No description available.

In the late 1970's, emphasis on non-proliferation forced suspension of all commercial spent-fuel reprocessing. The spent-fuel storage problem plaguing the nuclear industry can be alleviated by reprocessing. For commercial spentfuel reprocessing to again become a reality, a process is needed to reform reprocessing operations such that non-proliferation goals are satisfied. To satisfy these goals, the existing process which generates plutonium-nitrate solution must be altered to generate plutonium-uranium oxide powder. The COPRECAL process is designed to produce this solid. The COPRECAL process allows uranium and plutonium to be extracted from spent-fuel for reuse in commercial lightwater reactors. The COPRECAL process is unique in that no pure plutonium is ever present throughout the process, whether the COPRECAL process is intrinsically vulnerable to plutonium diversion is the object of this work. A simulation model of the COPRECAL process is presented which employs state-of-the-art instrumentation to measure in-process plutonium through the simulated passage of time. Plutonium diversion schemes are incorporated into the model. After simulated thefts, model output statistics are plotted on control charts and analyzed. Results show need for major design changes in the COPRECAL process. / Master of Science / incomplete_metadata

The current regulation for Medical Devices (MDR) entered into force on 26 May 2021, which has entailed major changes to relevant legislation for in-house production of medical devices in healthcare. The relevance for updating existing, or the development of new standards is currently not well documented and determined and the aim of this report is to make recommendations for how the development of standards may be improved and how departments of medical technology (DMT) in practice apply standards at in-house production of medical devices. The sub-areas that are dealt with in in-house production are reprocessing of single use devices, 3D printing and medical technology software. How standards are used to support departments of medical technology in manufacturing in these areas is described and analyzed in this report. Information for the study was collected through semi-structural interviews with several DMTs and relevant authorities. The information was analyzed, discussed, and compared with previous research. The use of standards varied between DMTs, but all interviewees used standards to some extent. The study concluded that there was an interest from DMTs and a potential need to update existing standards and the production of new standards to meet DMT’s needs. / Nuvarande förordning för medicintekniska produkter (MDR) trädde i kraft den 26 maj 2021, vilket har inneburit stora förändringar på relevant lagstiftning för egentillverkning av medicintekniska produkter inom sjukvården. Relevansen för uppdatering av existerande, alternativt utveckling av nya standarder är i nuläget ej väl dokumenterat och klarlagt och målet med denna rapport är att komma med rekommendationer för hur utveckling av standarder kan förbättras samt hur medicintekniska avdelningar (MTA) i praktiken applicerar sig av standarder vid egentillverkning av medicintekniska produkter. De delområden som behandlas inom egentillverkning är reprocessing av engångsartiklar, 3D-printing och medicinteknisk mjukvara. Hur standarder används som stöd av MTA vid tillverkning inom dessa områden beskrivs och analyseras i denna rapport. Information för studien insamlades genom semi-strukturella intervjuer med flera MT-avdelningar och relevanta myndigheter.Informationen analyserades, diskuterades och jämfördes med tidigare forskning. Användandet av standarder varierade mellan MTA, men alla intervjuade använde standarder i någon utsträckning. Det framkom i studien både ett intresse för uppdatering av existerande standarder och framställning av nya standarder för att bemöta MTAs behov.

