L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de développer et d’optimiser les outils d’acquisition de la technique de Sismique réflexion haute résolution (SHR) afin d’améliorer ses performances pour la détection des cavités souterraines. Il est communément admis que l’imagerie SHR est d’autant plus complexe que la profondeur de la cible est petite. Les travaux menés dans le cadre de cette thèse devraient remédier à certains problèmes les plus critiques identifiés lors des applications de la SHR.L’utilisation des sources vibratoires présente des avantages indéniables (non destructivité, contrôle du signal émis...) par rapport aux sources « classiques » (i.e. impulsionnelles, destructives) mais leur application optimale nécessite un choix correct du signal émis.Ainsi, les travaux de recherche réalisés ont permis de (1) développer un système complet de pilotage par ordinateur d’une mini-source vibratoire destinée à l’imagerie SHR, (2) développer une méthode de génération de signaux émis. En établissant un lien entre le signal d’entrée et l’image sismique obtenue, cette procédure offre la possibilité à l’utilisateur de choisir le signal émis en fonction des conditions de terrain, et des objectifs des mesures, (3) tester le fonctionnement du système développé avec plusieurs mini-vibrateurs.Le système développé ainsi est testé et validé dans les tests à petite échelle. Ensuite, il a été utilisé dans les conditions réelles avec l’objectif « détection des cavités » dans le contexte salin (anciennes mines de sel en Lorraine, profondeur : 160 m - 180 m) et les marnières de Haute Normandie (anciennes carrières de craie, profondeur : 15 m - 45 m) / The main objective of this thesis is to develop and optimize the acquisition tools for High Resolution Reflection Seismic (HRS) technique in order to improve its performances in the detection of underground cavities. It is commonly admitted that HRS imaging becomes more complicated with when the depth of interest is decreased. The work carried out in the frame of this thesis aims to bring solutions to some of the most critical problems identified in application of the HRS.The vibratory sources show undeniable advantages (non destructivity, controllable output signal) over “classic” (impulsive, destructive) sources. However, the optimal use of these sources depends on the proper choice of emitted signal.Thus, the research work carried out resulted in (1) development of a complete, computer-based vibrator control system allowing piloting small vibratory source intended to use for HRS surveys, (2) development of a method for generating the source signal. The proposed procedure links the entry signal with seismic image and thus allows the choice of the signal in terrain conditions and with regard to the measurement goals, (3) extensive testing of the developed system with several portable vibratory sources.The developed system was tested and validated in small-scale tests. Afterwards it was used in real conditions with the goal of “cavity detection” in salt-mining context (old salt mines in Lorraine region at depths between 160 m and 180 m) as well as in chalk-mining area (ancient marl-pit quarries in the Normandy region at depths 15 m - 45 m)

O Incidente de Resolução de Demandas Repetitivas foi criado pelo Código de Processo Civil de 2015, com expectativa de prestigiar os princípios da segurança jurídica, isonomia e celeridade processual, impactando na melhora ao acesso à justiça. Diante disso, esse estudo visa a examinar se o IRDR é realmente compatível com os princípios processuais constitucionais apontados e se, de outro lado, não afronta outros princípios igualmente de alçada constitucional, verificando-se se este instrumento está apto a funcionar como uma verdadeira ferramenta capaz de contribuir para o desenvolvimento no Estado Democrático de Direito, considerando a necessidade de se expandir as liberdades individuais, aqui alinhadas ao acesso a uma ordem jurídica íntegra, estável e coerente, mas que respeite as garantias imprescindíveis ao devido processo. Nesse contexto, propõe-se uma sistematização do incidente, a partir das disposições pelo Código de Processo Civil, em cotejo com a teoria desenvolvida sobre o instituto, bem como com a análise de dados empíricos, coletados nos autos, acórdãos, andamentos