers have reported the observed stress-induced degradations of GaAs HBT characteristics, there has been little published data on the full understanding of stress impact on the GaAs HBTbased MMICs. If care is not taken to understand this issue, stress-induced degradation paths can lead to built-in circuit failure during regular operations. However, detection of this failure may be difficult due to the circuit complexity and lead to erroneous data or output conditions. Thus, a practical and analytical methodology has been developed to predict the stress impacts on HBTbased MMICs. It provides a quick way and guidance for the RF design engineer to evaluate the circuit performance with reliability considerations. Using the present existing EDA tools (Cadance SpectreRF and Agilent ADS) with the extracted pre- and post-stress transistor models, the electrothermal stress effects on InGaP/GaAs HBT-based RF building blocks including power amplifier (PA), low-noise amplifier (LNA) and oscillator have been systematically evaluated. This provides a potential way for the RF/microwave industry to save tens of millions of dollars annually in testing costs. v The world now stands at the threshold of the age of advanced GaAs HBT MMIC technology and researchers have been exploring here for years. The reliability of GaAs HBT technology is no longer the post-design evaluation, but the pre-design consideration. The successful and fruitful results of this dissertation provide methods and guidance for the RF designers to achieve more reliable RF circuits with advanced GaAs HBT technology in the future.

Markov processes have a long history of being used to model safety critical systems. However, with the development of autonomous vehicles and their increased complexity, Markov processes have been shown to not be sufficiently precise for reliability calculations. Therefore there has been the need to consider a more general stochastic process, namely the Semi-Markov process (SMP). SMPs allow for transitions with general distributions between different states and can be used to precisely model complex systems. This comes at the cost of increased complexity when calculating the reliability of systems. As such, methods to increase the interpretability of the system and allow for appropriate approximations have been considered and researched. In this thesis, a novel classification approach for transitions in SMP has been defined and complemented with different conjectures and properties. A transition is classified as good or bad by comparing the reliability of the original system with the reliability of any perturbed system, for which the studied transition is more likely to occur. Cases are presented to illustrate the use of this classification technique. Multiple suggestions and conjectures for future work are also presented and discussed. / Markovprocesser har länge använts för att modellera säkerhetskritiska system. Med utvecklingen av autonoma fordon och deras ökade komplexitet, har dock markovprocesser visat sig vara otillräckliga exakta för tillförlitlighetsberäkningar. Därför har det funnits ett behov för en mer allmän stokastisk process, nämligen semi-markovprocessen (SMP). SMP tillåter generella fördelningar mellan tillstånd och kan användas för att modellera komplexa system med hög noggrannhet. Detta innebär dock en ökad komplexitet vid beräkningen av systemens tillförlitlighet. Metoder för att öka systemets tolkningsbarhet och möjliggöra lämpliga approximationer har därför övervägts och undersökts. I den här masteruppsatsen har en ny klassificeringsmetod för övergångar i SMP definierats och kompletteras med olika antaganden och egenskaper. En övergång klassificeras som antingen bra eller dålig genom en jämförelse av tillförlitligheten i det ursprungliga systemets och ett ändrat system, där den studerade övergången har högre sannolikhet att inträffa. Fallstudier presenteras för att exemplifiera användningen av denna klassificeringsteknik. Flera förslag och antaganden för framtida arbete presenteras och diskuteras också.

An efficient reliability technique has been developed based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in conjunction with the First Order Second Moment (FOSM) reliability method. The technique is applied when the limit state function cannot be obtained explicitly in terms of the design variables, i.e., when the analysis is performed using numerical techniques such as finite elements. The technique has proven to be efficient because it can handle problems with large numbers of design variables and correlated as well as nonnormal random variables. When compared with analytical results, the method has shown excellent agreement. The technique contains a sensitivity analysis scheme which can be used to reduce the computation time resulting in nearly the same accuracy. This technique allows the extension of most finite element codes to account for probabilistic analysis, where statistical variations can be added to the design variables. An explicit solution for rocket motors consisting of propellant and steel case under environmental temperature variations is compared to the RSM technique. The method is then used for the analysis of rocket motors subjected to mechanical loads for which the stress analysis is performed using the finite element method. The technique is also applied to study the reliability of a laminated composite plate with geometric nonlinearity subjected to static and time dependent loadings. Different failure modes were considered as well as different meshes. Results have shown that when the relative size of the element is introduced into the probabilistic model, the same reliability value is obtained regardless of the number of elements in the mesh. This is good because it allows the technique to be used for problems where the failure region is unknown. / Ph. D.

Bibliography: p. 474-514.

The main objective of the topology optimization is to fulfill the objective function with the minimum amount of material. This reduces the overall cost of the structure and at the same time reduces the assembly, manufacturing and maintenance costs because of the reduced number of parts in the final structure. The concept of reliability analysis can be incorporated into the deterministic topology optimization method; this incorporated scheme is referred to as Reliability-based Topology Optimization (RBTO). In RBTO, the statistical nature of constraints and design problems are defined in the objective function and probabilistic constraint. The probabilistic constraint can specify the required reliability level of the system. In practical applications, however, finding global optimum in the presence of uncertainty is a difficult and computationally intensive task, since for every possible design a full stochastic analysis has to be performed for estimating various statistical parameters. Efficient methodologies are therefore required for the solution of the stochastic part and the optimization part of the design process. This research will explore a reliability-based synthesis method which estimates all the statistical parameters and finds the optimum while being less computationally intensive. The efficiency of the proposed method is achieved with the combination of topology optimization and stochastic approximation which utilizes a sampling technique such as Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) and surrogate modeling techniques such as Local Regression and Classification using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Local regression is comparatively less computationally intensive and produces good results in case of low probability of failures whereas Classification is particularly useful in cases where the reliability of failure has to be estimated with disjoint failure domains. Because classification using ANN is comparatively more computationally demanding than Local regression, classification is only used when local regression fails to give the desired level of goodness of fit. Nevertheless, classification is an indispensible tool in estimating the probability of failure when the failure domain is discontinuous. Representative examples will be demonstrated where the method is used to design customized meso-scale truss structures and a macro-scale hydrogen storage tank. The final deliverable from this research will be a less computationally intensive and robust RBTO procedure that can be used for design of truss structures with variable design parameters and force and boundary conditions.