Thesis: M.S., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Engineering, 1977 / Includes bibliographical references. / M.S. / M.S. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Nuclear Engineering

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 M66 / Master of Science

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research explores Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) as a possible therapeutic technique in interventions dealing with trauma. The study focuses specifically on the adolescent phase. A distinction is made between developmental trauma and single-incident trauma and its impact on development. An attempt is made to acquire a deeper insight into adolescents’ experience of trauma. The purpose of the adolescent phase is the development of a sound identity. The challenges and the impact of traumatic experiences on the development of the adolescent on the road to adulthood are examined more closely. The symptoms of trauma and specifically the effect of trauma on the adolescent are highlighted. The study adopted an interpretivist paradigm. A qualitative design with multiple case studies was selected for the research. The research included five cases. The study was limited to adolescents who ranged in age from 13-19 years in an Afrikaans school in Johannesburg. Intake discussions were held with the parents. Intake discussions in accordance with the EMDR approach were held with the participants. Each participant attended 4 sessions. Various themes were identified in each interview, but two main themes emerged: the emotions of the adolescents regarding the trauma they experienced; the influence of trauma on the self-concept of the participants; that led to a deeper grasp of the participants’ experiences. An insight was gained into the influence that traumatic experiences had on the lives of the participants as well as the influence of these experiences on their families, school and social contexts. The main findings indicate that EMDR as a therapeutic technique does have the potential to provide support to adolescents who have been exposed to single-incident or developmental trauma. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing handel daaroor om Oogbeweging Desensitisasie en Herprosessering (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) (EMDR) as terapeutiese tegniek te eksploreer as moontlike intervensie vir trauma. Die studie fokus spesifiek op die adolessente fase. Daar sal onderskei word tussen ontwikkelingstrauma en ʼn enkele traumatiese ervaring en die impak daarvan op ontwikkeling. Daar is gepoog om ʼn verdieping van insig met betrekking to die adolessent in sy ervaring van trauma ter verkry. Die adolessente fase het ten doel tot die ontwikkeling van ʼn gesonde identitieit. Die uitdagings en die impak van traumatiese ervarings op die die ontwikkeling van die adolessent op sy pad na volwassenheid word van naderby bekyk. Die simptome van trauma en spesifiek die effek van trauma op die adolessent word uitgelig. Die studie was vanuit die interpretivistiese paradigma onderneem. ʼn Kwalitatiewe navorsingsontwerp met meervoudige gevallestudies was geselekteer. Vyf gevallestudies is in die navorsing ingesluit. Die studie was beperk tot adolessente wat wissel tussen die ouderdom van 13-19 jaar wat verbonde is aan ʼn Afrikaanse skool in Johannesburg. Invoergesprekke is met die ouers gehou. Invoergesprekke volgens die EMDR benadering is met die deelnemers afgelê. Daar is 4 EMDR sessies aan elke deelnemer gebied. Verskeie temas is in elke onderhoud geïdentifiseer. Daar het twee hooftemas na vore gekom: die emosies van die adolessente ten opsigte van die trauma wat hulle beleef het, die invloed wat trauma op die self-konsep van die deelnemers uitgeoefen het wat ondersteun het tot ʼn diepe begryping van die deelnemers se ervarings. Insig is verkry in watter invloed traumatiese ervarings op die lewe van die deelnemers gehad het asook die invloed daarvan op hul gesinne, skool en sosiale konteks. Die hoof-bevindinge dui daarop dat EMDR as terapeutiese tegniek wel oor die potensiaal beskik in die ondersteuning aan adolessente wat aan ʼn enkel-insident of ontwikkelingstrauma blootgestel is.

Thesis (MEd(Psych)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores the use of Eye Movement Desensitisation (hereafter referred to as EMDR), a form of psychotherapy on a female adolescent sexual assault survivor. Adolescence as a developmental stage is characterised by specific issues, such as the search for own identity. Sexual trauma may increase the inner conflict, because of the adolescent's ability to deal with the trauma at a higher cognitive level than in earlier childhood. Without support including psychotherapy, the adolescent sexual assault survivor may be at risk of developing mental health problems including Post-traumatic Stress Syndrome (hereafter referred to as PTSD). This research is a qualitative case study, involving only one adolescent participant. Mary (pseudonym) a sexual assault survivor, was selected from referrals the Unit for Educational Psychology at the University of Stellenbosch received from the Child Protection Unit of the South African Police Services. She was referred because she displayed symptoms of depression and PTSD, which affected her relations with her parents, siblings and peers. She also struggled to cope emotionally with the academic demands of school. The ecosystemic approach was chosen as the preferred framework within which to locate this study. In assessment and intervention this framework lends itself to focussing on relationships and systems rather than merely the individual with a problem. The study explores the use of EMDR to alleviate symptoms of depression and PTSD in Mary. She attended thirteen sessions of which the first three were used to assess her level of functioning. Data were collected by means of self-report questionnaires including the Beck's Depression Inventory and the Dissociative Experiences Scale, interviews and therapy sessions during which EMDR was used. The data were analysed using codes, categories and themes, interpreted and the study concluded with a discussion of the findings. The findings suggest that EMDR effectively alleviated Mary's symptoms of depression and PTSD. However, since the study was limited to a single participant, a larger sample is recommended to determine whether EMDR might be a feasible treatment tool for female adolescent sexual assault survivors. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die gebruik van Oogbeweging Desensitifisering Herprosessering (hierna verwys as OBDH), 'n tipe psigoterapie, om 'n vroulike adolessente slagoffer van seksuele misbruik te ondersteun. Adolessensie as 'n ontwikkelingsfase word deur spesifieke kwessies gekenmerk, onder andere die soeke na 'n eie identiteit. Seksuele trauma mag die innerlike konflik verhoog, weens die adolessent se vermoeë om dit op 'n hoër vlak van ontwikkeling as die jonger kind te hanteer. Sonder ondersteuning, insluitend psigoterapie, mag die adolessent die risiko loop om geestesversteurings soos Posttraumatiese stresversteuring (hierna verwys as PTSV) te ontwikkel. Hierdie navorsing was 'n kwalitatiewe gevallestudie en slegs een adolessente deelnemer was daarby betrokke. Mary (skuilnaam) 'n seksuele geweld oorwinnaar, is gekies vanuit verwysings wat die Eenheid vir Opvoedkundige Sielkunde van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch van die Kinderbeskermings-eenheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse Polisie Dienste ontvang het. Sy is verwys aangesien sy blykbaar simptome van depressie en PTSV geopenbaar het, wat haar verhoudings met haar ouers, sibbe en portuurgroep beïnvloed het. Sy het ook emosioneel gesukkel om die akademiese eise van die skool te hanteer. Die ekosistemiese benadering is gekies as die raamwerk vir hierdie studie. In assessering en intervensie lê dié benadering groter klem op verhoudings en sisteme, as op 'n individu met 'n probleem. Die doel van hierdie studie was om vas te stelof die gebruik van OBDH verligting van simptome van depressie en PTSV in Mary teweeg sou bring. Sy het dertien sessies bygewoon en die eerste drie is gebruik om haar vlak van funksionering te bepaal. Data is ingesamel deur middel van die Beck's Depression Inventory en die Dissociative Experiences Scale vraelyste, onderhoude en terapie sessies waarin OBDH ook gebruik was. Die data is ontleed deur middel van kodes, kategorieë en temas, geïnterpreteer en die studie eindig met 'n bespreking van die bevindinge. Die bevindinge het aangedui dat OBDH effektief Mary se simptome van depressie en PTSV verlig. Omdat die studie egter beperk was tot 'n enkele deelnemer, word 'n groter getal deelnemers aanbeveel om te bepaal of OBDH moontlik geskik is om vroulike adolesente oorwinnaars van seksueel geweld te ondersteun.

O reprocessamento do elemento combustível constitui uma das etapas do ciclo do combustível e tem por objetivo separar U 235, U238 e Pu239 dos produtos de fissão contidos no elemento combustível queimado para reutilizá -los na fabricação de novos elementos combustíveis. No Brasil, o desenvolvimento do reprocessamento teve início nos anos 70 com a implantação de uma planta piloto de reprocessamento, no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear/São Paulo (I PEN-CNEN/SP), dando origem à uma instalação, em escala de laboratório, que operou até o início da década de 90. Parte dos rejeitos radioativos, produzidos principalmente a partir dos laboratórios analíticos está armazenados à espera de tratamento no Labora tório de Gestão de Rejeitos do IPEN-CNEN/SP, e são constituído pela mistura de fases aquosa e orgânica. Por conter compostos orgânicos, esses rejeitos não podem se solidificados diretamente com cimento, necessitando para isso, de tratamento prévio para torná-los compatíveis. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia de biodegradação dos compostos orgânicos que compõem os rejeitos radioativos líquidos orgânicos (RRLO) para que os mesmos possam ser posteriormente imobilizados em c imento. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas, a de caracterização dos RRLO, obtenção das comunidades microbianas (da mina de urânio de Poços de Caldas e do estuário de São Sebastião) e realização de ensaios de biodegradação dos RRLO. A partir da caracterização dos rejeitos, a biodegradação do TBP e acetato de etila foram monitoradas. Os resultados mostraram que as comunidades bacterianas selecionadas foram eficientes para a degradação dos rejeitos radioativos líquidos orgânicos. Ao final dos experimentos os níveis biodegradação foram de 66% para o acetato de etila e 70% para o TBP. / The research and development program in reproces sing of low burn-up spent fuel elements began in Brazil in 70s, originating the lab -scale hot cell, known as CELESTE located at Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN - CNEN/SP. The program was ended at the beginning of 90s, and the laboratory was c losed down. Part of the radioactive waste generated mainly from the analytical laboratories is stored waiting for treatment at the Waste Management Laboratory, and it is constituted by mixture of aqueous and organic phases. The most widely used technique for the treatment of radioactive liquid wastes is the solidification in cement matrix, due to the low processing costs and compatibility with a wide variety of