This paper uses state-level variation in the implementation of the 73rd amendment in India to observe the relationship between political reservations for women in local government and female child mortality. Nationally, reservations for women are not associated with a statistically significant difference in female child mortality. However, a state by state analysis shows variations in the level of impact of reservations on the topic of female child mortality. This paper examines the constraints on female representatives and their level of effectiveness in executing pro-female policies given the political and social environment. The two case studies on Kerala and Haryana explore women office holder’s abilities to administer public goods that favor women and children and the subsequent impact on female child mortality.

The topic of this master thesis are information systems in turism. The author focuses mostly on reservations systems as an essential information systems for travel agencies. This thesis examines such systems in the context of the Internet and the model of software as a service. The Internet has become a necessary for operating these systems and it has influenced the field as a whole. The thesis has three main chapters. The first chapter is a theoretical one, where the author investigates the mechanics of information systems in turism. He attempts to formalize information systems in general and he seeks their role in organizations. Additionally, he explains how these systems work and what functionallity can be expected from them. In the second chapter, which moves between theory and practice, the author analyzes the current market situation of these systems. Next, he defines requirements on a system tailored for one specific bussiness plan. Using these requirements multi-criteria decision analysis is performed, selecting the system which best matches the chosen criteria. The last chapter is a practical one and it is concern with deploying selected system from the previous chapter and all aspects of this process. The goal of this thesis is to realize information system part of the Internet-based travel agency project and at the same time search for theoretical conclusions about these systems. The conclusions are then compiled into methodological manual for ASW application in the Internet-based travel agencies segment.

From the Proceedings of the 1977 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 15-16, 1977, Las Vegas, Nevada / The Laboratory of Native Development, Systems Analysis and Applied Technology (NADSAT) was established to provide technical assistance to southwestern Indian Tribes as an aid in the development and use of their natural resources according to their goals and objectives. NADSAT 's role is assistance and technology transfer, with an emphasis on alternative formulation and performance analysis and communicating the technological approach to tribal decision makers. The cost-effectiveness methodology provides a coherent framework and affords a mechanism for technology transfer, which makes it a useful tool in achieving tribal goals. This method was applied to the formulation of possible alternatives for use of the land and water resources of the Gila River Basin within the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation. Criteria for devising various alternative utilization schemes are discussed, and the advantages of the cost effectiveness methodology.

Eritrean refugees are compelled to flee their country mainly to avoid forced conscription into indefinite military service, arbitrary arrest and detention for prolonged periods without trial. The majority of Eritrean refugees are young people, who leave their country in search of a better life and sources of livelihoods. The mass migration of Eritrean refugees has started to have adverse effects on the country’s socio-economic landscape. The main destination and country of refuge for the majority of Eritrean refugees is Ethiopia. Although no serious violations of human rights have been reported among Eritrean refugees living in Ethiopia, it a well-known fact that the Ethiopian Government has not fully extended the internationally accepted rights of those who have been forced to flee their own states, to refugees. For example, freedom of movement for refugees is restricted, which is obviously compounded by the encampment policy, which requires that all refugees should be confined to designated refugee camps. This situation seriously undermines the UNHCR’s efforts to enhance refugees’ self-reliance, independence, and chances of local integration. There has not been much research undertaken regarding the Ethiopian Government’s legal framework on refugees and its impact on the protection of the rights of refugees. In 2014, Ethiopia hosted the largest number of refugees in Africa. This phenomenon was largely attributed to the Ethiopian Government’s ‘open door’ policy towards refugees. The present study is an attempt to critically examine Ethiopian refugee law and determine the extent to which the national laws protect the rights of refugees. Although the study is limited in scope to the situation of Eritrean refugees, the principles and standards of treatment discussed apply to all refugees living in Ethiopia. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. M.

