A presente pesquisa se propôs a avaliar a influência de cinco tratamentos dentinários na resistência de união à dentina de quatro cimentos de ionômero de vidro modificados por resina (CIVRMs). O ensaio experimental foi realizado in vitro, fazendo uso de 200 incisivos bovinos. Destes, foram obtidos 200 fragmentos de dentina, que foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 20 grupos (n=10), segundo os fatores de variação que compreendem cinco tratamentos dentinários (Grupo controle, ou seja, sem tratamento; Ácido Poliacrílico a 20%, Clearfil SE Bond; Single Bond Universal e Primer do Vitremer) e quatro cimentos ionoméricos (GC Fuji II LC® CAPSULE; GC Fuji LINING® LC (Paste Pak); Vitrebond® e Vitremer). Após a confecção dos corpos de prova e 24h de armazenamento em estufa à 37oC, foi realizado o teste de microcisalhamento na máquina de ensaios universal (Instron 5942 - Canton, MA, EUA) com velocidade de 1mm/min, seguido da análise do padrão de fratura em microscópio digital. A análise estatística dos 400 resultados obtidos foi feita por meio do teste paramétrico ANOVA para dois fatores de variação (cimento e tratamento) (p<0,05%) e pelo teste auxiliar de Tukey (p<0,05%). Os testes estatísticos demonstraram haver diferença estatística tanto entre os tratamentos, como entre os cimentos e na interação de ambos (p<0,0001). Os sistemas adesivos Clearfil SE (X?=18,26 ± 2,78) e SingleBond (X?=17,28 ± 2,49) promoveram os valores de resistência adesiva mais elevados em comparação aos demais tratamentos, mas sem apresentarem diferença estatística entre si, o que representou um aumento na resistência de união de 121% para o Clearfil SE e 109,2% para o Single Bond Universal em relação ao Grupo Controle. O uso do Ácido Poliacrílico (X?=9,94 ± 3,55) alcançou valores intermediários, correspondendo a um aumento de 20% na resistência adesiva em relação ao Grupo Controle. Esse tratamento se diferenciou estatisticamente dos maiores valores, porém não apresentou diferença frente ao Primer do Vitremer (X?=8,91 ± 2,97). O grupo controle (X?=8,26 ± 4,17) evidenciou os menores valores, se diferenciando estatisticamente dos sistemas adesivos e do Ácido Poliacrílico, mas com resultados que o equiparou ao tratamento com o Primer do Vitremer. Ao se analisar a interação entre cimento e tratamento, todos os cimentos de ionômero de vidro resinomodificados (CIVRMs) testados neste estudo apresentaram seus maiores resultados quando um dos sistemas adesivos foi utilizado como tratamento dentinário, independente de qual sistema adesivo. Com base nesses resultados, pôde-se concluir que os dois sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes foram capazes de melhorar significativamente a resistência adesiva dos CIVRMs. / This research aims to evaluate the influence of five dentin pretreatments on microshear bond strength of four resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI). The experiment was performed in vitro, using 200 bovine incisors. From these, there were obtained 200 dentine fragments that were randomly distributed into 20 groups (n = 10) according to the variation factors comprising five dentin treatment (control group, i.e., no treatment; Polyacrylic Acid 20%; Clearfil SE Bond; Single Bond Universal and Vitremer Primer) and four glass ionomer cements (GC Fuji II LC® CAPSULE; GC Fuji LC LINING® (Paste Pak); Vitrebond® and Vitremer). After preparation of the samples and 24h storage at 37 °C, was performed microshear test in a universal testing machine (Instron 5942 - Canton, MA, USA) with speed of 1mm/min, followed by analysis of the pattern fractures in digital microscope. Statistical analysis of the 400 results was performed by ANOVA nonparametric test for two variation factors (cement and treatment) (p <0.05%) and the post-hoc Tukey (p <0.05%). The tests demonstrated there are statistical difference between treatments, cements and between the interaction of both (p <0.0001). The Clearfil SE (X?=18,26 ± 2,78) and SingleBond (X?=17,28 ± 2,49) promoted the highest bond strength values compared to the other treatments, but showing no statistical difference between them, which represented an increase in bond strength of 121% for Clearfil SE and 109.2% for Single Bond Universal compared to control group. The Polyacrylic Acid (X?=9,94 ± 3,55) has reached intermediate values, corresponding to a 20% increase in adhesive strength compared to control group. This treatment differed significantly from the higher values, but showed no difference compared to Primer Vitremer (X?=8,91 ± 2,97). The control group (X?=8,26 ± 4,17) showed the lowest values, statistically differing from the adhesives and polyacrylic acid, but with results that matched to the treatment with Vitremer Primer. When analyzing the interaction between cement and treatment, all cements tested in this study had higher results when one of the adhesive systems was used as dentin treatment, regardless of which adhesive system. Based on these results, it could be concluded that the two adhesive systems were able to significantly improve the adhesive strength of RMGIs.

