The master thesis concentrates on long term work abroad and its impact on further career development. The procedure of the control workers (expatriates) in separate stages, e.g. dispatch of the workers, manage the procedure of the expatriation and the stage of the return from abroad (repatriation) is approached on the specific example the Czech Trade Promotion Agency. The impact of the gained skills on the further personal and career development has been considered by the empirical research between the managers, who currently are abroad. The procedure of the dispatch and return of the expatriates and its impact on organization development has been evaluated by the analysis of the actual situation in Czech Trade Promotion Agency. This issue has been considered in the specific environment of the public service. The Czech Trade Promotion Agency is contributory organization, established by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic.

Magister Legum - LLM / This paper sought to discuss the questions whether refugees have the right to return to their country of origin and whether their participation in the political life of that country may be used as a means to realise their right to return. / South Africa

Whilst the role of Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) programs was to neutralize armed groups and restore sustainable stability in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the proliferation of armed groups witnessed between 2013 and 2018 in the Kivu region interrogate the efficacy of implemented DDR programs. The DRC faces serious setbacks in terms of socio-economic and political development due to the presence of many armed groups oscillating in the eastern parts of the country, particularly the Kivu region. This situation poses peace and security problems not for the DRC alone but for the Great Lakes region. To stabilize this region, the DRC government and its International partners employed DDR programs as mechanisms to neutralize armed groups and reinstate sustainable peace and security. However, despite these efforts, there has been a rapid increase of non-state armed groups between 2013 and 2018 and an increase in violence against civilians leading to the displacement of millions of people. This study investigates the dynamics of various factors behind the creation of armed groups, their proliferation and resistance to DDR programs. The study reveals that there have been long grievances and unresolved crises behind armed groups’ resistance in the Kivu region including ethnic antagonism and resentment between autochthonous citizens and Kinyarwanda speakers; and the socio-economic deprivation, hardship of life and feeling of marginalization by the central government. This dissertation delineates better approaches to address the problem of armed groups and succeed in future DDR programs such as the establishment of a long-term reconciliation mechanism to address ethnic resentment created by war within communities in the Kivu region; and a national development plan guaranteeing socio-economic opportunities (income generating activities) to citizens in the Kivu region. This study uses a qualitative research approach to investigate the dynamics of non-state armed groups and disarmament challenges in the DRC. / Dissertation (MA (Political Sciences))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Mastercard Scholarship foundation / Political Sciences / MA (Political Sciences) / Unrestricted

"The Aliens Control Act (ACA) was racially biased towards immigrants who were easy to assimilate into the white population. It thus did not accord with the principles of the new regime based on equality and reflected an exclusionist apartheid ideology. Not only was the act itself repugnant, but the practice of the enforcement bodies in arrest, detention and deportation procedures was maligned as well. There were allegations of violence, arbitrary arrest, harassment, exploitation, unfit detention facilities and lack of procedural fairness. This precipitated the drafting of the Green and White Papers on International Migration, the much contested Immigration Bill and the Immigration Act (IA) itself. The well researched Green Paper's recommendations about the shift in focus from control to management of migration were not taken cognisance of. The government, in consultation with US immigration specialists, focused on control to prevent an influx from the rest of Africa into South Africa's newly 'opened' borders. The only concession granted was the amnesties for long-time residents (usually mineworkers and refugees) from SADC countries, but this was not well responeded to. The South African government seemed to be intent on keeping the exclusionist mindset, with a shift from race to nationality. The IA has to be examined to see whether the contents of the legislation which inform the repatriation process meet constitutional and international law muster. This should be done with the background and criticisms of the ACA in mind. The actual practice of the enforcement agencies that effect the arrest, detention and deportation must be measured against South Africa's accepted human rights norms. A consideration of the past harsh and unconstitutional immigration control mechanisms must take place as well to track South Africa's progress towards a human rights based repatriation program." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2004. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

"As will be seen, the OAU Refugee Convention contains many provisions which, if not properly construed, might lead to a great curtailment of refugees' political rights. Yet the right to participate in the government of one's country is guaranteed by a number of international human rights isntruments. In any case, when people are forced to leave their country of origin, it is simply natural for them to seek the means whereby they could go back to their country of origin. ... Besides, not only voluntary repatriation is generally regarded as the most desirable solution to the refugee problem, but also it has been observed that a successful return is dependent upon the political conditions in the country of origin. It will be argued that refugees should be allowed and assisted to play a proactive role in order to create a political environment propitious to their return. ... The first chapter is a presentation of the study, its background, the research questions, the literature review, the methodology and the limitations to the study. The second chapter deals with the problems related to the refugee status and international protection. It is a presentation of the big picture of international refugee protection, with a focus on Africa. From an African point of view, it looks at the definition of the term refugee, the refugee status and the available protection mechanisms. The third chapter discusses the traditional durable solutions to the refugee problem, as well as the new approaches in refugee protection. It discusses the availablility, effectiveness and shortcomings of traditional solutions, and highlights repatriation as the most suitable solution to the refugee problem. The fourth chapter is a reflection on the right to repatriation and the extent to which political participation of refugees can be used to realise that right. This chapter examines the legal foundation of the right to return, the significance of political participation to that right, highlights the major obstacles to political participation of refugees, and puts forward ideas that might serve as guidelines for enhanced participation of refugees in the political life of their country of origin. The last chapter is a summary presentation of the conclusions and recommendations drawn from this study." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / Prepared under the supervision of Prof. T.P. van Reenen at the Faculty of Law, University of the Western Cape / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

