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Recognised as an excellent tool for competition in the current liberalised framework of international air transport, code-sharing is becoming a common practice, as an integral part of the activity of an airline, with obvious implications for both airlines and passengers. / This thesis presents two predominant legal implications of such a practice, involving two carriers for a single flight: the contracting carrier and the operating carrier. / First, this study aims at examining the relationship between users/passengers and code-share partners, more particularly identifying the practice as misleading due to the non-disclosure of the actual operator of the flight, which is magnified by the inaccuracy and shortcomings of computerised reservation systems (CRS). The regulatory framework in this regard is described and the legal obligation to disclose the identity of the actual carrier is given top priority. The delimitation of operational responsibilities will also be addressed (inadmissible passengers, overbooking and baggage concerns). The private agreement between the code-share partners will be given importance in ascertaining the liability issues. / Second, the current international liability regime is analysed with a view to consider the code-sharing scenario. The potential conflict between the different international legal regimes governing air carriers' liability is highlighted in order that this aspect be taken into account by the code-share partners in their contractual agreement. / Last but not least, some provisions of the new Montreal Convention of 28 May 1999 will be examined. A closer look will be given specifically to those provisions of Chapter V that are particularly applicable to a code-sharing situation.

This paper studies airline customers' online search and purchase behaviors. Two fundamental aspects of online behavior are examined: (1) the link between search behavior and buying behavior and (2) the evolution of inter-temporal search and purchase decisions of strategic buyers. In the first study, we examine online customers' dynamic conversion behaviors using clickstream data. A new model based on Markov chains that incorporates discrete choices and decision-timing is proposed to capture key search effects on consumer decisions as well as dynamics of browsing behavior both within and across visits. Empirical results show that within-site search activities lead to strong consumer engagement and thus increase purchase and revisit propensities. Fit comparison between first and second order Markov chains allows us to conclude that consumer decisions are primarily influenced by the current search. Furthermore, we observe that consumers dynamically adjust their browsing behavior both within and across visits. The second study investigates the evolution of inter-temporal search and purchase decisions of strategic buyers. Risk neutral buyers follow simple behavioral rules based on future and current prices and options available. We show that the trade-off between waiting and purchasing will become less and less favorable to waiting. Price elasticity should therefore drop as departure date approaches. With stationary price distributions, search and purchase efforts increase with proximity to the deadline. We extend the base model to allow for price evolution and demand uncertainty. We find that increases in mean price and price dispersion may attenuate increasing propensities for search and purchase. We demonstrate our models through a logit estimation on a unique data set from a major online travel agency.

Thesis (MTech (Business Information Systems))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The aim of this research project was to determine what the degree of usability is of a sample of online reservation systems of Cape Town hotels. The literature has indicated that the main aim of website usability is to make the engagement process with a website a more efficient and enjoyable experience. Researchers noted that well designed, high-quality websites, with grammatically accurate content, create a trustworthy online presence. User-friendly sites also attract far more traffic. Previous research has also shown that a loss of potential sales is possible due to users being unable to find what they want, if poor website design has been implemented. Loss of potential income through repeat visits is also a possibility, due to a negative user experience. The research instrument that was employed in this research is usability testing. It is a technique used to evaluate product development that incorporates user feedback in an attempt to create instruments and products that meet user needs, and to decrease costs. The research focused on Internet-based hotel reservation systems. Only the usability was measured. Both standard approaches were used in this research project, in a combined quantitative and qualitative research design. In conclusion, the purpose of this research was to determine the degree of usability of specified Cape Town hotel online reservation systems. The outcomes of this study indicated interesting patterns in that reservation systems met user requirements more often than expected. However, the figures of acceptability obtained were still below the generally accepted norms for usability. The amount of time spent to complete a booking also decreased, as users worked on more than one reservation system.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlation of U.S. domestic air travelers and patterns of air travel purchase within the U.S. air travel industry. Influences on the patterns of air travel purchase involved 1) demographic characteristics of travelers 2) benefits to the customer 3) customer attitude toward service providers' (defined as airlines, web-based travel agents, and traditional travel agents and 4) information sources used to select and book a flight for business and leisure trips.

