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This thesis empirically investigates alarm and prosocial words in online news headlines and the associated reads (the number of clicks), responses (including the number of likes, dislikes, and comments), and relays (the number of shares). I analyze over 170,000 online news headlines and mainly the associated number of reads and likes for each news story on an online news platform. Theoretically, based on the meta-level evolutionary theory－evolution by natural selection－I propose a middle-level evolutionary model of prosocial media effects from a nature-nurture interactive perspective. Then, I propose a specific evolutionary model that was derived from the proposed middle-level model, the human alarm system for sensational news, a psychological mechanism designed to detect and concern threatening news. I generate research questions from the specific model to test whether news headlines with alarm words attract more likes as a survival concern indirectly through an increased number of reads as a selection device, and whether prosocial words in headlines serve as a moderator. The results of a conditional indirect effect model showed that given that online readers click on (i.e, read) news headlines with alarm words, the fact that it has a prosocial word in the headlines leads readers more likely to "like" it. The empirical findings' theoretical and methodological contributions, research agenda, and examples of implications for future studies are discussed.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 1982. / Includes bibliographies. / by Marsha Lynne Coleman. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Political Science, 1982.

Sphingomyelin (SM) is a major component of mammalian cell membranes. Its bulk production in the trans-Golgi provides a thermodynamic trap for cholesterol synthesized in the ER to promote the formation of a SM/sterol concentration gradient along the secretory pathway. This gradient marks a fundamental transition in physical membrane properties that helps specify organelle identity and function. A previous study identified mutations in SM synthase SMS2 as the underlying cause of a hereditary form of osteoporosis and skeletal dysplasia. This work shows that two missense SMS2 variants linked to the most severe bone phenotype, p.I62S and p.M64R, retain full enzymatic activity but are unable to leave the ER owing to a defective autonomous ER export signal. Consequently, bulk production of SM is mistargeted to the ER, the site for de novo synthesis of the SM precursor ceramide. Combining organellar lipidomics with the application of lipid reporters, I find that cells harboring these pathogenic SMS2 variants accumulate plasma membrane-like SM levels in the ER and display a disrupted SM asymmetry at the plasma membrane, presumably due to a constitutive SM scrambling in the ER. These aberrant SM distributions also occur in patient-derived fibroblasts and are accompanied by significant imbalances in cholesterol organization and lipid order along the secretory pathway. Moreover, I find that a more common nonsense SMS2 variant associated with a milder bone phenotype, p.R50X, yields a truncated but catalytically active enzyme that is mistargeted to an early Golgi compartment. Collectively, these data indicate that pathogenic SMS2 variants undermine the capacity of cells to uphold nonrandom lipid distributions in the secretory pathway that may be critical for the bone forming activity of osteogenic cells.

Thesis (MPhil (Journalism))--Stellenbosch University, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During Gulf War II, the American government implemented new media policies which, due to their potentially manipulative impact, became a subject of concern to academics, social commentators and the media alike. Key to these policies was the Department of Defense's Embedded Media Program which allowed hundreds of selected reporters to accompany US forces to the war front. The US openly tried to win international support for the war, and critics felt that this policy was designed to saturate the media with reports supporting the American point of view. This study examines these policies, the history of war