e demais informações referentes a incidentes já julgados por diversos tribunais. Assim, dialogando teoria e prática, propõe-se a melhor compreender o contexto e a sistemática do IRDR, buscando estabelecer uma leitura crítica, mas que contribua para as discussões e para o próprio aprimoramento da aplicação do incidente. / The Incident of Resolution of Repetitive Demands was created by the Civil Procedure Code of 2015, with the expectation of respecting the principles of legal certainty, isonomy and celerity of procedure, impacting on the improvement of justice access. Therefore, this study aims to examine whether the IRDR is actually compatible with the constitutional mentioned procedural principles and if, on the other hand, it does not affront other equally constitutional principles, verifying if this instrument is able to function as a real tool capable of contributing to development in the Democratic State of Law, considering the need to expand individual freedoms, here aligned with access to an integral, stable and coherent legal order, but respecting the guarantees indispensable to due process. In this context, it is proposed to systematize the incident, based on the provisions of the Civil Procedure Code, in conjunction with the theory developed about the institute, as well as with the analysis of empirical data collected in the process, decisions, reports and other informations related of incidents already tried by various courts. Thus, discussing theory and practice, it is proposed to better understand the context and systematics of the IRDR, seeking to establish a critical reading, but that contributes to the discussions and to the improvement of the application of the incident.

Environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge provide a strong theoretical foundation for investigating the role of science in environmental disputes. The field of environmental dispute resolution has built a body of literature, outlining the techniques and practices that underpin the successful resolution of disputes, over controversial environmental issues. However, the literature on dispute resolution has generally neglected the role of science in environmental disputes. This thesis develops a theoretical framework based on concepts from environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge in order to critically examine the role of science in environmental disputes. In particular, this thesis combines the theory on claims-making from environmental sociology with actor-network theory and the theory on boundary-work from the sociology of scientific knowledge, to analyse the way in which science was involved in the dispute over phasing out extractive dredging from the Brisbane River. Data were collected from qualitative in-depth interviews with key players in the Brisbane River dredging dispute and combined with analysis of relevant documents and newspaper articles. Each of the components of the theoretical framework developed in this thesis contributes to an in-depth analysis of the way in which science was involved in the dredging dispute. The environmental claims-making analysis examines the way in which the claim that extractive dredging was an environmental problem for the Brisbane River was constructed and contested. The actor-network analysis compares the two competing actor-networks that were developed by one of the major concrete companies and by the anti-dredging campaigners. The boundary-work analysis examines the social construction of the science / politics border as an important site of boundary-work, before exploring other related forms of boundary-work within the case study. When combined, these theories highlight the social and political processes that underpin the inherent difficulties associated with applying science to effective environmental dispute resolution. The theoretical framework developed in this thesis highlights the way in which an analysis of environmental claims-making, actor-networks and boundary-work, extends the literature on environmental dispute resolution. This thesis therefore makes a significant contribution to the field of environmental dispute resolution, by illustrating the advantages of drawing on theoretical perspectives from environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge.