机票超售,即售出的機票多於飛機客艙座位的數量，已經作為“國際慣例“被航空公司廣泛採用。但是这种做法是有争议的，因為其容易導致航班超售，使得旅客被拒登機而滯留，影響航空公司的聲譽。在這篇論文中，我們使用逆向拍賣的機制尋找自願放棄登機資格的旅客以收回部份已預售的低端機票來滿足高端旅客的需求，并同時根據拍賣實現的結果來賠償被拒絶登機旅客。具體地說，我們建立一個二期的機票銷售模型，並且假定低端與高端旅客分別在第一第二個銷售期到來，而航空公司通過決定其在兩個銷售期的銷售策略，使得其利潤最大化。在模型中，航空公司可利用逆向拍賣的方法，要求低端旅客在購買機票的時候，提交一個其在因為航班超售時，自願放棄座位的赔偿要求。當航班超售時，航空公司可根據低端旅客的競投信息，從中挑選出價最低的旅客，通過滿足他們的賠償要求，收回他們的機票以滿足高端旅客的需求。我们发现我们的机制在大多数情况下，可以提高航空公司的利润，改善航班的登機效率，同时，也能滿足部份低端旅客通過改變計劃行程獲取賠償的需求。我們也會比較逆向拍賣機制與其他現有機制，例如固定價格補償機制。此外，我們也會就逆向拍賣機票銷售模型中的定價问题进行研究。 / With increasing applications of revenue management, airline companies often oversell their tickets. This practice is controversial because some passengers would not be able to board when the number of show-up customers exceeds the available seats. And this might make the affected customers upset and thus affect the future revenue of the airline. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism - a call-back auction, in which the passengers are asked to submit a bid to indicate the compensation they would like to receive for giving up their seats and changing their original flight schedule. This could provide the airline with information to select passengers with the lowest compensation requirements and also reduce the negative impact on customer relationship. We develop a model with booking limit decision and examine the impact of this call-back auction mechanism on the airline's profitability and compare it with other existing mechanisms such as fixed-price compensation. We find that our mechanism can lead to higher profit for the airlines in most cases. In this study, pricing issues are also examined. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Zhong, Zhiheng. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 72-76). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Table of Contents --- p.vii / Chapter 0 --- Notation / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.7 / Chapter 3 --- Call-back Auction --- p.13 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Concept --- p.13 / Chapter 3.2 --- Implementation --- p.14 / Chapter 4 --- A Two-Period Model with Call-back Auction --- p.19 / Chapter 4.1 --- Uniform Price Call-back Auction --- p.21 / Chapter 4.2 --- Numerical Examples --- p.27 / Chapter 4.3 --- First-price Call-back Auction --- p.35 / Chapter 4.4 --- Revenue Comparison --- p.39 / Chapter 4.5 --- Call-back Auction with Reserve Compensation --- p.41 / Chapter 4.6 --- Alternative Information Structure --- p.50 / Chapter 5 --- Endogenous High-fare Price --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1 --- Additive Demand Function --- p.60 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.68 / Bibliography --- p.72

In the final master’s dissertation analysis on current 15below communication platform PASNGR. In addition to this there is a short analysis done on each of PASNGR components to find out usage possibilities. Furthermore, the platform is dependant on Reservation Systems, so analysis on them is done as well, including processes and data. The goal of this dissertation is to create a mobile app integrated into PASNGR. For this reason integration analysis is done, by reviewing components, data and functions. After analysis is done, Business Process Model is created to represent the workflow of the app, including internal processes and interaction with PASNGR. Furthermore a review of mobile application technologies is done, including common tools used in development. By doing this there is the best solution for current 15below developers’ environment found. The solution would mean the least resources to be used to develop the app. Finally a prototype of the mobile application is created, to show the possibilities. The app works on Android and iOS platforms, gives an ability for user to download itineraries and store for offline usage, an ability to scan a barcode at the airport straight from the app, give post flight experience feedback for the airline, receive schedule change notifications and accept them. / Baigiamajame magistro darbe atliekama kompanijos „15below“ naudojamos avialinijų komunikacijos su keleiviais platformos „PASNGR“ analizė. Atskirai atliekama trumpa kiekvieno „PASNGR“ modulio apžvalga įvertinant taikymo galimybes. Be to, kadangi platforma yra priklausoma nuo globaliųjų paskirstymo sistemų, apžvelgiamos ir jos apimant procesus, bei naudojamus duomenis. Darbe yra numatomas sukurti mobiliosios aplikacijos prototipas surištas su „PASNGR“ platforma. Tam tikslui yra atliekama integracijos analizė, apžvelgiant komponentus, duomenis ir funkcijas. Galiausiai yra sukuriamas veiklos proceso modelis atvaizduojantis mobiliosios aplikacijos prototipo veikimo principus, bei interakciją su platforma „PASNGR“. Darbo eigoje apžvelgiamos mobiliųjų aplikacijų technologijos, bei įrankiai joms kurti. Taip parenkamas priimtiniausias spendimas esamai kompanijos „15below“ programuotojų aplinkai ir lemiantis minimalias sąnaudas. Galiausiai sukuriamas mobiliosios aplikacijos prototipas veikiantis Android ir iOS platformose, gebantis atsisiųsti elektroninius bilietus į mobilųjį įrenginį ir jame išsaugoti naudojimui neprisijungus prie interneto, leidžiantis naudotojui skenuoti brūkšninį kodą oro uoste, po skrydžio pateikti nuomonę apie gautas avialinijų paslaugas, priimti pranešimus apie skrydžių pakeitimus, bei leisti juos patvirtinti.