This study investigates what three large, multinational hospitality companies do in practice when evaluating and making IT investment decisions. This study was launched in an attempt to 1) learn more about how multinational hospitality companies evaluate, prioritize, and select IT investments in the context of hotel GDS; 2) call attention to an important and costly topic in hopes of improving current practices; and 3) fill a noticeable literary void so that future researchers on IT and hotel GDS would have a foundation and starting point. The perennial question of any business is "How does an organization add value?" Value can be defined from many different perspectives and may result from tangible and intangible factors. Principal stakeholders include shareholders (investors), customers, and employees. Shareholders typically measure value in terms of economic return on their investment based upon some level of perceived risk. For customers, value is assessed in terms of a price-value relationship; that is, how much they received in terms of product and services for the price they paid. For employees, value is measured by salary and by the intrinsic rewards of the job. Yet, one of the most elusive questions with respect to information technology is "How can value be measured?" Hospitality executives are being pressured daily to invest more in information technology (IT) - especially in the area of hotel global distribution systems (GDS), which have become the cornerstone of a hotel firm's IT infrastructure and portfolio. There are a number of sweeping changes on the horizon impacting hotel GDSs and requiring the development of a well-crafted strategy for global distribution systems. These broad changes include bypass theories to remove airline GDSs and travel agents, the introduction of new and emerging player, and innovative approaches to pricing and promotion. Many of these developments offer promise to hoteliers, but they also threaten their control over their customer relationships and their inventory and add to the complexity and cost of distribution. Selecting the appropriate distribution channels is paramount to success and important if hotel firms are to grow top-line revenue and control overhead; yet the number of choices facing hotel executives is overwhelming. They are also at a loss for measuring value derived from IT. One of the greatest issues plaguing the advancement of technology in the hospitality industry is the difficulty in calculating return on investment. Until recently, most technology investment decisions have been considered using a support or utility mentality that stems from a manufacturing paradigm. Under such thinking, business cases could be built around an application or technology's ability to reduce costs or create labor savings. However, management's attitudes towards technology have been shifting in recent years. The more technologically savvy hospitality companies are looking to IT to build strategic and competitive advantages. These types of investments yield results over time, and seldom in the short-run. This is problematic among owners and investors who demand more immediate results. Moreover, it is difficult to quantify and calculate the tangible benefits of technology when it is used for strategic purposes. Today's financial models are inadequate for estimating the financial benefits for most of the technology projects under consideration today. While the hospitality industry has disciplined models and sufficient history to determine the financial gains or success of opening a new property in a given city, it lacks the same rigorous models and historical data for technology, especially since each technology project is unique. Although this problem is not specific to the hospitality industry, it is particularly problematic since the industry tends to be technologically conservative and unwilling to adopt new technology applications based on the promises of its long-term merits if it cannot quantify the results and calculate a defined payback period. When uncertainty surrounds the investment, when the timing of the cash flows is unpredictable, and when the investment is perceived as risky, owners and investors will most likely channel their investment capital to projects with more certain returns and minimal risk. Thus, under this thinking, technology will always take a back seat to other organizational priorities and initiatives. Efforts must be made to change this thinking and to develop financial models that can accurately predict and capture the financial benefits derived from technology. Given the present predicament and difficulties surrounding the current tools, techniques, and measures, executives are faced with an important choice. They can 1) continue to use the present methods despite their shortcomings, 2) dispense with ROI, cost-benefit, and discounted cash flow analyses altogether for IT projects, or 3) develop new methods, tools, and measures that can accommodate the complexities of IT and quantify the intangibles. This study is a call to action in favor of the latter because the measures determine not only which projects will be accepted but also how their success will be evaluated. Having a rigid evaluation process forces executives to identify a project's potential contribution and align the project's objectives with the firm's strategic goals and objectives. Using the co-alignment principle as its theoretical underpinning, this study employs a multiple-case design to investigate the resource allocation processes used with respect to information technology and global distribution systems. It looks at how three leading, multinational hospitality firms address IT project/investment evaluation and decision-making, the measures they use, and the frustrations they encounter. These frustrations include problems that arise from a hotel firm's fragmented ownership as well as from hotel executives' inability to measure the results of IT through definitive cause-and-effect relationships. The results of the study provide affirmation of the co-alignment principle and document linkages and co-alignment between strategy and IT. Clearly, decisions involving IT and hotel GDSs require multivariate measures, multidimensional perspectives, and multidisciplinary involvement. However, research from the marketing discipline is noticeably absent in this area. This study concludes that because IT plays an important enabling role for marketing initiatives and is redefining the supply chain of a hotel firm, marketing researchers can no longer stand on the sidelines. This study also identifies three important constructs, or classes of variables (context, process, and project), the variables comprising each, and their influences on the evaluation and decision-making processes. These findings add to the understanding of IT evaluation, measurement, and decision-making in the context of hotel GDS. This study clarifies the intangible aspects in hopes that useful measures can be developed in subsequent research to quantify and evaluate these costs and benefits. Finally, this study provides a series of prescriptions or recommendations gleaned from the three companies that were the focus of this study in hopes that they will lead to the development of best practices in the hospitality industry. / Ph. D.