reporting as a separate news genre, as well as the fluctuating relations between the US military and the media. Because of the US media policies, the fact that only one South African newspaper reporter was in Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom phase of the war and South African newspapers' consequent reliance on foreign news sources, there was a real possibility that the American position would be propagated in the local press. To test whether this was the case, the way the war was reported on in four leading South African newspapers is examined in terms of gatekeeping, agendasetting and framing. Using an adapted version op Propp's fairytale analysis as a standard, it compares the slant and content of the South African coverage to the way four senior US government officials presented the war. Also, the coverage of the newspapers is compared to one another. The analyses indicate that while most of the information published by the newspapers came from American sources, the news reports generally did not mirror the US standpoint, but instead criticised President Bush and the war on Iraq. Neither the frequency of the newspapers, nor its cultural background showed any correlation with the way the war was depicted by the different newspapers. It is therefore concluded that while the US might have been successful in their attempt to "occupy the media territory" in terms of sources cited, they were not able to sway the opinion of the South African press in their favour. However, the US is aware of these failures and plans to rectify the mistakes made in Gulf War II by means of proactive global operations started in times of peace. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Tydens die Tweede Golfoorlog het die Amerikaanse regering 'n nuwe mediabeleid ingestel wat weens die potensieel manipulerende impak daarvan ’n bron van kommer vir akademici, sosiale kommentators en die media self geword het. Sentraal tot hierdie nuwe beleid was die Departement van Verdediging se sogenaamde "Embedded Media Program" wat honderde uitgesoekte joernaliste toegelaat het om Amerikaanse magte na die oorlogsfront te vergesel. Die VSA het openlik probeer om internasionale steun vir die oorlog te werf en kritici het gevoel dat dié beleid ontwerp is om die media met nuusberigte wat die Amerikaanse standpunt steun, te versadig. Hierdie studie ondersoek dié beleid, die geskiedenis van oorlogsverslaggewing as afsonderlike nuus-genre, asook die wisselvallige verhouding tussen die Amerikaanse weermag en die media. Weens die Amerikaanse mediabeleid, die feit dat slegs een Suid-Afrikaanse koerantverslaggewer tydens die Operation Iraqi Freedom fase van die oorlog in Irak was en Suid-Afrikaanse koerante gevolglik van buitelandse nuusbronne afhanklik was, was daar 'n werklike moontlikheid dat die Amerikaanse posisie deur die plaaslike pers gepropageer kon word. Om te toets of dit die geval was, is die manier waarop in vier vooraanstaande Suid-Afrikaanse koerante oor die oorlog berig is, ondersoek in terme van hekwagterskap, agendastelling en raamskepping. Deur 'n aangepaste weergawe van Propp se feëverhaalanalise as maatstaf te gebruik, is die neiging en inhoud van die Suid- Afrikaanse dekking vergelyk met die manier waarop vier senior Amerikaanse amptenare die oorlog voorgehou het. Die koerante se dekking is ook met mekaar vergelyk. Die analises wys dat hoewel die meeste van die inligting wat deur die koerante gepubliseer is van Amerikaanse bronne kom, die nuusberigte oor die algemeen nie die Amerikaanse standpunt weerspieël nie, maar eerder krities teenoor President Bush en die oorlog teen Irak is. Nie die frekwensie van die koerante of die kulturele agtergrond daarvan het enige korrelasie getoon met die manier waarop die oorlog deur die verskillende koerante uitgebeeld is nie. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat hoewel die VSA moontlik daarin geslaag het om die "mediaterrein te okkupeer" in terme van aangehaalde bronne, het hulle nie daarin geslaag om die Suid-Afrikaanse pers se opinie in hul guns te swaai nie. Die VSA is egter bewus van die foute wat tydens die Tweede Golfoorlog gemaak is en beplan om dit deur middel van proaktiewe globale operasies in vredestyd reg te stel.

