Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:55:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O reprocessamento do elemento combustível constitui uma das etapas do ciclo do combustível e tem por objetivo separar U 235, U238 e Pu239 dos produtos de fissão contidos no elemento combustível queimado para reutilizá -los na fabricação de novos elementos combustíveis. No Brasil, o desenvolvimento do reprocessamento teve início nos anos 70 com a implantação de uma planta piloto de reprocessamento, no Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear/São Paulo (I PEN-CNEN/SP), dando origem à uma instalação, em escala de laboratório, que operou até o início da década de 90. Parte dos rejeitos radioativos, produzidos principalmente a partir dos laboratórios analíticos está armazenados à espera de tratamento no Labora tório de Gestão de Rejeitos do IPEN-CNEN/SP, e são constituído pela mistura de fases aquosa e orgânica. Por conter compostos orgânicos, esses rejeitos não podem se solidificados diretamente com cimento, necessitando para isso, de tratamento prévio para torná-los compatíveis. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia de biodegradação dos compostos orgânicos que compõem os rejeitos radioativos líquidos orgânicos (RRLO) para que os mesmos possam ser posteriormente imobilizados em c imento. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas, a de caracterização dos RRLO, obtenção das comunidades microbianas (da mina de urânio de Poços de Caldas e do estuário de São Sebastião) e realização de ensaios de biodegradação dos RRLO. A partir da caracterização dos rejeitos, a biodegradação do TBP e acetato de etila foram monitoradas. Os resultados mostraram que as comunidades bacterianas selecionadas foram eficientes para a degradação dos rejeitos radioativos líquidos orgânicos. Ao final dos experimentos os níveis biodegradação foram de 66% para o acetato de etila e 70% para o TBP. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第15375号 / 工博第3254号 / 新制||工||1490(附属図書館) / 27853 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科原子核工学専攻 / (主査)教授 森山 裕丈, 教授 山名 元, 准教授 佐々木 隆之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Les matériaux biocomposites, en particulier les composites matrice thermoplastique biosourcée ou non renforcée de charges ou de fibres végétales, connaissent actuellement un essor significatif et présentent pour l'avenir un gisement grandissant de matières en fin de vie. En conséquence, l'étude du comportement de ces matériaux au regard de différents scénarios de fin de vie que sont le recyclage mécanique, le compostage et l'incinération constitue un enjeu scientifique et technologique important. Le premier objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la fin de vie par retransformation (cycles successifs d'injection et de broyage) de biocomposites à matrice polypropylène (PP) chargé de farine de bois. L'impact de la taille des particules de bois et d'un agent de couplage a été évalué. Une très bonne stabilité mécanique jusqu'à 7 cycles de retransformation a été observée malgré des dégradations des différents composants du matériau. Le comportement face à la retransformation après vieillissement artificiel accéléré ou après une exposition naturelle en extérieur a été étudié. La tendance majeure dégagée est un phénomène de « régénération » des propriétés mécaniques par retransformation, et cela malgré des dégradations importantes après vieillissement. Il a été également été observé que l'ajout de bois a tendance à limiter la photodégradation du PP. Le second objectif est d'étudier la fin de vie de biocomposites à matrice acide polylactique (PLA) renforcé de fibres de lin. L'impact de différents paramètres de formulation, de la technique de mise en œuvre et d'un vieillissement hygrothermique sur la retransformation de ces matériaux a été évalué. Les mêmes phénomènes de « régénération » sont observés, ce qui montre l'effet bénéfique de la retransformation. La fin de vie par compostage et par biodégradation est traitée. Des mesures d'énergies de combustion ont enfin permis d'estimer le potentiel de valorisation par incinération qui serait en lien avec le niveau de dégradation du PLA. / Nowadays, biocomposite materials are booming and will be a growing end-of-life issue for the future. They are based on a thermoplastic matrix (oil-based or bio-based) reinforced with vegetable fillers or fibers. Consequently, the study of their end of life through recycling, composting and incineration is a scientific and technologic challenge.The first goal of this thesis is to study the reprocessing end of life (successive injection and grinding cycles) of polypropylene (PP) based biocomposites filled with wood flour. The impact of the wood particle size and a coupling agent was assessed. Thus, a very good mechanical stability was observed up to 7 reprocessing cycles despite some degradation from the material components. Then, the reprocessing after artificial or natural UV weathering was carried out. The major trend is a “regeneration” phenomenon of mechanical properties after reprocessing in spite of strong degradations after UV weathering. Moreover, the addition of wood filler tends to restrain the PP photochemical degradation.The second goal is to study the end of life of polylactic acid (PLA) based biocomposites reinforced with flax fibers. The impact of the composition, the processing technic and humidity weathering on the reprocessing was assessed. Similar “regeneration” phenomena were observed leading to conclude to the beneficial effect of reprocessing. Then composting and biodegradation aspects were investigated. Heat release rate measurements enabled to estimate the incineration potential which could be linked to the PLA degradation rate.