A presente pesquisa se propôs a avaliar a influência de cinco tratamentos dentinários na resistência de união à dentina de quatro cimentos de ionômero de vidro modificados por resina (CIVRMs). O ensaio experimental foi realizado in vitro, fazendo uso de 200 incisivos bovinos. Destes, foram obtidos 200 fragmentos de dentina, que foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 20 grupos (n=10), segundo os fatores de variação que compreendem cinco tratamentos dentinários (Grupo controle, ou seja, sem tratamento; Ácido Poliacrílico a 20%, Clearfil SE Bond; Single Bond Universal e Primer do Vitremer) e quatro cimentos ionoméricos (GC Fuji II LC® CAPSULE; GC Fuji LINING® LC (Paste Pak); Vitrebond® e Vitremer). Após a confecção dos corpos de prova e 24h de armazenamento em estufa à 37oC, foi realizado o teste de microcisalhamento na máquina de ensaios universal (Instron 5942 - Canton, MA, EUA) com velocidade de 1mm/min, seguido da análise do padrão de fratura em microscópio digital. A análise estatística dos 400 resultados obtidos foi feita por meio do teste paramétrico ANOVA para dois fatores de variação (cimento e tratamento) (p<0,05%) e pelo teste auxiliar de Tukey (p<0,05%). Os testes estatísticos demonstraram haver diferença estatística tanto entre os tratamentos, como entre os cimentos e na interação de ambos (p<0,0001). Os sistemas adesivos Clearfil SE (X?=18,26 ± 2,78) e SingleBond (X?=17,28 ± 2,49) promoveram os valores de resistência adesiva mais elevados em comparação aos demais tratamentos, mas sem apresentarem diferença estatística entre si, o que representou um aumento na resistência de união de 121% para o Clearfil SE e 109,2% para o Single Bond Universal em relação ao Grupo Controle. O uso do Ácido Poliacrílico (X?=9,94 ± 3,55) alcançou valores intermediários, correspondendo a um aumento de 20% na resistência adesiva em relação ao Grupo Controle. Esse tratamento se diferenciou estatisticamente dos maiores valores, porém não apresentou diferença frente ao Primer do Vitremer (X?=8,91 ± 2,97). O grupo controle (X?=8,26 ± 4,17) evidenciou os menores valores, se diferenciando estatisticamente dos sistemas adesivos e do Ácido Poliacrílico, mas com resultados que o equiparou ao tratamento com o Primer do Vitremer. Ao se analisar a interação entre cimento e tratamento, todos os cimentos de ionômero de vidro resinomodificados (CIVRMs) testados neste estudo apresentaram seus maiores resultados quando um dos sistemas adesivos foi utilizado como tratamento dentinário, independente de qual sistema adesivo. Com base nesses resultados, pôde-se concluir que os dois sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes foram capazes de melhorar significativamente a resistência adesiva dos CIVRMs. / This research aims to evaluate the influence of five dentin pretreatments on microshear bond strength of four resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI). The experiment was performed in vitro, using 200 bovine incisors. From these, there were obtained 200 dentine fragments that were randomly distributed into 20 groups (n = 10) according to the variation factors comprising five dentin treatment (control group, i.e., no treatment; Polyacrylic Acid 20%; Clearfil SE Bond; Single Bond Universal and Vitremer Primer) and four glass ionomer cements (GC Fuji II LC® CAPSULE; GC Fuji LC LINING® (Paste Pak); Vitrebond® and Vitremer). After preparation of the samples and 24h storage at 37 °C, was performed microshear test in a universal testing machine (Instron 5942 - Canton, MA, USA) with speed of 1mm/min, followed by analysis of the pattern fractures in digital microscope. Statistical analysis of the 400 results was performed by ANOVA nonparametric test for two variation factors (cement and treatment) (p <0.05%) and the post-hoc Tukey (p <0.05%). The tests demonstrated there are statistical difference between treatments, cements and between the interaction of both (p <0.0001). The Clearfil SE (X?=18,26 ± 2,78) and SingleBond (X?=17,28 ± 2,49) promoted the highest bond strength values compared to the other treatments, but showing no statistical difference between them, which represented an increase in bond strength of 121% for Clearfil SE and 109.2% for Single Bond Universal compared to control group. The Polyacrylic Acid (X?=9,94 ± 3,55) has reached intermediate values, corresponding to a 20% increase in adhesive strength compared to control group. This treatment differed significantly from the higher values, but showed no difference compared to Primer Vitremer (X?=8,91 ± 2,97). The control group (X?=8,26 ± 4,17) showed the lowest values, statistically differing from the adhesives and polyacrylic acid, but with results that matched to the treatment with Vitremer Primer. When analyzing the interaction between cement and treatment, all cements tested in this study had higher results when one of the adhesive systems was used as dentin treatment, regardless of which adhesive system. Based on these results, it could be concluded that the two adhesive systems were able to significantly improve the adhesive strength of RMGIs.

Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD) / Background: This study aimed to determine the association between dimensional change and surface roughness (Ra) of Vitremer, Activa and Cention N after immersing them into two different media: acidic and artificial saliva media for the period of a year. Measurements were made at 10 time intervals during the observation period. Methodology: This was a quantitative and qualitative study. For the quantitative part, a total of 60 specimens were tested, 20 specimens for each material. The 20 specimens were further divided into 10 specimens. Ten were immersed in acidic media and the rest in saliva media. A measurement of the weight, height, and Ra was carried out as follows: day 0, day 1, day 2, day 7, day 21, day 28, day 60, day 90, day 180 and day 365. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the surface of each material qualitatively pre and post immersion in the two media. For fluoride measurements, an additional five samples from each material were left suspended in the de-ionized water by the use of dental floss. The materials were moved to new specimen jars after the completion of day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 14, 21 and 28. All the specimen jars had been kept for the fluoride measurements. Results: Non-parametric tests were used to analyze the data. Linear regression analysis was used to measure the association between weight, height or surface roughness (Ra) and immersion time for a year. The result of this test showed that Vitremer had a significant association between the weight (p = 0.000), height (p = 0.007) and Ra (p = 0.001) when it was immersed in acidic media. On the other hand, when Vitremer was immersed in saliva media, only the weight variable showed a significant association (p = 0.002). For Cention N, significant association was found for only Ra when immersed in acidic media (p = 0.000). Finally, for Activa, all the studied associations; the weight, height and Ra in both media were found to be insignificant. For saliva media, there was a significant weight change between the three materials during all 10 periods of time (p = 0.000). In the first six months, Cention N demonstrated a significant increase in weight changes followed by Vitremer, then Activa. Yet, after a year, the difference between Cention N and Vitremer became insignificant and Activa showed the least weight changes. There was not a significant difference between the materials in terms of height and Ra measurements. The fluoride experiment was not successful due to technical issues during pH measurements of the collected solutions. For comparison of the studied parameters between the three materials, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. In acidic media, there was a significant difference between the materials in term of weight change in 10 periods of time (p = 0.000). In particular, after a two month period, Cention N had the highest weight, followed by Vitremer and then by Activa. The difference between Vitremer and Activa became insignificant throughout the rest of the experimental time frame. All the height measurements between the three materials were found to be insignificant except for day 365 (p = 0.048), where both Activa and Cention N were found to be significantly higher than Vitremer. For the Ra comparison, in the first two weeks, particularly day 1, 7 and 14, Cention N had significantly the lowest Ra among the other materials. As the three materials aged in the acidic media (day 180), Vitremer had significantly the highest Ra values. Cention N showed higher Ra values than Activa; nonetheless this difference was not significant. The SEM images showed loss of some particles in all post-experimental images of the materials in acidic media. Vitremer showed the widest cracks with the loss of fillers. In saliva media, there was also loss of particles but to a lesser extent than in acidic media. Yet, the post-experimental image of Activa in saliva resembled the pre-experimental one. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, the best material to resist Ra from prolonged acidic attack was Activa followed by Cention N and then Vitremer. Except for Vitremer, no significant changes in the Ra of the other materials were detected when the three materials were immersed in saliva media in the long term. In acidic media Vitremer tended to lose weight and height faster than Cention N and Activa over a year. Cention N is the best material to resist dimensional change. However, in artificial saliva Vitremer gained water rapidly. Activa did not absorb a lot of water and did not reject a lot of water; Activa demonstrated good dimensional stability and this property may be beneficial when compared to the other two materials tested. The clinical significance of the study: All the materials studied were subjected to dimensional and Ra changes following long-term exposure to acidic substances, but the newer materials (Cention N and Activa) seemed to be more dimensionally stable and resistant to Ra changes than the older, well-known material (Vitremer). This may influence a clinician’s choice of restorative material for use in pediatric dentistry.