This study examined the role and function of public relations in public higher education institutions by focusing on the messages being communicated by four public research-oriented universities. This study was designed to determine if and how these universities communicate their public good responsibility and how that communication is perceived by two constituent groups—higher education reporters and state legislators. The researcher used two qualitative methods: thematic analysis and in-depth/elite interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the universities’ mission and vision statements, strategic plans, legislative appropriations requests, presidential speeches, and 800 press releases (200 from each of four universities), to determine whether references to the public good were either present or absent in messages the universities disseminated during 2006 and 2007. In-depth/elite interviews were used to obtain the perspectives of the chief public relations officers at each of the four public research-oriented universities about their public relations strategies and communication goals. Higher education reporters covering these respective institutions and members of the legislature in positions of leadership on committees involved with higher education policy and funding issues were also interviewed to understand their perceptions about the universities. This study found the following 24 references to public good: the core concepts of research, teaching and public service; the benefits the universities create as engines of economic development; diversity; the recruitment and retention of faculty; the university as a center for arts, entertainment and cultural events; faculty and student achievement; student career enhancement; and institutional prestige, among others. The study demonstrated that public research-oriented universities are using public relations strategies and techniques to construct and distribute messages to their key constituents about the benefits they provide to the State and its citizens. Major findings also include the observation that higher education reporters cover higher education as a statewide beat which focuses on the state’s two flagship or Tier 1 universities—the University of Texas at Austin and Texas A&M University and the institutions in the reporters respective cities. In addition, the higher education reporters write about “issues” related to higher education rather than institutions per se. The study also found that State Legislators only recognize the two Tier 1 institutions as research institutions and their perspectives about these institutions are driven by how these universities are funded. / text

Higher education is one of the most expensive services an individual will ever purchase, yet many question whether enough information is available to higher education consumers to make informed decisions. The objective of this study was to determine the degree of personal experience higher education writers at selected major daily newspapers have with for-profit colleges and how those experiences affect the perceptions they have of the colleges. The second objective of the research focused on how much coverage for-profit colleges receive based on workforce projections, compared to traditional colleges.The study tested two hypsothees:1. Higher education staff writers at the selected major daily newspapers have little personal experience with for-profit, degree-granting colleges, compared to traditional colleges, resulting in neutral-to-negative perceptions.2. Despite predictions that a high percentage of jobs will require an education beyond high school but not necessarily a traditional four-year college degree, for-profit colleges receive less coverage than traditional colleges in the selected major daily newspapers.A five-page questionnaire was mailed to the person covering higher education at the major daily newspaper in mature ITT Technical Institute markets. Questions related to the amount of personal contact the journalists have with proprietary colleges and the perceptions they hold of these colleges as well as what they believe their readers' higher education needs are. Writers were also asked to indicate their agreement with several workforce projections and to report how many articles on specific topics were published in the last year. The study received a 54 percent response rate.The respondents were sorted twice, based on their personal contact and then based on their perceptions. Overall, respondents had about half as much contact with proprietary colleges as they did with traditional colleges in the past year, supporting the first part of Hypothesis 1. However, the largest percentage of respondents had some contact with proprietary colleges, resulting in positive-toneutral perceptions, disproving the first hypothesis overall. Delving further into the issue indicated that the more personal contact a journalist had with proprietary colleges, the more positive his or her perceptions of them were.The second hypothesis was supported however, in that traditional public colleges were contacted as sources for articles more than for-profit colleges by a margin of 77 percent to 23 percent. Non-profit traditional colleges were contacted more by a margin of 49 percent to 23 percent.Further analysis found that the more contact a writer had with a proprietary college, the more positive his or her perception of this sector was and the more coverage for-profit colleges received. / Department of Journalism

This study determined attitudes held by television reporters nationwide toward PR practitioners' demonstrated knowledge of the technical side of television news. Findings. that emerged from the study were: 1. Television reporters were undecided whether practitioners needed an educational background in PR, and believed they needed an educational but not a professional background in television reporting. 2. They believed practitioners knew too little and should improve their knowledge, and that practitioners' employers would benefit therefrom. 3. They valued the assistance of practitioners. 4. There were moderate degrees of off-the-job contact and interest therein. 5. They divided evenly on the question concerning practitioners' specific demonstrated knowledge of the technical side of television news.