<p>Kvinnor har sedan 1980 fått tjänstgöra som officer i Sveriges försvarsmakt. Trots detta är fortfarande de kvinnliga officerarna och soldaterna i klar minoritet i organisationen. FN:s säkerhetsråd har arbetat fram två resolutioner som båda strävar efter att involvera kvinnor i större omfattning när det gäller arbeten vid kris, krig och konflikter. Inte enbart att öka andelen kvinnor i hjälpande trupper, utan även involvera lokalbefolkningen. Hur ser då verkligheten ut vid de internationella insatserna? I detta arbete presenteras en fallstudie om MOT Juliette, ett kvinnligt observationsteam som under sju månader tjänstgjorde i Afghanistan. Målet med detta team var att effektivisera underrättelseinhämtningen i insatsområdet.</p><p>Arbetet syftar till att undersöka vilka för- respektive nackdelar kvinnor kan föra med sig vid internationella insatser. Resultatet visar att kvinnor har flera möjliga fördelar att tillföra till insatserna, bland annat att underlätta underrättelsearbetet samt att verka som förebilder för de lokala kvinnorna. Även att förbandet uppnår jämställdhet kan vara en fördel.</p> / <p>The purpose of this study is to find out if deployment of women improves an operation’s chances of success. Since 1980 traditionally male roles within the Swedish Armed Forces have been avalible for women. In spite of this fact, deployment of women in international military operations are not very common.</p><p>The method used in this essay is a case study. The author has studied a Swedish operation in Afghanistan in 2006, where the commander decided to form a MOT (military observation team) only with women. The main purpose with this team was to gather intelligence from the local population. Earlier operations in the country clearly showed that male soldiers were experiencing difficulties in interacting with local women. During seven months the team, MOT Juliette, worked in the area and found out that the presence of women considerably contributed to the success of the operation.</p><p>To acknowledge the need to increase the proportion of women in the work of war and conflict, the UN Security Council has adopted a number of resolutions where the two most important are 1325 and 1820.</p><p>The results of the study show that women have an important role in international operations. Not just to gather intelligence, but also to act as role models for the women in the country.</p>

Variable resolution method helps to study the local scale phenomenon of interest within the context of global scale atmosphere/ocean dynamics. Global spectral methods based on spherical harmonics as basis functions are known to resolve a given function defined on the sphere, in an uniform manner. Though known for its mathematical elegance and higher order accuracy, global spectral methods are considered to be restrictive for developing mesh-refinement strategies. The only mesh refinement strategy available until now is due to the pioneering work of F. Schmidt. Schmidt transformation can study only one region with higher resolution. The study of tropical dynamics is an interesting theme due to the presence of teleconnections between various phenomena, especially Indian Monsoon and the El-Nino. The Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)is a continental scale phenamenon. It is in the ITCZ, many monsoon systems and tropical cyclones do occur. To study such phenomena under variable resolution method, high resolution is required in the entire tropical belt. Hitherto such a kind of mesh refinement strategies were not available in global spectral models. In this work, a new variable resolution method is developed that can help to study the tropical sub-scale phenomena with high resolution, in global spectral models. A new conformal coordinate transformation named ’High resolution Tropical Belt Transformation(HTBT)’ is developed to generate high resolution in the entire tropical belt. Mathematical demonstrations are given to show the existence of additional conformal transformations available on the sphere, indicating additional degrees of freedom available to create variable resolution global spectral method. Variable resolution global spectral method with high resolution over tropics is created through HTBT. The restriction imposed by Schmidt’s framework that the map-ping factor of the transformation need to have a finite-decomposition in the spectral space of the transformed domain is relaxed, by introduction of a new framework. The new framework uses transformed spherical harmonics Bnm as basis for spectral computations. With the use of FFT algorithm and Gaussian quadrature, the efficiency of the traditional spectral method is retained with the variable resolution global spectral method. The newly defined basis functions Bnm are the eigenvalues of the transformed Laplacian operator . This property of Bnm provide an elegant direct solver for the transformed Helmholtz operator on the sphere. The transformed Helmholtz equations are solved accurately with the variable resolution method. Advection experiments conducted with variable resolution spectral transport scheme on the HTBT variable grid produces near-dispersion free advection on the tropical belt. Transport across homogeneous resolution regions produce very less dispersion errors. Transport of a feature over the poles result in severe grid representation errors. It is shown that an increase in resolution around the poles greatly reduces this error. Transport of a feature from a point close to poles but not over it, does not produce such representation errors. Fourth-order Runge-Kutta scheme improves the accuracy of the transport scheme. The second order Magazenkov time-scheme proves to be better accurate than the leap-frog scheme with Asselin filter. The non-divergent barotropic vorticity equation is tested with two exact solutions namely Rochas solution and Rossby-Haurwitz wave solutions. Each of the solution tests certain unique and contrasting characteristic of the system. The numerical behaviour of the solutions show non-linear interactions in them. The singularity at the poles, arising due to the unbounded nature of the latitudinal derivative of the map factor of HTBT, triggers Gibbs phenomena for certain functions. However the recent advances in spectral methods, especially spectral viscosity method and Boyd-Vandeven filtering strategy provide ways to control the Gibbs oscillation and recover higher accuracy; make the variable resolution global spectral method viable for accurate meteorological computations.