No description available.

Till följd av internationalisering och globalisering har vikten av kunskap om interkulturella fenomen blivit allt viktigare. Genom att öka den kulturella medvetenheten, kan de kulturkrockar och missförstånd som okunskap ger upphov till i förlängningen förebyggas, och resultatet och utbytet av denna interaktion förbättras. Syftet med den här studien var att lyfta fram kunskap om hur interkulturell träning är uppbyggd och utifrån vilka antaganden om interkulturell kompetens utbildningsanordnare utformar sina träningsprogram. Vår teoretiska referensram utgjordes av bland annat centrala kulturella begrepp och Hofstedes kulturella dimensioner. Vi genomförde sju stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med utbildningsanordnare runt om i Sverige. Ur materialet växte ett antal kategorier fram rörande interkulturell tränings utformning och syfte, rörande utvärdering av interkulturell träning, stöd för expatriater, utvecklingen av interkulturell träning i Sverige, samt kostnader förknippade med interkulturell träning. Resultaten pekade på att interkulturella träningsprogram i stort sett är utformade på liknande sätt, där teori kombineras med praktik, och element som kulturchock, anpassningsprocessen, interkulturell kommunikation och svårigheter kring repatriation belyses. Interkulturell träning skall ge en ökad förståelse och medvetenhet inom ramen av interkultur och skräddarsys efter varje individs och organisations specifika behov och önskemål. Studiens resultat stödde i mångt och mycket tidigare forskningsresultat, men konkluderade också att det fortfarande finns stora brister när det kommer till mängden träning och utvärdering av denna. Följaktligen lämnade resultatet mycket att önska av framtida forskning och inte minst av dagens internationella företag, som fortfarande inte insett vilken framgångsfaktor interkulturell träning är. / Due to internationalisation and globalisation, the significance of intercultural competence has become more and more important. By increasing cultural awareness, the culture shocks and misunderstandings that ignorance fuels can in the long run be prevented, and the result and exchange of this interaction can be improved. The purpose of this study was to bring knowledge to how intercultural training is composed and from which assumptions concerning intercultural competence, education organisers design their training programs. The theoretical frame of reference constituted central cultural elements as well as Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Seven semi-structured interviews, with education organisers in Sweden, were carried out. From the information gathered, a number of categories was found regarding intercultural training design, evaluation of intercultural training, support for expatriates, the development of intercultural training in Sweden, and costs associated with intercultural training. The results showed that intercultural training programs are mostly similarly designed where theory is combined with practice sessions and they illustrate culture shock, the U-curve, intercultural communication, and the difficulties concerning repatriation, among other things. Intercultural training shall give an increased understanding and awareness within the frame of interculture and be customised to fit the needs and desires of each individual and each organisation. The results of the study to great extent supported earlier research results, but also established that there are great flaws as regards to the amount of training and the evaluation of the same. Consequently, the results left much to desire of future research, not least from today’s international organisations, which still have not realized the success factor that intercultural training is.