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-10-06T12:50:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Teixeira Chiarioni.pdf: 10355990 bytes, checksum: eb9489c2471a8d1a885548b8462d40a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-06T12:50:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bruno Teixeira Chiarioni.pdf: 10355990 bytes, checksum: eb9489c2471a8d1a885548b8462d40a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research is geared towards Fernando Gabeira’s journalistic narrative. Attentive to unexpected storylines, the subjective tone and the non-assertive nature of such narrative, this research seeks to understand it as an atypical voice in the context of the greater Brazilian press, for it avoids newscasting and its calamitous rhetoric, in light of Roland Barthes’ writings. Such concept is conceived in the field of literary criticism. Knowing that the Barthesian writing is defined in contrast to the myth and its rumor, in this paper we will consider both concepts useful to understand Gabeira’s discourse, especially the televisual one. We work with the hypothesis that, in this case, the journalist reveals the writer, especially since his anchoring in the televisual chronicle is preceded by an oeuvre with seven books, whose style is comparable to the one Gabeira currently dares to adopt on the screen. The state of the art involves comprehensive works on literary journalism, from the New Journalism, internationally led by journalists/writers such as Tom Wolfe, Truman Capote, Gay Talese, John Hersey to the kind of journalism dedicated to journalistic chronicles named the New Latin American Journalism, practiced by exponential names such as Martin Caparrós, Leila Guerriero, among others, and having in Brazil representatives such as Dorrit Harazim and Eliane Brum. The theoretical framework contains Barthes’ works, especially the first one that includes Writing Degree Zero and Mythologies, as well as his best presentations. The research corpus is made up of five editions of the Fernando Gabeira program, from the cable channel Globo News, broadcast between September 2013, when the attraction opened, and the first quarter of 2017, when closing the writing of this thesis. The choice of editions is made especially because this researcher believes that these productions are more closely connected to the propositions raised in this thesis. From the methodological point of view, the research is bibliographic and documental. The relevance of the work is connected to the use of the Barthesian Semiology, which is currently considered crucial for the understanding of the Medias, and also to televisual discourse, rarely targeted by the sophisticated analytical procedures of the author / Esta pesquisa está voltada para a narrativa jornalística de Fernando Gabeira. Atenta às pautas inesperadas, ao tom subjetivista e ao caráter não-assertivo dessa narrativa, busca entendê-la como uma voz atípica no contexto da grande imprensa brasileira, por furtar-se do noticiarismo e sua retórica calamitosa, à luz da escritura de Roland Barthes. Tal conceito é gestado no campo da crítica literária. Sabendo que a escritura barthesiana se define como contrapartida ao mito e seu rumor, aqui tomaremos ambos os conceitos barthesianos como produtivos para a compreensão do discurso gaberiano, principalmente o televisual. Trabalhamos com a hipótese de que, nesse caso, o jornalista revela o escritor, tanto mais que sua ancoragem na crônica televisual é precedida de uma obra que soma 7 livros, de estilo comparável àquele que Gabeira ousa talhar atualmente no écran. O estado da arte envolve trabalhos abalizados sobre jornalismo literário, abarcando desde o new journalism, capitaneado internacionalmente por jornalistas/escritores como Tom Wolfe, Truman Capote, Gay Talese, John Hersey, até certo periodismo voltado à crônica jornalística, intitulado de Novo Jornalismo Latino-Americano, praticado por nomes exponenciais como Martin Caparrós, Leila Guerriero, entre outros, e tendo, no Brasil, representantes como Dorrit Harazim e Eliane Brum. Os referenciais teóricos compreendem a obra de Barthes, notadamente a primeira, que inclui O grau zero da escritura e Mitologias, e suas melhores apresentações. O corpus da pesquisa constitui-se de 5 edições do programa Fernando Gabeira, do canal a cabo Globo News, exibidas entre os meses de setembro de 2013, período da estreia da atração, e o primeiro trimestre de 2017, quando do fechamento da escrita da tese. A escolha das edições se dá, sobretudo, pelo fato de o pesquisador acreditar que essas produções se aproximam em maior grau às proposições suscitadas nesta tese. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa é caracterizada como bibliográfica e documental. A relevância do trabalho prende-se à aplicação da semiologia barthesiana, hoje considerada crucial para o entendimento das mídias, ao discurso televisivo, raramente alvejado pelos sofisticados procedimentos analíticos do autor