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"Thèse en cotutelle, Doctorat en études littéraires, Université Laval Québec, Canada et Université Paul-Valéry (Montpellier III), Montpellier, France" / Le reportage, comme journalisme d’investigation de la presse écrite, se constitue en France dans le dernier tiers du XIXe siècle, non sans susciter des débats et des représentations contradictoires entre tenants et opposants. Il connaît dans l’entre-deux-guerres une période d’effervescence, pendant laquelle il se décline en différents supports (volumes, presse quotidienne et hebdomadaire) et selon différents rapports à l’actualité et à la fictionnalisation. Le reportage apparaît dès lors moins comme un genre uniforme qu’en tant que matrice d’un journalisme d’enquête, dont on peut retracer la formation et l’évolution, décrire les différentes variations génériques (reportage collectif, feuilletonesque et d’actualité). Associé à l’essor de la presse d’information, le reportage instaure l’envoyé spécial en médiateur, en écrivain et en héros de la culture médiatique. Le Reporter, comme objet de l’imaginaire social de la Troisième République, est une figure complexe, dont il convient de retrouver les représentations à la croisée de différentes productions. Ce sont à la fois des fictions, des articles de presse (reportages, interviews, nécrologies, métadiscours), des Mémoires de journalistes, de même qu’un ensemble de représentations iconographiques qui sont convoqués, afin de tracer un répertoire culturel des scénographies journalistiques, des scénarios fictionnels et des postures auctoriales concourant à la formation d’un imaginaire social du reporter, figure médiatisée et médiatrice. Au cœur des intrigues et reportages où elle prend place se rencontrent d’autres imaginaires sociaux – de la colonisation, du corps, du progrès technique et social, de la Nation. Ils indiquent en quoi le reporter est une figure républicaine, intimement liée à l’instauration de la démocratie parlementaire et de la liberté de presse, à la modernité technique et médiatique. Enfin, héritier du journalisme littéraire à la française, mais également associé à de nouveaux modes de saisie du réel (notamment les médias visuels, photographie et cinéma), le reporter est le pivot entre deux imaginaires médiatiques : l’un fait reposer sur la subjectivité du journaliste la restitution d’une vision du monde, perçu à travers le prisme de la médiation humaine ; l’autre, qui triomphera dans la seconde moitié du XXe siècle, prétend à une illusion de saisie objective du réel, capturé par la médiation technique. / Reportage, understood as investigative journalism of the written press, was invented in France in the last third of the nineteenth century, not without causing debates and contradictory representations between supporters and opponents. During the interwar period its popularity is at its peak, as reportage presents itself in different media (books, daily and weekly press) and with different relations to news and fictionalization. Reportage therefore appears less like a genre than a matrix of investigative journalism, whose formation and evolution can be traced and generic variations described (such as collective, serialized and news reportages). Linked to the development of the news media, reportage establishes the special correspondent as a mediator, a writer and a hero of modern media culture. The Reporter, as an object of the social imaginary of the Third Republic, is a complex figure, which representations are situated at the crossroads of different productions. These include fictions, press articles (reportages, interviews, obituaries, metadiscourses), Memoirs of journalists, as well as a set of iconographic representations, all of which are drawn upon to define a cultural repertoire of journalistic scenographies, fictional scenarios and authorial positions contributing to the formation of a social imaginary of the reporter, defined both as a publicized figure and a mediator. In the intrigues and stories in which the reporter appears, he meets other social imaginaries – of colonization, of the body, of technical and social progress, of the Nation. These mould the reporter into a Republican figure, closely linked to the development of parliamentary democracy and of freedom of the press, and to modern technology and media. Finally, heir of the French literary journalism, but also associated with new recording techniques (that is, visual media, photography and cinema), the reporter is the pivot between two mediatic imaginaries : one that uses the journalist’s subjectivity and the prism of human mediation to account for a worldview ; the other, which will prevail in the second half of the twentieth century, claims to offer an objective grasp of reality, as permitted by the illusion of technical mediation.