Τα οπτικά δίκτυα αποτελούν την αποδοτικότερη επιλογή όσον αφορά την εγκατάσταση ευρυζωνικών δικτύων κορμού, καθώς παρουσιάζουν μοναδικά χαρακτηριστικά μετάδοσης. Διαθέτουν τεράστιο εύρος ζώνης, υψηλή αξιοπιστία, ενώ επίσης έχουν μειωμένο κόστος μετάδοσης ανά bit πληροφορίας σε σχέση με τα υπόλοιπα ενσύρματα δίκτυα. Σημαντικές ερευνητικές προσπάθειες έχουν επικεντρωθεί στις προοπτικές μετάβασης από τα παραδοσιακά στατικά δίκτυα κυκλωμάτων, στα οποία χρησιμοποιείται από-σημείο-σε-σημείο οπτική μετάδοση, σε δίκτυα μετάδοσης δεδομένων που προσφέρουν δυναμική και γρήγορη επαναρύθμιση των οπτικών μονοπατιών και πρόσβαση σε χωρητικότητες κάτω του ενός μήκους κύματος, ανάλογα με τις απαιτήσεις των χρηστών και των εκάστοτε εφαρμογών. Τα τελευταία χρόνια υπάρχει η τάση για δημιουργία δυναμικών και επαναρυθμιζόμενων οπτικών δικτύων μεταγωγής κυκλώματος (Optical Circuit Switching), τα οποία θα βασίζονται σε διαφανείς κόμβους μεταγωγής. Η μονάδα μεταγωγής των δικτύων οπτικής μεταγωγής κυκλώματος είναι τα οπτικά μονοπάτια (lightpaths) και το βασικό πρόβλημα βελτιστοποίησης που σχετίζεται με την αποδοτική εκμετάλλευση της χωρητικότητας τέτοιων δικτύων είναι το πρόβλημα της δρομολόγησης και ανάθεσης μήκους κύματος (Routing and Wavelength Assignment - RWA). Στα αμιγώς διαφανή (transparent) οπτικά δίκτυα κυκλώματος η μετάδοση του σήματος υποβαθμίζεται από μια σειρά φυσικών εξασθενήσεων (physical impairments), σε σημείο που η εγκατάσταση ενός οπτικού μονοπατιού να μην είναι αποδεκτή. Για την αντιμετώπιση αυτού του προβλήματος στην παρούσα διατριβή προτείνουμε αλγόριθμους οι οποίοι λαμβάνουν υπόψη τους τις φυσικές εξασθενήσεις (Impairment Aware RWA ή ΙΑ-RWA algorithms) τόσο για στατική όσο και για δυναμική κίνηση. Συγκεκριμένα, παρουσιάζουμε έναν IA-RWA αλγόριθμο για στατική κίνηση, ο οποίος βασίζεται στην τεχνική της LP-χαλάρωσης και χρησιμοποιεί αποδοτικές μεθόδους για την παραγωγή ακεραίων λύσεων. Εκφράζουμε τις φυσικές εξασθενήσεις μέσω επιπλέον περιορισμών στην LP μοντελοποίηση του RWA προβλήματος, επιτυγχάνοντας την διαστρωματική βελτιστοποίηση (cross-layer optimization) πάνω στο φυσικό επίπεδο και στο επίπεδο δικτύου. Στη συνέχεια, προτείνουμε έναν IA-RWA αλγόριθμο πολλαπλών κριτηρίων (multi-cost) για δυναμική κίνηση. Ορίζουμε ένα διάνυσμα από κόστη για κάθε σύνδεσμο και τις πράξεις συσχέτισης αυτών, ώστε να μπορούμε να υπολογίσουμε το διάνυσμα από κόστη ενός μονοπατιού και μέσω αυτού να αξιολογήσουμε την ποιότητα μετάδοσης των διαθέσιμων μηκών κύματος του μονοπατιού. Για την εξυπηρέτηση μιας νέας αίτησης σύνδεσης, ο αλγόριθμος πολλαπλών κριτηρίων υπολογίζει το σύνολο των μη κυριαρχούμενων μονοπατιών, από την πηγή στο ζητούμενο προορισμό, και μετά εφαρμόζει μια πολιτική για να επιλέξει το βέλτιστο οπτικό μονοπάτι. Προτείνουμε και αξιολογούμε την απόδοση μιας σειράς από πολιτικές επιλογής, η κάθε μια από τις οποίες ουσιαστικά αντιστοιχεί σε έναν διαφορετικό δυναμικό IA-RWA αλγόριθμο. Στη συνέχεια, στρέφουμε την προσοχή μας στα δίκτυα οπτικής μεταγωγής καταιγισμών (Optical Burst Switching – OBS), τα οποία θεωρούνται ότι αποτελούν το επόμενο στάδιο των δικτύων οπτικής μεταγωγής κυκλώματος, όπου η δέσμευση της χωρητικότητας γίνεται για μικρότερο