O presente estudo in vitro analisou o efeito de 3 sucos de fruta com baixo pH (suco de cupuaçu, taperebá e laranja), e saliva artificial (controle) sobre materiais restauradores indicados em lesões cervicais não cariosas: resina composta nanoparticulada (Filtek Z350 XT), cimento de ionômero de vidro resino modificado (Vitremer) e um cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional (Fuji II). Os materiais foram avaliados, quantitativamente, quanto à alteração de: peso, rugosidade superficial e microdureza superficial, e qualitativamente, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Foram confeccionados 144 corpos de prova para cada teste quantitativo (n=12) e 45 para o MEV (n=3), de (8mm de diâmetro x 2mm de altura). Os corpos de prova foram preparados, mantidos em saliva artificial por 24 h à 37º C, receberam acabamento em politriz, e em seguida foram realizadas as leituras iniciais. Durante um período de 10 dias consecutivos, os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao desafio erosivo (nos respectivos sucos de frutas) durante 30 minutos três vezes ao dia, totalizando 90 minutos/dia e mantidos em saliva artificial entre os intervalos. Após o período de ciclagem erosiva, foram realizadas as leituras finais. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste t, ANOVA e Tukey. As médias de alteração entre os valores de peso finais e iniciais demonstraram diferença significativa (p<0,01) nos materiais estudados e em todos os sucos estudados, com exceção do Vitremer quando imerso no suco de taperebá (p>0,01). As médias de alteração entre os valores de rugosidade superficial final e inicial demonstraram diferença significativa (p<0,01) para todos os materiais estudados em todos os sucos, exceto a Filtek Z350 XT no grupo controle que não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,01). A comparação entre os valores de microdureza final e inicial demonstrou diferença significativa (p<0,01) na microdureza dos materiais estudados em todos os meios de imersão, inclusive no grupo controle. De um modo geral o suco de taperebá foi o que provocou a maior alteração na superfície dos materiais restauradores quanto ao peso, rugosidade, microdureza e na microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A resina composta Filtek Z350 XT foi o material restaurador que menos sofreu alterações de superfície. Concluiu-se que os sucos das frutas estudados são capazes de alterar os materiais restauradores, sendo que a resina composta foi o material que sofreu menor alteração. / This in vitro study examined the effects of 3 fruit juices with low pH (cupuaçu, taperebá and orange) and artificial saliva (control) upon restorative materials indicated in noncarious cervical lesions: nanoparticle composite resin (Filtek Z350 XT), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Vitremer) and a glass ionomer cement (Fuji II). The materials were evaluated quantitatively as for alterations in weight, surface roughness and surface microhardness, and qualitatively by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). 144 specimens were prepared for each quantitative test (n = 12) and 45 for the SEM (n = 3), of (8mm diameter x 2mm height). The specimens were prepared, stored in artificial saliva for 24 hours at 37º C, were finished in a polishing machine, and then the initial readings were performed. During a period of 10 consecutive days, the specimens were subjected to erosive challenge (in the respective juices) for 30 minutes, three times a day, and totaling 90 minutes/day and kept in artificial saliva between intervals. After the erosive cycling period, the final readings were taken. The data were analyzed using t test, ANOVA and Tukey.Test The average alterations between the values of initial and final weight showed significant difference (p < 0.01) in the material studied and all the juices studied, except for Vitremer when immersed in taperebá juice (p > 0.01). The average alterations between the values of initial and final surface roughness showed a significant difference (p < 0.01) for all materials studied in all juices, except for Filtek Z350 XT, in the control group, that showed no significant differences (p > 0.01). The comparison between the values of initial and final microhardness showed a significant difference (p < 0.01) in microhardness of the materials studied in all immersion means, including the control group. In general, taperebá juice was the one that caused the biggest alterations in the surface of restorative materials with respect to weight, roughness, hardness and scanning electronic microscopy. The composite resin Filtek Z350 XT was the restorative material that suffered less surface alterations. It was concluded that the fruit juices studied are capable of altering the restorative materials, and composite resin was the material that has undergone minor changes.