Road extraction from satellite or aerial imagery is a popular topic in remote sensing, and there are many road extraction algorithms suggested by various researches. However, the need of reliable remotely sensed road information still persists as there is no sufficiently robust road extraction algorithm yet. In this study, we explore the road extraction problem taking advantage of the multi-resolution analysis and adaptive boosting based classifiers. That is, we propose a new road extraction algorithm exploiting both spectral and structural features of the high resolution multi-spectral satellite images. The proposed model is composed of three major components / feature extraction, classification and road detection. Well-known spectral band ratios are utilized to represent reflectance properties of the data whereas a segmentation operation followed by an elongatedness scoring technique renders structural evaluation of the road parts within the multi-resolution analysis framework. The extracted features are fed into Adaptive Boosting (Adaboost) learning procedure, and the learning method iteratively combines decision trees to acquire a classifier with a high accuracy. The road network is identified from the probability map constructed by the classifier suggested by Adaboost. The algorithm is designed to be modular in the sense of its extensibility, that is / new road descriptor features can be easily integrated into the existing model. The empirical evaluation of the proposed algorithm suggests that the algorithm is capable of extracting majority of the road network, and it poses promising performance results.

Om man ser på de bästa nu kända algoritmerna för att avgöra satisfierbarhet hos logiska formler så är de allra flesta baserade på den så kallade DPLL-metoden utökad med klausulinlärning. De två viktigaste gränssättande faktorerna för sådana algoritmer är hur mycket tid och minne de använder, och att förstå sig på detta är därför en fråga som har stor praktisk betydelse. Inom området beviskomplexitet svarar tids- och minnesåtgång mot längd och minne hos resolutionsbevis för formler i konjunktiv normalform (CNF-formler). En lång rad arbeten har studerat dessa mått och även jämfört dem med bredden av bevis, ett annat mått som visat sig höra nära samman med både längd och minne. Mer formellt är längden hos ett bevis antalet rader, dvs. klausuler, bredden är storleken av den största klausulen, och minnet är maximala antalet klausuler som man behöver komma ihåg samtidigt om man under bevisets gång bara får dra nya slutsatser från klausuler som finns sparade. För längd och bredd har man lyckats visa en rad starka resultat men förståelsen av måttet minne har lämnat mycket i övrigt att önska. Till exempel så är det känt att minnet som behövs för att bevisa en formel är minst lika stort som den nödvändiga bredden, men det har varit en öppen fråga om minne och bredd kan separeras eller om de två måtten mäter "samma sak" i den meningen att de alltid är asymptotiskt lika stora för en formel. Det har också varit okänt om det faktum att det finns ett kort bevis för en formel medför att formeln också kan bevisas i litet minne (motsvarande påstående är sant för längd jämfört med bredd) eller om det tvärtom kan vara så att längd och minne är "helt orelaterade" på så sätt att även korta bevis kan kräva maximal mängd minne. I denna avhandling presenterar vi först ett förenklat bevis av trade-off-resultatet för längd jämfört med minne i (Hertel och Pitassi 2007) och visar hur samma idéer kan användas för att visa ett par andra exponentiella avvägningar i relationerna mellan olika beviskomplexitetsmått för resolution. Sedan visar vi att det finns formler som kan bevisas i linjär längd och konstant bredd men som kräver en mängd minne som växer logaritmiskt i formelstorleken, vilket vi senare förbättrar till kvadratroten av formelstorleken. Dessa resultat separerar således minne och bredd. Genom att använda andra men besläktade idéer besvarar vi därefter frågan om hur minne och längd förhåller sig till varandra genom att separera dem på starkast möjliga sätt. Mer precist visar vi att det finns CNF-formler av storlek O(n) som har resolutionbevis i längd O(n) och bredd O(1) men som kräver minne minst Omega(n/log n). Det gemensamma temat för dessa resultat är att vi studerar formler som beskriver stenläggningsspel, eller pebblingspel, på riktade acykliska grafer. Vi bevisar undre gränser för det minne som behövs för den så kallade pebblingformeln över en graf uttryckt