χρονικό διάστημα. Στα OBS δίκτυα, τα πακέτα που έχουν τον ίδιο προορισμό και παρόμοιες απαιτήσεις ποιότητας υπηρεσίας συναθροίζονται σε καταιγισμούς (bursts). Οι καταιγισμοί μεταδίδονται πάνω από αμιγώς οπτικά μονοπάτια, τα οποία ρυθμίζονται με τη χρήση πακέτων ελέγχου που μεταδίδονται πριν από τους αντίστοιχους καταιγισμούς και τα οποία επεξεργάζονται ηλεκτρονικά οι ενδιάμεσοι κόμβοι. Επικεντρώνουμε την προσοχή μας σε δυο βασικά στοιχεία ενός δικτύου οπτικής μεταγωγής καταιγισμών, την διαδικασία συναρμολόγησης καταιγισμών και τα πρωτόκολλα σηματοδοσίας, και παραθέτουμε δύο προτάσεις για την αποδοτική ανάθεσης χωρητικότητας σε αυτά τα δίκτυα. Συγκεκριμένα, προτείνουμε και αξιολογούμε ένα νέο αλγόριθμο συναρμολόγησης καταιγισμών που βασίζεται στη μέση καθυστέρηση των πακέτων που αποτελούν έναν καταιγισμό. Δείχνουμε ότι ο προτεινόμενος αλγόριθμος συναρμολόγησης καταιγισμών μειώνει την διασπορά της καθυστέρησης των πακέτων (packet delay jitter), η οποία είναι σημαντική για μια σειρά από εφαρμογές. Στην συνέχεια προτείνουμε ένα νέο αμφίδρομο (two-way) πρωτόκολλο σηματοδοσίας που βασίζεται στις μελλοντικές (in-advance) και χαλαρωμένες χρονικά (relaxed timed) δεσμεύσεις χωρητικότητας. Στο προτεινόμενο πρωτόκολλο, κατά τη φάση εγκατάστασης της σύνδεσης οι δεσμεύσεις χωρητικότητας γίνονται για χρονικό διάστημα μεγαλύτερο από το χρόνο μετάδοσης του καταιγισμού, ώστε να αυξηθεί η πιθανότητα επιτυχούς εγκατάστασης στους επόμενους συνδέσμους του μονοπατιού. Συγκρίνουμε το προτεινόμενο πρωτόκολλο με τυπικά πρωτόκολλα που έχουν προταθεί στη βιβλιογραφία και δείχνουμε οτι μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την παροχή διαφοροποιημένης ποιότητα υπηρεσιών (QoS differentiation) στους χρήστες του OBS δικτύου. Στη συνέχεια, εξετάζουμε το πρόβλημα της δρομολόγησης και του χρονοπρογραμματισμού συνδέσεων με χαλαρό - μη συγκεκριμένο χρόνο εκκίνησης, πρόβλημα που εμφανίζεται υπό ελαφρώς διαφορετική μορφή σε δίκτυα οπτικής μεταγωγής κυκλώματος, οπτικής μεταγωγής καταιγισμών αλλά και μεταγωγής πακέτου. Η εξυπηρέτηση αυτών των συνδέσεων γίνεται μέσω μελλοντικών δεσμεύσεων χωρητικότητας, τρόπος ο οποίος είναι τυπικός για να παρεχθεί εγγυημένη ποιότητα υπηρεσίας (QoS) στους χρήστες ενός δικτύου. Θεωρούμε ότι μας δίνεται μια σύνδεση με γνωστή πηγή και προορισμό, γνωστό ή άγνωστο όγκο δεδομένων και γνωστό ρυθμό μετάδοσης και ζητείται να αποφασίσουμε το μονοπάτι που θα ακολουθήσουν τα δεδομένα και το χρόνο που θα αρχίσει η μετάδοση. Διακριτοποιούμε το χρόνο και χρησιμοποιούμε κατάλληλα διανύσματα ως δομές δεδομένων για να αναπαραστήσουμε τη διαθεσιμότητα των συνδέσμων του δικτύου ως συνάρτηση του χρόνου. Χρησιμοποιούμε αυτά τα διανύσματα σε ένα αλγόριθμο πολλαπλών κριτηρίων για τη δρομολόγηση και το χρονοπρογραμματισμό των συνδέσεων. Αρχικά, παρουσιάζουμε έναν αλγόριθμο πολλαπλών κριτηρίων μη πολυωνυμικής πολυπλοκότητας, ο οποίος βασίζεται στην έννοια των μη-κυριαρχούμενων μονοπατιών. Μετά προτείνουμε δύο ευριστικούς αλγορίθμους πολυωνυμικής πολυπλοκότητας, ορίζοντας κατάλληλες σχέσεις ψευδο-κυριαρχίας οι οποίες μειώνουν το χώρο των λύσεων. Επίσης, προτείνουμε ένα μηχανισμό branch-and-bound, ο οποίος μπορεί να μειώσει το χώρο λύσεων στην περίπτωση