<p>Aflatoxins, secondary metabolites produced by the molds <i>Aspergilllus flavus</i> and<i> A. parasiticus</i>, are estimated to affect upwards of 25% of the world’s global food supply. For Low and Middle-Income Countries like Kenya, a combination of trade, economic, and health challenges related to aflatoxin contamination present a serious threat to food and national security. One option for reducing aflatoxin risks in countries like Kenya is deploying small-scale, reprocessing technologies that degrade aflatoxin in contaminated food products. One potential technology for reprocessing is small-scale extrusion (60 pph) like the TechnoChem Mini-Extruder™.</p><p> First, to understand the extent of aflatoxin contamination in Kenyan maize, two field work trials were conducted in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. Aflatoxin levels from each sample were analyzed and compared to a variety of agro-economic variables (e.g. farm size) using a stepwise multiple linear regression. Upon analysis, only 5% of maize samples collected during field work tested positive for unsafe levels of aflatoxin ( >10 ppb). Thus, the resulting regression model is highly biased towards predicting low aflatoxin levels. Such bias makes any inferences to predict high aflatoxin levels in maize largely inconclusive. The inherent heterogeneity of aflatoxin and the history of wide-spread contamination in Kenya further supports the conclusion that more studies are needed to understand the true extent of aflatoxin contamination in Uasin Gishu maize.</p><p> Second, to test the effectiveness of small-scale extrusion on aflatoxin degradation in maize, contaminated samples were processed at varying motor frequencies (15, 38, and 50 hz) and moisture contents (35, 40, 45 %wb). Moisture content is significant (p-value < 0.05) in aflatoxin degradation. Total aflatoxin degradation varied between 11 and 83% depending on processing conditions. Maximum degradation occurred at 40 %wb product moisture with a residence time of 265.1 s and an effective shear rate of 56.5 1/s. Thermal degradation is considered negligible due to low temperature increases. Consequently, all degradation is attributed to shear forces inside the extruder. Shear rates were approximated using the Harper model with moisture content and residence time being the most significant factors affecting shear effects on aflatoxin degradation. Although significant aflatoxin degradation occurred in the extruder, further studies are necessary to understand the role of processing parameters on aflatoxin degradation before small-scale extrusion can be confirmed as a viable reprocessing technology.</p>

Social workers are increasingly using eye movement, desensitization, and reprocessing (EMDR) to help clients recover from trauma. Little is known about how social workers who work with traumatic client material while using EMDR as their main psychotherapeutic modality experience vicarious trauma. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the experience of vicarious trauma among social workers in Eastern Canada who used EMDR in their practice with clients. Constructivist self-development theory was the framework that informed this study. Data were collected using semistructured interviews with 7 EMDR social work participants who were selected using purposive sampling. Participants were required to have a masters level social work designation, EMDR training, and practice with trauma material at least 40% of the time they see clients. Findings from the narrative analysis showed that participants' concepts of 'self' changed over time, with the changes becoming less acute. Understanding how EMDR social workers experience vicarious trauma has implications for policy, practice, future research, and for social change related to trauma. Social workers who are less likely to become traumatized may fit a prototype that may be more appealing to organizational stability. Clinicians may be able to see the signs and symptoms of vicarious trauma and take more time for education and self-care. Finally, study findings may further research on vicarious trauma and EMDR.