i det svart-vita pebblingpriset för grafen i fråga. Slutligen observerar vi att vår optimala separation av minne och längd i själva verket är ett specialfall av en mer generell sats. Låt F vara en CNF-formel och f:{0,1}^d-&gt;{0,1} en boolesk funktion. Ersätt varje variabel x i F med f(x_1, ..., x_d) och skriv om denna nya formel på naturligt sätt som en CNF-formel F[f]. Då gäller, givet att F och f har rätt egenskaper, att F[f] kan bevisas i resolution i väsentligen samma längd och bredd som F, men att den minimala mängd minne som behövs för F[f] är åtminstone lika stor som det minimala antalet variabler som måste förekomma samtidigt i ett bevis för F. / Most state-of-the-art satisfiability algorithms today are variants of the DPLL procedure augmented with clause learning. The two main bottlenecks for such algorithms are the amounts of time and memory used. Thus, understanding time and memory requirements for clause learning algorithms, and how these requirements are related to one another, is a question of considerable practical importance. In the field of proof complexity, these resources correspond to the length and space of resolution proofs for formulas in conjunctive normal form (CNF). There has been a long line of research investigating these proof complexity measures and relating them to the width of proofs, another measure which has turned out to be intimately connected with both length and space. Formally, the length of a resolution proof is the number of lines, i.e., clauses, the width of a proof is the maximal size of any clause in it, and the space is the maximal number of clauses kept in memory simultaneously if the proof is only allowed to infer new clauses from clauses currently in memory. While strong results have been established for length and width, our understanding of space has been quite poor. For instance, the space required to prove a formula is known to be at least as large as the needed width, but it has remained open whether space can be separated from width or whether the two measures coincide asymptotically. It has also been unknown whether the fact that a formula is provable in short length implies that it is also provable in small space (which is the case for length versus width), or whether on the contrary these measures are "completely unrelated" in the sense that short proofs can be maximally complex with respect to space. In this thesis, as an easy first observation we present a simplified proof of the recent length-space trade-off result for resolution in (Hertel and Pitassi 2007) and show how our ideas can be used to prove a couple of other exponential trade-offs in resolution. Next, we prove that there are families of CNF formulas that can be proven in linear length and constant width but require space growing logarithmically in the formula size, later improving this exponentially to the square root of the size. These results thus separate space and width. Using a related but different approach, we then resolve the question about the relation between space and length by proving an optimal separation between them. More precisely, we show that there are families of CNF formulas of size O(n) that have resolution proofs of length O(n) and width O(1) but for which any proof requires space Omega(n/log n). All of these results are achieved by studying so-called pebbling formulas defined in terms of pebble games over directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) and proving lower bounds on the space requirements for such formulas in terms of the black-white pebbling price of the underlying DAGs. Finally, we observe that our optimal separation of space and length is in fact a special case of a more general phenomenon. Namely, for any CNF formula F and any Boolean function f:{0,1}^d-&gt;{0,1}, replace every variable x in F by f(x_1, ..., x_d) and rewrite this new formula in CNF in the natural way, denoting the resulting formula F[f]. Then if F and f have the right properties, F[f] can be proven in resolution in essentially the same length and width as F but the minimal space needed for F[f] is lower-bounded by the number of variables that have to be mentioned simultaneously in any proof for F. / QC 20100831