που χρησιμοποιούμε μια συγκεκριμένη συνάρτηση βελτιστοποίησης για όλες τις συνδέσεις. Η απόδοση των προτεινόμενων αλγορίθμων αξιολογήθηκε σε ένα δίκτυο οπτικής μεταγωγής καταιγισμών, ωστόσο τα συμπεράσματα και η εφαρμοσιμότητα του προτεινόμενου αλγόριθμου επεκτείνεται και σε άλλου είδους οπτικά δίκτυα. Τέλος, εξετάζουμε το πρόβλημα του συνδυασμένου χρονοπρογραμματισμού των δικτυακών και υπολογιστικών πόρων που απαιτούνται για την εκτέλεση μιας διεργασίας σε ένα Δίκτυο Πλέγματος (Grid Network). Τα Δίκτυα Πλέγματος θεωρούνται το επόμενο βήμα στον τομέα των κατανεμημένων συστημάτων, εισάγοντας την έννοια της “κοινής” χρήσης γεωγραφικά κατανεμημένων και ετερογενών πόρων (υπολογιστικών, αποθηκευτικών, δικτυακών, κλπ.). Υποθέτουμε ότι η εκτέλεση μιας διεργασίας αποτελείται από δύο διαδοχικά στάδια: (α) Τη μεταφορά των δεδομένων εισόδου της διεργασίας από μια αποθηκευτική μονάδα σε μια συστοιχία υπολογιστών (cluster), (β) την εκτέλεση της διεργασίας στη συστοιχία υπολογιστών. Επεκτείνουμε τον αλγόριθμο πολλαπλών κριτηρίων για τη δρομολόγηση και το χρονοπρογραμματισμό συνδέσεων που περιγράφηκε προηγουμένως, έτσι ώστε να χειρίζεται με ένα συνδυασμένο τρόπο δικτυακούς και υπολογιστικούς πόρους για την εκτέλεση των διεργασιών. Ο προτεινόμενος αλγόριθμος επιστρέφει: (i) τη συστοιχία υπολογιστών όπου θα εκτελεστεί η διεργασία, (ii) το μονοπάτι το οποίο θα ακολουθήσουν τα δεδομένα εισόδου, (iii) τη χρονική στιγμή εκκίνησης μετάδοσης και (iv) τη χρονική στιγμή εκκίνησης εκτέλεσης της διεργασίας στη συστοιχία υπολογιστών. Ξεκινάμε παρουσιάζοντας έναν αλγόριθμο μη πολυωνυμικού χρόνου και μετά, αφού μειώσουμε κατάλληλα το χώρο λύσεων, δίνουμε έναν ευριστικό αλγόριθμο πολυωνυμικής πολυπλοκότητας. / Optical networks have developed rapidly over the last ten years and are widely used in core networks due to their superior transmission characteristics. Optical networks provide huge available capacity that can be efficiently utilized using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and high reliability at the lowest cost per bit ratio when compared to the other wired and wireless networking solutions. Much research has focused on ways to evolve from the typical point-to-point opaque WDM networks that are currently employed in the core to optical networks that are dynamically and quickly reconfigurable and can provide on-demand services to users at subwavelength granularity according to users’ requirements. The most common architecture utilized for establishing communication in WDM optical networks is wavelength routing that fall in the general category of Optical Circuit Switched (OCS) networks. The switched entities in OCS networks are the lightpaths and the basic optimization problem that is related to the efficient allocation of bandwidth is the routing and wavelength assignment problem (RWA). The current optical technology employed in core networks is point-to-point transmission, where the signal is regenerated at every intermediate node via optical-electronic-optical (OEO) conversion. During the recent few years, the trend clearly shows an evolution towards low-cost and high capacity all-optical transparent networks that do not utilize