wastes. However, organics are generally incompatible with cement, interfering with the hydration and setting processes, and requiring pre -treatment with special additives to stabilize or destroy them. The objective of this work can be divided in three parts: i) organic compounds characterization in the radioactive liquid waste; ii) the occurrence of b acterial consortia from Poços de Caldas uranium mine soil and São Sebastião estuary sediments that are able to degrade organic compounds and third, the development of a methodology to biodegrade organic compounds from the radioactive liquid waste aiming th e cementation From the characterization analysis, TBP and ethyl acetate were chosen to be degrade d. The results showed that selected bacterial consortia were efficient for the organic liquid wastes degradation. At the end of the experiments the biodegradat ion level were 66% for ethyl acetate and 70% for the TBP.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:42:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Alberto Silva de LIma.pdf: 3634642 bytes, checksum: 8583be31697ada29693d8e5c36b484b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-07 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nowadays, polymeric nanocomposites are well established in terms of their importance. However, there is still a long way to be investigated, since its methods for obtaining, processing and characterization, as there are many variables to be changed to optimize the responses. There is need in understanding the behavior of such materials when subjected to degradative processes, such as nanoparticles influence responses, and maximize or minimize the occurrence of these effects. In this work the behavior of neat polypropylene, polypropylene with organically modified montmorillonite, with and without the presence of a coupling agent (polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride) when subjected to reprocessing in a twin screw extruder. It was investigated the effect of molar mass of the polypropylene matrix. For this purpose, three types of polypropylenes (high, middle and low molar mass) were processed one, or up to five times. Compositions were prepared neat or with 5% by weight montmorillonite, with and without the presence of coupling agent in the ratio 3:1. The properties is going to be investigated by the techniques of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, rheology, infrared spectroscopy by Fourier transform, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, tests of Izod impact and colorimetry. First of all, it was proved the presence of iron in the nanoclay, which affects the color of the sample due to oxidation of the iron cation. It was found that the samples became darker, redder, and more yellow because of the presence of the nanoparticles, iron and degradation. These results agreed with the changes observed by infrared spectroscopy, which generally showed low occurrence of the degradation rates of carbonyl and unsaturation, concluding that the greatest degradation occurred by the reduction in molar mass due to the β -scission process, confirming the reduction the values of complex viscosity. It was possible to monitor via rheology by different modes narrowing of the distribution of molar masses and the reduction in molar mass. Along with this information the values and behaviors of the slopes of the curves allowed us to infer the possible microstructure formed state of dispersion and distribution. XRD results indicated the formation of only a sample with an increase in the interlayer spacing, while the rheological results suggest that there is more than one sample with intercalated structure. Thus, there was a little difficulty using just one technique among them to state what actually occurred, concluding that it is essential to perform the technique of transmission electron microscopy. Addition of MMT and MMT / PP - g-MA afforded more thermally stable samples compared to pure PP, this was attributed to the effect of labyrinth. Finally, the impact resistance by the addition of montmorillonite was greater, it means that the clay did not act as stress concentrators, but as energy absorbers and hindered propagation of microcracks. But with PP-g-MA had a fracture behavior intermediate between PP and PP/MMT, with intermediate values of impact resistance. The fracture analysis was possible via SEM and allows to observe the morphology of the different samples. / Nanocompósitos poliméricos são materiais bem estabelecidos do ponto de vista da sua importância, mas ainda há um longo caminho a ser investigado, desde seus métodos de obtenção, processamento e caracterização, pois existem muitas variáveis a serem alteradas para otimização das respostas apresentadas por esses materiais. Há também uma necessidade em compreender o comportamento de tais materiais quando submetidos a processos degradativos, como as nanocargas influenciam o comportamento, bem como maximizar ou minimizar determinados desempenhos. Neste trabalho, foi estudado o comportamento das composições de polipropileno puro, polipropileno com montmorilonita, com e sem agente compatibilizante (polipropileno graftizado com anidrido maleico) quando submetidos a múltiplas extrusões em extrusora dupla rosca; investigando ainda o efeito da massa molar da matriz polimérica. Para tanto, três tipos de polipropilenos com diferentes massas molares (baixa, média e alta) foram processados uma, ou em até cinco vezes. As composições elaboradas foram puras ou com 5% de montmorilonita em peso, com e sem a presença de agente compatibilizante na razão 3:1. Em seguida, as amostras foram investigadas por meio das técnicas de difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, reometria de placas paralelas, espectroscopia de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier, termogravimetria, ensaios de impacto Izod com entalhe e colorimetria. Primeiramente comprovou-se a presença de ferro na nanoargila, o qual afetou a coloração das amostras, devido à oxidação do cátion de ferro. Verificou-se que as amostras tornaram-se mais escuras, mais vermelhas e mais amarelas, por causa da presença das nanopartículas, do ferro e da degradação. Estes resultados concordaram com as variações observadas por espectroscopia de infravermelho, que em geral revelou pouca ocorrência de degradação pelos índices de carbonila e insaturação, concluindo que a maior degradação ocorreu pela redução na massa molar, devido ao processo de cisão-β, comprovado pela redução nos valores de viscosidade complexa. Foi possível via reologia acompanhar por diferentes modos o estreitamento da distribuição de massas molares e a redução na massa molar. Juntamente com essas informações os valores das inclinações e comportamentos das curvas permitiram inferir sobre a possível microestrutura formada, estado de dispersão e distribuição. Os resultados de DRX indicaram a formação de apenas uma amostra com aumento no espaçamento interlamelar, enquanto que os resultados reológicos apresentaram indícios de haver mais de uma amostra com estrutura intercalada. Deste modo, ocorreu uma pequena dificuldade em utilizar apenas uma técnica entre elas para afirmar o que de fato ocorreu, concluindo que é imprescindível a realização da técnica de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. A adição de MMT ou MMT/PP-g-AM permitiu obter amostras termicamente mais estáveis em relação ao PP puro, isso se atribuiu ao efeito de labirinto. Finalmente, a resistência ao impacto com a adição de montmorilonita foi maior, ou seja, não atuaram como concentradores de tensão, mas auxiliaram na absorção de energia e dificultando a propagação de microfissuras. Já com PP-g-AM ocorreu um comportamento de fratura intermediário entre PP e PP/MMT, apresentando valores intermediários de resistência ao impacto. A análise da fratura foi possível via MEV, além de permitir observar a morfologia das diferentes amostras.

O reprocessamento do elemento combustível constitui uma das etapas do ciclo do combustível e tem por objetivo separar U 235, U238 e Pu239 dos produtos de fissão contidos no elemento combustível queimado para reutilizá -los na fabricação de novos elementos combustíveis. No Brasil, o desenvolvimento do reprocessamento teve início nos anos 70 com a implantação de uma planta piloto de reprocessamento, no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear/São Paulo (I PEN-CNEN/SP), dando origem à uma instalação, em escala de laboratório, que operou até o início da década de 90. Parte dos rejeitos radioativos, produzidos principalmente a partir dos laboratórios analíticos está armazenados à espera de tratamento no Labora tório de Gestão de Rejeitos do IPEN-CNEN/SP, e são constituído pela mistura de fases aquosa e orgânica. Por conter compostos orgânicos, esses rejeitos não podem se solidificados diretamente com cimento, necessitando para isso, de tratamento prévio para torná-los compatíveis. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia de biodegradação dos compostos orgânicos que compõem os rejeitos radioativos líquidos orgânicos (RRLO) para que os mesmos possam ser posteriormente imobilizados em c imento. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas, a de caracterização dos RRLO, obtenção das comunidades microbianas (da mina de urânio de Poços de Caldas e do estuário de São Sebastião) e realização de ensaios de biodegradação dos RRLO. A partir da caracterização dos rejeitos, a biodegradação do TBP e acetato de etila foram monitoradas. Os resultados mostraram que as comunidades bacterianas selecionadas foram eficientes para a degradação dos rejeitos radioativos líquidos orgânicos. Ao final dos experimentos os níveis biodegradação foram de 66% para o acetato de etila e 70% para o TBP. / The research and development program in reproces sing of low burn-up spent fuel elements began in Brazil in 70s, originating the lab -scale hot cell, known as CELESTE located at Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, IPEN - CNEN/SP. The program was ended at the beginning of 90s, and the laboratory was c losed down. Part of the radioactive waste generated mainly from the analytical laboratories is stored waiting for treatment at the Waste Management Laboratory, and it is constituted by mixture of aqueous and organic phases. The most widely used technique for the treatment of radioactive liquid wastes is the solidification in cement matrix, due to the low processing costs and compatibility with a wide variety of wastes. However, organics are generally incompatible with cement, interfering with the hydration and setting processes, and requiring pre -treatment with special additives to stabilize or destroy them. The objective of this work can be divided in three parts: i) organic compounds characterization in the radioactive liquid waste; ii) the occurrence of b acterial consortia from Poços de Caldas uranium mine soil and São Sebastião estuary sediments that are able to degrade organic compounds and third, the development of a methodology to biodegrade organic compounds from the radioactive liquid waste aiming th e cementation From the characterization analysis, TBP and ethyl acetate were chosen to be degrade d. The results showed that selected bacterial consortia were efficient for the organic liquid wastes degradation. At the end of the experiments the biodegradat ion level were 66% for ethyl acetate and 70% for the TBP.