Yes / The removal of pollutants such as N-nitrosamine present in drinking and reuse water resources is of significant interest for health and safety professionals. Reverse osmosis (RO) is one of the most promising and efficient methodologies for removing such harmful organic compounds from wastewater. Having said this, the literature confirms that the multi-stage RO process with retentate reprocessing design has not yet achieved an effective removal of N-nitrosodimethylamine-D6 (NDMA) from wastewater. This research emphasizes on this particular challenge and aims to explore several conceptual designs of multi-stage RO processes for NDMA rejection considering model-based techniques and compute the total recovery rate and energy consumption for different configurations of retentate reprocessing techniques. In this research, the permeate reprocessing design methodology is proposed to increase the process efficiency. An extensive simulation analysis is carried out using high NDMA concentration to evaluate the performance of each configuration under similar operational conditions, thus providing a deep insight on the performance of the multi-stage RO permeate reprocessing predictive design. Furthermore, an optimisation analysis is carried out on the final design to optimise the process with a high NDMA rejection performance and the practical recovery rate by manipulating the operating conditions of the plant within specified constraints bounds. The results show a superior removal of NDMA from wastewater.

The plastics industry is one of the fastest growing major industries in the world. There is an increase in the amount of plastic used for all types of products due to its light weight and ability to reprocess. For this reason, the reprocessing of thermoplastics and the usability of reprocessed materials are gaining significance, and it is important to produce and consume plastic materials in an environmentally friendly way. In addition, rising raw material cost linked to the increased oil prices encouraged for reusing of the plastic materials. The aim of this research was to study and optimize the injection moulding process parameters to achieve a trade-off between the product cost and product quality, measured through mechanical properties and geometry, based on using regrind ratios. The work was underpinned by a comprehensive study of multiple reprocessing effects in order to evaluate the effect of process parameters, material behaviour, reprocessing effects and possible links between the processing parameters and key properties. Experimental investigations were carried out, in particular, focused on the melt preparation phase to identify key process parameters and settings. Multiple reprocessing stages were carried out; using two types of PP material: unfilled and short glass filled. A series of tests were used to examine product quality (mass, colour and shrinkage) and physical properties (density, crystallinity, thermal stability, fibre length, molecular weight, in-line and off-line viscosity, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation (%) and flexural strength). This investigation showed that the mouldability of the filled and unfilled PP materials, through the successive reprocessing stages (using 100 % regrind), was observed to be relatively consistent. Given the link between the processing parameters and key product and material properties, it is possible to manufacture products with minimal loss to part quality and mechanical properties. The final phase of the work focused on process optimisation study for short glass fibre filled PP material and the identified key process parameters (melt temperature, screw rotational speed, holding pressure, holding time and injection rate). A response surface experiment was planned and carried out for three reprocessing stages (0 %, 25 % and 50 % regrind). The fitted response surface models were utilised to carry out the trade-off analysis between the operating cost (material cost, energy cost and labour cost) and product quality (dimensions and tensile strength) Based on the optimal moulding conditions, the operating cost was reduced (from stage I as a reference), by 24% and 30 % for stage II and stage III respectively. A small, perhaps undetectable, change in product dimensions was noted. In addition, a small reduction in tensile strength was noted (from stage I as a reference), by 0.4% and 0.1 % for stage II and stage III respectively. The same data was applied in other countries (Australia, USA, Brazil, Libya and China) to manufacture the same product; and it was observed that the cost was reduced with increasing of regrind ratio. But the significant reduction of the cost, essentially, depended on those countries which have low wage rates (e.g. Brazil, Libya and China). For example, the cost of moulded product manufactured in China is £ 0.025 (using 50% of regrind), while the cost of the same product produced in Australia is £ 0.12, hence giving a total saving of 79 % and making it a valuable issue to be considered in industry. / Libyan Embassy

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