O presente estudo in vitro analisou o efeito de 3 sucos de fruta com baixo pH (suco de cupuaçu, taperebá e laranja), e saliva artificial (controle) sobre materiais restauradores indicados em lesões cervicais não cariosas: resina composta nanoparticulada (Filtek Z350 XT), cimento de ionômero de vidro resino modificado (Vitremer) e um cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional (Fuji II). Os materiais foram avaliados, quantitativamente, quanto à alteração de: peso, rugosidade superficial e microdureza superficial, e qualitativamente, por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Foram confeccionados 144 corpos de prova para cada teste quantitativo (n=12) e 45 para o MEV (n=3), de (8mm de diâmetro x 2mm de altura). Os corpos de prova foram preparados, mantidos em saliva artificial por 24 h à 37º C, receberam acabamento em politriz, e em seguida foram realizadas as leituras iniciais. Durante um período de 10 dias consecutivos, os corpos de prova foram submetidos ao desafio erosivo (nos respectivos sucos de frutas) durante 30 minutos três vezes ao dia, totalizando 90 minutos/dia e mantidos em saliva artificial entre os intervalos. Após o período de ciclagem erosiva, foram realizadas as leituras finais. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste t, ANOVA e Tukey. As médias de alteração entre os valores de peso finais e iniciais demonstraram diferença significativa (p<0,01) nos materiais estudados e em todos os sucos estudados, com exceção do Vitremer quando imerso no suco de taperebá (p>0,01). As médias de alteração entre os valores de rugosidade superficial final e inicial demonstraram diferença significativa (p<0,01) para todos os materiais estudados em todos os sucos, exceto a Filtek Z350 XT no grupo controle que não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,01). A comparação entre os valores de microdureza final e inicial demonstrou diferença significativa (p<0,01) na microdureza dos materiais estudados em todos os meios de imersão, inclusive no grupo controle. De um modo geral o suco de taperebá foi o que provocou a maior alteração na superfície dos materiais restauradores quanto ao peso, rugosidade, microdureza e na microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A resina composta Filtek Z350 XT foi o material restaurador que menos sofreu alterações de superfície. Concluiu-se que os sucos das frutas estudados são capazes de alterar os materiais restauradores, sendo que a resina composta foi o material que sofreu menor alteração. / This in vitro study examined the effects of 3 fruit juices with low pH (cupuaçu, taperebá and orange) and artificial saliva (control) upon restorative materials indicated in noncarious cervical lesions: nanoparticle composite resin (Filtek Z350 XT), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (Vitremer) and a glass ionomer cement (Fuji II). The materials were evaluated quantitatively as for alterations in weight, surface roughness and surface microhardness, and qualitatively by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). 144 specimens were prepared for each quantitative test (n = 12) and 45 for the SEM (n = 3), of (8mm diameter x 2mm height). The specimens were prepared, stored in artificial saliva for 24 hours at 37º C, were finished in a polishing machine, and then the initial readings were performed. During a period of 10 consecutive days, the specimens were subjected to erosive challenge (in the respective juices) for 30 minutes, three times a day, and totaling 90 minutes/day and kept in artificial saliva between intervals. After the erosive cycling period, the final readings were taken. The data were analyzed using t test, ANOVA and Tukey.Test The average alterations between the values of initial and final weight showed significant difference (p < 0.01) in the material studied and all the juices studied, except for Vitremer when immersed in taperebá juice (p > 0.01). The average alterations between the values of initial and final surface roughness showed a significant difference (p < 0.01) for all materials studied in all juices, except for Filtek Z350 XT, in the control group, that showed no significant differences (p > 0.01). The comparison between the values of initial and final microhardness showed a significant difference (p < 0.01) in microhardness of the materials studied in all immersion means, including the control group. In general, taperebá juice was the one that caused the biggest alterations in the surface of restorative materials with respect to weight, roughness, hardness and scanning electronic microscopy. The composite resin Filtek Z350 XT was the restorative material that suffered less surface alterations. It was concluded that the fruit juices studied are capable of altering the restorative materials, and composite resin was the material that has undergone minor changes.