OEO. In transparent OCS networks the signal of a lightpath remains in the optical domain and its quality deteriorates due to a series of physical layer impairments (PLIs). These PLIs may degrade the received signal quality to the extent that the bit-error rate (BER) at the receiver may be so high that signal detection may be infeasible for some lightpaths. To address this problem we proposed algorithms that take into account the PLIs, usually referred in the literature as Impairment Aware RWA or ΙΑ-RWA algorithms, for both offline (static) and online (dynamic) traffic. In particular we propose an IA-RWA algorithm for static traffic that is based on an LP-relaxation formulation and use various efficient methods to obtain integer solutions. The physical layer impairments are included as additional constraint in the LP formulation of the RWA problem, yielding a cross-layer optimization solution between the network and the physical layers. We then proceed and propose a multi-cost IA-RWA algorithm for dynamic traffic. We define a cost vector per link and associative operators to combine these vectors so as to calculate the cost vector of a path. The parameters of these cost vectors are chosen so as to enable the quick and efficient calculation of the quality of transmission of candidate lightpaths. To serve a connection request, the proposed multi-cost algorithm calculates the set of so called non-dominated paths from the given source to the given destination, and then applies an optimization policy to choose the optimal lightpath. We propose and evaluate various optimization policies that correspond to different online IA-RWA algorithms. We then turn our attention to Optical Burst Switched (OBS) networks, which are regarded as the next step from the OCS paradigm towards a more dynamic core network that can provide on demand subwavelength services to users. In OBS networks, the packets that have the same destination and similar quality of service requirements are aggregated into bursts at the ingress nodes. When a burst is aggregated, a control packet is transmitted and is electronically processed at intermediate nodes so as to configure them for the burst that will pass transparently afterwards. We focus on two key elements of an OBS network, and in particular the burst aggregation (or burstification) process and the signaling protocol, and we propose two solutions for the efficient allocation of bandwidth in OBS networks. We propose and evaluate a novel burst assembly algorithm that is based on the average delay of the packets that comprise a burst. We show that the proposed algorithm decreases the packet delay jitter among the packets, which is important for a number of applications, including real-time, video and audio streaming, and TCP applications. Next we propose a two-way reservation signaling protocol that utilizes in-advance and relaxed timed reservation of the bandwidth. In the connection establishment phase of the proposed protocol, bandwidth reservations can exceed the duration of burst transmission (thus, relaxing the timed reservations), so as to increase the acceptance probability for the rest of the path. By controlling