Kvinnor har sedan 1980 fått tjänstgöra som officer i Sveriges försvarsmakt. Trots detta är fortfarande de kvinnliga officerarna och soldaterna i klar minoritet i organisationen. FN:s säkerhetsråd har arbetat fram två resolutioner som båda strävar efter att involvera kvinnor i större omfattning när det gäller arbeten vid kris, krig och konflikter. Inte enbart att öka andelen kvinnor i hjälpande trupper, utan även involvera lokalbefolkningen. Hur ser då verkligheten ut vid de internationella insatserna? I detta arbete presenteras en fallstudie om MOT Juliette, ett kvinnligt observationsteam som under sju månader tjänstgjorde i Afghanistan. Målet med detta team var att effektivisera underrättelseinhämtningen i insatsområdet. Arbetet syftar till att undersöka vilka för- respektive nackdelar kvinnor kan föra med sig vid internationella insatser. Resultatet visar att kvinnor har flera möjliga fördelar att tillföra till insatserna, bland annat att underlätta underrättelsearbetet samt att verka som förebilder för de lokala kvinnorna. Även att förbandet uppnår jämställdhet kan vara en fördel. / The purpose of this study is to find out if deployment of women improves an operation’s chances of success. Since 1980 traditionally male roles within the Swedish Armed Forces have been avalible for women. In spite of this fact, deployment of women in international military operations are not very common. The method used in this essay is a case study. The author has studied a Swedish operation in Afghanistan in 2006, where the commander decided to form a MOT (military observation team) only with women. The main purpose with this team was to gather intelligence from the local population. Earlier operations in the country clearly showed that male soldiers were experiencing difficulties in interacting with local women. During seven months the team, MOT Juliette, worked in the area and found out that the presence of women considerably contributed to the success of the operation. To acknowledge the need to increase the proportion of women in the work of war and conflict, the UN Security Council has adopted a number of resolutions where the two most important are 1325 and 1820. The results of the study show that women have an important role in international operations. Not just to gather intelligence, but also to act as role models for the women in the country. / <p>Avdelning: ALB – Slutet Mag. 3 Hylla: Upps. YOP 06-09 // Avdelning:  Karlberg-filial - Karlberg Öppen hylla Hylla: K Upps. YOP REF</p>

At present, the quality of image taken from infrared cameras is low compared to the other cameras because of manufacturing technology. So, resolution enhancement processes are becoming more important for these cameras. Super resolution is a good approach to solve this resolution problem. In general, the systems that infrared cameras used require video processing to perform in real time. So, a suitable approach should be selected and implemented to work in real time. The computational load and processing time are big issues in this case. FPGAs are proven to be suitable hardware devices for these types of works. Super resolution involves two parts as global motion estimation and high resolution image reconstruction. In this study, one suitable algorithm, namely as PM, for global motion estimation in the literature is selected to be implemented in real time. On the other hand, for high resolution image reconstruction part, FPGA structures of some well known algorithms in the literature, namely as POCS, MLE, MAP and LMS are proposed and their performance, resource requirements and timing considerations are discussed. Most efficient one is selected and implemented in FPGA.

Eleven sediment samples from different geological layers and four fossils from the South of Sweden were collected and estimated to be 80 million years old (approximately late of Cretaceous period). The samples were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p dioxins (PCDD/Fs) to investigate whether these samples are likely to contain dioxins from a natural formation. For over thirty years, the scientific community has discussed the possibility of a natural formation of dioxins. Several hypothesis have been put forward, but often rejected by the evidence of a source of anthropogenic pollution in the samples. In order to answer this issue, two types of analyses have been performed : high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) and elemental analyzer-isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS). HRGC/HRMS provides information about the source of dioxins comparing the distribution of all PCDD/Fs to experimental isotopic patterns from past publications. δ13C of organic carbon gives information about the nature of carbon present in soils and can be helpful to trace paleoclimates.