Low-cost carriers and escalading fuel costs are placing increased pressure on US legacy carriers to reposition traditional revenue management techniques towards more customer-centric approaches. In this context, recent critiques of revenue management models question the validity of assumptions used to describe passenger cancellation and no-show behavior. Since forecasts of cancellation and no-shows are used to determine overbooking levels, i.e, authorization levels in excess of capacity, concerns related to possible missed revenue opportunities are justifiable. The goal of this research is to explore the impact of time-to-event forecasts of cancellations on airlines' revenue streams. To determine the intensity of the cancellation process, a discrete time proportional odds (DTPO) model with a prospective time scale was estimated for a sample of tickets provided by the Airline Reporting Corporation. Empirical results based on 2004 data from eight domestic US markets indicate that the intensity of the cancellation process is strongly influenced both by the time from ticket purchase and the time before flight departure, as well as several other covariates, including departure day of week, market, and group size. In order to assess potential revenue benefits associated with the DTPO formulation, a modified simulation experiment of a "single-resource capacity control" was designed. Simulation results indicate that time-to-event cancellation forecasts can generate revenue gains up to 2%. Overall, this research provides new insights into the transitional properties associated with the cancellation process, which will help airlines to improve their overbooking strategies.

Le concept de réserve voie a été présenté comme une stratégie de gestion du trafic et a de nombreuses applications dans la vie réelle. Des études antérieures dans la littérature se concentrent principalement sur l'impact de la réservation de la voie dans une région locale du réseau de transport. Dans cette thèse, les problèmes de réservation de voies sont étudiés dans le but de minimiser l'impact sur le trafic total par la réservation optimale des voies dans un réseau de transport. Nous avons d’abord se concentrer sur le problème de réservation de voie (LRP) pour le transport automatisé pour les poids lourds avec temps de déplacement statique. Ce travail est généralisé au problème de réservation voies avec une capacité limitée de la voie (CLRP) pour les grands événements spéciaux. Enfin, le problème de réservation de voies avec le temps de déplacement dépendant du temps (LRP-TT), et le problème de réservation voies avec la vitesse de déplacement dépendant du temps (LRP-TS) sont étudiés. Pour chacun des problèmes étudiés, les modèles mathématiques appropriés sont formulés, leurs complexités sont démontrées. Différentes méthodes de résolution sont explorées, y compris exacte cut-and-solve méthode, cut-and-solve et méthod de coupe combinée, et la méthode de recherche tabou. Les performances des algorithmes proposés sont évaluées par des instances générées au hasard. Les résultats numériques ont montré que les algorithmes proposés sont plus efficaces pour résoudre les problèmes étudiés que le logiciel commercial référence CPLEX / The concept of lane reservation has been introduced as a traffic management strategy and has many applications in real life. Previous studies in the literature mainly focus on the impact of lane reservation in a local region of transportation network. In this thesis optimal lane reservation problems are studied with the objective to minimize impact on total traffic by optimally setting reserved lanes in a transportation network. We firstly focus on the lane reservation problem (LRP) for automated truck freight transportation with static link travel time. This primary work has been extended to the capacitated lane reservation problem (CLRP) for large-scale special events. Finally, lane reservation problem with time-dependent travel time (TTLRP), and lane reservation problem with time-dependent travel speed (TSLRP) are studied. For each of the considered problems, appropriate mathematical models are formulated, their complexities are demonstrated. Different resolution methods are explored including exact cut-and-solve method, cut-and-solve and cutting plane combined method, and Tabu-search method. The performance of the proposed algorithms is evaluated by randomly generated instances. Numerical results have shown that the proposed algorithms are more effective to solve the considered problems than the reference commercial package CPLEX

This master thesis deals with information systems used by tourism. Its aim was to map the accommodation reservation systems, describe their characteristics from the prospective of both accomodation providers and their clients and describe the associated business processes. Existing reservation systems on the accommodation market were evaluated according to preselected criteria. A perfect the reservation system was proposed based on the investigation of the characteristics and criteria compliance.