the degree of the relaxed timed reservations the protocol can also provide service differentiation to the users. Next we examine the problem of routing and scheduling of connections with flexible starting time in networks that support advance reservations. This problem can arise in slightly different settings in Optical Circuit Switched, Optical Burst Switched, and Optical Packet Switched networks. Such connection requests are served through advanced reservations, a process which is used to provide quality of service to users. We assume that for a connection request we are given the source, the destination, and the size of the data to be transferred with a given rate, and we are asked to provide the path and the time that the transmission should start so as to optimize a certain performance metric. We discretize the time and we use appropriate data structures (in the form of vectors) to map the utilization of the links as a function of time. We use these vectors as cost parameters in a multi-cost algorithm. We initially present a multicost algorithm of non-polynomial complexity that uses a full domination relation between paths. We then propose two mechanisms to prune the solution space in order to obtain polynomial complexity algorithms. In the first mechanism we define pseudo-domination relations that are weaker than the full domination relation. We also propose a branch-and-bound extension to the optimum algorithm that can be used for a given specific optimization function. The performance of the multicost algorithm and its variations are evaluated in an OBS network, but this does not limit the applicability of the algorithm and the conclusions can be extended in the other optical networking paradigms. Finally, we examine the problem of joint reservation of communication and computation resources that are required by a task in a Grid Network. Grid Networks are considered as the next step in distributed systems, introducing the concept of shared usage of geographically distributed and heterogeneous resources (computation, storage, communication, etc.). We assume that the task execution consists of two phases: (a) the transfer of the input data from a data storage resource, or the scheduler to a computation resource (cluster), (b) the execution of a program at the cluster. We extend the multicost algorithm for the routing and scheduling of connections, outlined above, so as to handle the reservation of computation resources as its last leg. In this way the proposed algorithm performs a joint optimization for the communication and computation part required by a task and returns: (i) the cluster to the execute the task, (ii) the path to route the input data, (iii) the time to start the transmission of data, and (iv) the time to start the execution of the task. We start by presenting an algorithm of non-polynomial complexity and then by appropriately pruning the solution space, we give a heuristic algorithm of polynomial complexity. We show that in a Grid network where the tasks are cpu- and data-intensive important performance benefits can be obtained by jointly optimizing the use of the communication and computation resources.