<p>Till följd av internationalisering och globalisering har vikten av kunskap om interkulturella fenomen blivit allt viktigare. Genom att öka den kulturella medvetenheten, kan de kulturkrockar och missförstånd som okunskap ger upphov till i förlängningen förebyggas, och resultatet och utbytet av denna interaktion förbättras. Syftet med den här studien var att lyfta fram kunskap om hur interkulturell träning är uppbyggd och utifrån vilka antaganden om interkulturell kompetens utbildningsanordnare utformar sina träningsprogram. Vår teoretiska referensram utgjordes av bland annat centrala kulturella begrepp och Hofstedes kulturella dimensioner. Vi genomförde sju stycken semistrukturerade intervjuer med utbildningsanordnare runt om i Sverige. Ur materialet växte ett antal kategorier fram rörande interkulturell tränings utformning och syfte, rörande utvärdering av interkulturell träning, stöd för expatriater, utvecklingen av interkulturell träning i Sverige, samt kostnader förknippade med interkulturell träning. Resultaten pekade på att interkulturella träningsprogram i stort sett är utformade på liknande sätt, där teori kombineras med praktik, och element som kulturchock, anpassningsprocessen, interkulturell kommunikation och svårigheter kring repatriation belyses. Interkulturell träning skall ge en ökad förståelse och medvetenhet inom ramen av interkultur och skräddarsys efter varje individs och organisations specifika behov och önskemål. Studiens resultat stödde i mångt och mycket tidigare forskningsresultat, men konkluderade också att det fortfarande finns stora brister när det kommer till mängden träning och utvärdering av denna. Följaktligen lämnade resultatet mycket att önska av framtida forskning och inte minst av dagens internationella företag, som fortfarande inte insett vilken framgångsfaktor interkulturell träning är.</p> / <p>Due to internationalisation and globalisation, the significance of intercultural competence has become more and more important. By increasing cultural awareness, the culture shocks and misunderstandings that ignorance fuels can in the long run be prevented, and the result and exchange of this interaction can be improved. The purpose of this study was to bring knowledge to how intercultural training is composed and from which assumptions concerning intercultural competence, education organisers design their training programs. The theoretical frame of reference constituted central cultural elements as well as Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Seven semi-structured interviews, with education organisers in Sweden, were carried out. From the information gathered, a number of categories was found regarding intercultural training design, evaluation of intercultural training, support for expatriates, the development of intercultural training in Sweden, and costs associated with intercultural training. The results showed that intercultural training programs are mostly similarly designed where theory is combined with practice sessions and they illustrate culture shock, the U-curve, intercultural communication, and the difficulties concerning repatriation, among other things. Intercultural training shall give an increased understanding and awareness within the frame of interculture and be customised to fit the needs and desires of each individual and each organisation. The results of the study to great extent supported earlier research results, but also established that there are great flaws as regards to the amount of training and the evaluation of the same. Consequently, the results left much to desire of future research, not least from today’s international organisations, which still have not realized the success factor that intercultural training is.</p>

Why do refugees in Africa's Great Lakes Region refuse to repatriate? This thesis offers a detailed examination of this question through a comparative study of Rwandan and Congolese refugee communities across three countries: Uganda, Rwanda, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. The policies of international agencies and local governments are assessed against the lived experiences, responses, and perceptions of refugees through first-hand research, undertaken in eighteen sites across the region during extensive fieldwork conducted between 2009 and 2013. The pervasiveness and intensity of reactions amongst refugees against repatriation is forceful and striking. Conversely, it is aggressively promoted and implemented by international actors, home, and host states. The thesis examines the interactions that occur as refugees seek to remain 'in exile', whilst international actors and regional states seek to coerce them to repatriate, and investigates the mechanisms that underpin this stalemate. The principal chapters of this thesis address the themes of (i) acculturation, de facto integration, and de jure segregation; (ii) conceptualisations of rights secured through refugee status; (iii) information concerning homelands and its diffusion in exile; and (iv) experiences of return. It is shown that refugee communities are adept at articulating past and present grievances, and are critically aware of their human rights in the context of their exile. The international protection of exile is perceived as a pseudo-citizenship that secures more rights than those accorded citizens in their states of origin. These communities maintain a wealth of information concerning their homelands, the diffusion of this knowledge being determined by connections between sites of exile, shaping it into accepted and collective communal narratives. This collective consciousness of status selectively reinforces refugees' resolve against repatriation. When repatriation is forced or frustrated, its experience is integrated into communal narratives of persecution, generating further grievance and reifying resistance to return.

This thesis examines the policies and procedures created during and after the First World War that provided the foundation for how the United States commemorated its war dead for the next century. Many of the techniques used in modern times date back to the Great War. However, one hundred years earlier, America possessed very few methods or even ideas about how to locate, identify, repatriate, and honor its military personnel that died during foreign conflicts. These ideas were not conceived in the halls of government buildings. On the contrary, concerned citizens originated many of the concepts later codified by the American government. This paper draws extensively upon archival documents, newspapers, and published primary sources to trace the history of America’s burial and repatriation policies, the Army Graves Registration Services, and how American dead came to permanently rest in military cemeteries on the continent of Europe. The unprecedented dilemma of over 80,000 American soldiers buried in France and surrounding countries at the conclusion of the First World War in 1918 propelled the United States to solve many social, political, and military problems that arose over the final disposition of those remains. The solutions to those problems became the foundation for how America would repatriate, honor, and mourn its military dead for the next century. Some of these battles persist even today as the nation tries to grapple with the proper way to commemorate the nation’s participation in the First World War on the eve of the conflict’s centennial.