This study is concerned with determining the effects that video display terminal use had on reporters' and editors' attitudes toward their jobs and the machines themselves. Data for this investigation were obtained with questionnaires returned from seventy-one reporters and editors who use video terminals in their daily work. Questionnaire data were supplemented with interview data from thirteen questionnaire respondents, Ten hypotheses in five categories were tested with the t test. Four additional hypotheses were tested with raw data. Findings showed that video terminal use enhanced perceived job professionalism and made respondents think they should make more money. Attitudes toward video terminals improved after use of the devices, and respondents recognized the value of video terminal training in college,

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This essay examines which news sources gets to talk about Sweden in American news features about events in Sweden and if they give a positive or negative image of Sweden. I opted to examine three of the main news channels in the USA: PBS, FOX and CNN.  I examined, more specifically, the sources gender, nationality and ethnicity, and which social position and status they had. Furthermore I also examined whether the sources were verbal or non-verbal and if they were visible or anonymous. Lastly I did an analysis of whether the sources gave a positive or negative image of Sweden in the news features. To execute the study I used the quantitative content analysis as my method.   The results of the study show that the majority of the sources, used in American news features about events in Sweden, were Swedish professional males, who gave a negative image of Sweden. The majority of the sources were also visible and verbal. A small amount of the sources were anonymous, and PBS only used visible sources. The result did not differentiate much between the news channels, except when it came to if the sources were verbal or non-verbal. Every source used in PBS were verbal and the majority of the sources in FOX were verbal. In CNN’s news features, however, the majority of the news sources were non-verbal.

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The Internet and World Wide Web have become dominant newsgathering tools in a sholi period of time. While the body of research, particularly in the First World, has developed quickly along with the Web, many unanswered questions remain on how journalists in developing countries make use of the Internet for newsgathering purposes. This study combined social constructivist theory with the socio-organisational and cultural approaches to news production in order to critically investigate how journalists at The Post newspaper in Zambia relate to, and make use of, the Internet as a newsgathering resource, in the context of Third World conditions. The study critiqued technological detelminism perspectives on journalists' use of the new information technology. The technological determinism theory, which has largely been advanced by some scholars from the developed world, takes a celebratory approach to journalists' use of the Internet in the newsroom. Using qualitative semi-structured interviews and observations, the study established that while journalists at The Post acknowledged the lnternet's potential in news gathering, factors such as unreliable telecommunications infrastructure, poor Internet skills, lack of local content on the World Wide Web, and organisational and occupational demands inhibited the use of the Internet as a journalistic newsgathering resource. The study established further that online reporting is only a tool within the broader news gathering and production process; and in the case of The Post, it does not replace the traditional news gathering techniques used by journalists, particularly direct contacts with human sources. The respondents cited face-to-face interviews, a traditional means of newsgathering, as the main driving force in news gathering routines at the newspaper. However, although the respondents saw some mixed blessings in the Internet as a reporting tool, they also believed that the benefits outweighed the problems. / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in

News in our contemporary newspapers has come to be associated more and more with what the elites do and say. Both their deeds and misdeeds are treated as newsworthy events and in the process they become newsmakers, both actors and sources of news. Even when they are not directly involved in news events they are sought out by journalists to validate those events and to interpret the social reality to the readers as news sources. This study is about the selection of news sources in the Daily Nation, a contemporary, independent newspaper based in Nairobi, Kenya. In this study, I set out to unravel the complex processes that underlie newsmaking and source selection. This study is informed by the theory of news values and the paradigm of the role of media in democracy. Based on qualitative interviews, observations and content analysis of the front-page stories, it investigates the process of news and source selection in front-page stories. Through these approaches, I established that news values are significant criteria that inform journalists in both the selection of front-page news stories and the sources of these stories. I also established that social values of the society in which this newspaper operates are heavily embedded in the news. For example, the journalists preferred male politicians as sources of news in the front-page stories to women, and the elites to ordinary people, and this reflected on the social structures and cultural norms that are prevalent in this society. This study, further, established that the news values of this newspaper share commonly with the Western news media in terms of journalistic conventions and ways of interpreting the social reality in the news. Ideally, the newspaper embraces the principles of democracy in news reporting, but in practice it does not satisfactorily adhere to the full requirements of its democratic role in terms of source selection. The democratic principles in news reporting require, among other things, that the newspaper should allow a diversity of views in the news, representing various groups that are found in real society including the elites, non-elites, women, ordinary people and minorities. In the case of the Daily Nation, a tiny group of elite male professional politicians made up the largest majority of its front-page news sources.

CAPES / As intervenções humanas no ambiente, por meio da tecnologia e do desenvolvimento industrial têm provocado manifestações de conscientização sobre os problemas ambientais. Mas mesmo com discussões que atravessam os séculos, muitos são os problemas ambientais que continuam a afetar o planeta. Os ecossistemas naturais e suas condições de água, ar, terra e biodiversidade passam por contínuas transformações, várias devido às ações humanas. Nesse contexto, o jornalismo apresenta-se como um importante meio de comunicação para informar os cidadãos sobre a questão do ambiental. Este estudo visa discutir como se formalizam certas representações discursivas da tecnologia em textos sobre meio ambiente, no jornalismo impresso da revista brasileira Época e da revista internacional norte americana e alemã Scientific American Brasil. Foram selecionadas duas reportagens, cada qual pertencente a uma das revistas. A metodologia utilizada fundamenta-se, sobretudo, nos conceitos das teorias de Mikhail Bakhtin/Volochínov e Michel Foucault. Propõe-se verificar como são apresentadas as inovações e soluções tecnológicas nos discursos e, de acordo com a proposta do pesquisador Renato Dagnino, identificar sobre que perspectiva a tecnologia é interpretada, se determinista, instrumentalista, substantivista ou crítica. / Human interventions in the environment, through technology and industrial development have provoked demonstrations to raise awareness about environmental issues. But even with discussions covering several centuries, many environmental problems that continue to affect the planet. Natural ecosystems and their conditions of water, air, land and biodiversity undergo continuous transformations, many due to human actions. This context, journalism presents itself as an important means of communication to inform citizens about the environmental issue. This study aims to discuss how to formalize certain discursive representations of technology in texts on environment, print journalism of Brazilian Época’s magazine season and North American and German international Scientific American Brasil’s magazine. We selected two reports, each belonging to one of the magazines. The methodology is based mainly on the concepts of the theories of Mikhail Bakhtin / Volochínov and Michel Foucault. It is proposed to verify they are presented innovations and technological solutions in speeches and, according to the proposal the researcher Renato Dagnino, identify perspective on technology that is interpreted, is deterministic, instrumentalist, substantivist or criticism.

CAPES / As intervenções humanas no ambiente, por meio da tecnologia e do desenvolvimento industrial têm provocado manifestações de conscientização sobre os problemas ambientais. Mas mesmo com discussões que atravessam os séculos, muitos são os problemas ambientais que continuam a afetar o planeta. Os ecossistemas naturais e suas condições de água, ar, terra e biodiversidade passam por contínuas transformações, várias devido às ações humanas. Nesse contexto, o jornalismo apresenta-se como um importante meio de comunicação para informar os cidadãos sobre a questão do ambiental. Este estudo visa discutir como se formalizam certas representações discursivas da tecnologia em textos sobre meio ambiente, no jornalismo impresso da revista brasileira Época e da revista internacional norte americana e alemã Scientific American Brasil. Foram selecionadas duas reportagens, cada qual pertencente a uma das revistas. A metodologia utilizada fundamenta-se, sobretudo, nos conceitos das teorias de Mikhail Bakhtin/Volochínov e Michel Foucault. Propõe-se verificar como são apresentadas as inovações e soluções tecnológicas nos discursos e, de acordo com a proposta do pesquisador Renato Dagnino, identificar sobre que perspectiva a tecnologia é interpretada, se determinista, instrumentalista, substantivista ou crítica. / Human interventions in the environment, through technology and industrial development have provoked demonstrations to raise awareness about environmental issues. But even with discussions covering several centuries, many environmental problems that continue to affect the planet. Natural ecosystems and their conditions of water, air, land and biodiversity undergo continuous transformations, many due to human actions. This context, journalism presents itself as an important means of communication to inform citizens about the environmental issue. This study aims to discuss how to formalize certain discursive representations of technology in texts on environment, print journalism of Brazilian Época’s magazine season and North American and German international Scientific American Brasil’s magazine. We selected two reports, each belonging to one of the magazines. The methodology is based mainly on the concepts of the theories of Mikhail Bakhtin / Volochínov and Michel Foucault. It is proposed to verify they are presented innovations and technological solutions in speeches and, according to the proposal the researcher Renato Dagnino, identify perspective on technology that is interpreted, is deterministic, instrumentalist, substantivist or criticism.