Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:04:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho investiga-se, inicialmente, o comportamento de um amplificador klystron de múltiplas cavidades segundo uma análise a pequenos sinais linear considerando o efeito de carga espacial para, na seqüência, apresentar uma análise do dispositivo utilizando um modelo não-linear a grandes sinais. Na primeira investigação apresenta-se, a partir da teoria dos modos normais, expressões que descrevem o balanço de potência complexo em uma cavidade excitada por um feixe de elétrons. Na seqüência, utiliza-se um modelo linearizado a pequenos sinais para desenvolver uma expressão para a densidade de corrente de convecção ao longo do tubo de deriva acoplado a múltiplas cavidades reentrantes, em função do campo elétrico produzido nos gaps de interação das cavidades. Estas expressões formam a base para a determinação do ganho de voltagem e de ganho de potência de um amplificador klystron de múltiplas cavidades, além da determinação de uma expressão para a largura de banda, sob a hipótese de cavidades idênticas e igualmente espaçadas. O código desenvolvido é validado utilizando-se os parâmetros de um amplificador klystron de 4 cavidades, com corrente d.c. de 525 mA, voltagem d.c. de 6 kV e freqüência de 1,849 MHz, quando se obteve um ganho de 70 dB. Na análise a grandes sinais, o modelo matemático utiliza o formalismo lagrangiano para resolver a dinâmica das partículas, descritas conforme o modelo de discos com raio finito, em uma análise unidimensional, considerando os efeitos não-lineares devido aos campos de carga espacial. O código é validado usando os dados de um amplificador klystron comercial Varian. Dentre outros, os gráficos da velocidade e da densidade do feixe de elétrons, da corrente harmônica, do ganho por cavidade, da conversão AM/AM, da compressão de ganho e da energia do sistema são mostrados e discutidos. Além disso, apresentou-se também um método para a determinação da freqüência de ressonância 0 f , para o fator de qualidade Q e para a razão (R Q) em cavidades cilíndricas reentrantes, de relevância para o projeto de amplificadores klystron de múltiplas cavidades, utilizando a técnica do casamento de admitância do gap de interação entre a cavidade e o tubo de deriva. Um dos resultados mais significativos é o da corrente harmônica fundamental, que resultou 60% maior do que a corrente d.c. considerando um dispositivo com 4 cavidades. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2014-11-10T10:46:11Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T10:46:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido um laser pulsado utilizando um chaveador-Q passivo em uma cavidade com a tecnologia de controle de modo por duplo-passo. Utilizando um cristal de Nd:LiYF4 com 0,8 mol% de dopagem, foi possível gerar um pulso com duração de 5,5 ns (FWHM), com 1,2 mJ de energia e potência pico de 220 kW para utilização na técnica Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS). A técnica (CRDS), que pode ser traduzida por espectroscopia de cavidade ressonante, é utilizada para medida de espectros de absorção de gases, líquidos e sólidos. Com a técnica CRDS é possível medir perdas com altíssimo grau de precisão, ressaltando sua sensibilidade que é confirmada pela utilização de espelhos com alta refletividade. Foram avaliadas, com essa técnica, as perdas por reflexão e espalhamento de materiais transparentes. Após a calibração da cavidade ressonante, foi possível medir as perdas nas amostras com resolução de até 0,045%, sendo o valor máximo alcançado de 1,73%. Essa calibração foi possível, pois obteve se um tempo de decaimento de aproximadamente 20 μs com a cavidade desobstruída. Também foi conseguido um método de determinação do índice de refração dos materiais transparentes com precisão de cinco casas decimais. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2014-11-10T11:16:04Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:16:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O trabalho experimental aqui apresentado tem como foco o desenvolvimento de um laser de estado sólido cujo desempenho foi otimizado de tal forma que contemple alta potência, alta qualidade de feixe e estabilidade, levando-se em conta os efeitos térmicos sofridos pelo meio ativo em regime de alta potência de bombeamento. Foram testadas cavidades para operação contínua em multimodo com alta potência de saída e cavidades operando em modo único TEM00. Para cavidades operando no modo fundamental, os ressonadores testados serão divididos em grupos de acordo com o seu comportamento no diagrama de estabilidade. A otimização de tais ressonadores foi realizada apenas alterando-se o raio de curvatura dos espelhos de entrada e saída e suas respectivas distâncias ao plano principal do bastão de Nd:YAG. Como resultado foi alcançada a maior eficiência de extração reportada na literatura para um ou dois módulos de Nd:YAG intracavidade. Os resultados dão uma visão geral sobre possíveis projetos de ressonadores para operação dinamicamente estável, com alta potência de saída e qualidade de feixe. Os dados obtidos servem como base para o desenvolvimento de novos lasers de alta potência e eficiência baseados em módulos DPSSL (Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers- Lasers de Estado Sólido Bombeados por Diodo) de baixo custo. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP / FAPESP: 12/19118-9

Orientador: Newton Cesário Frateschi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T23:25:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Figueira_DaviddaSilvaLeocadio_D.pdf: 7617559 bytes, checksum: 1ebcb7a1b817a2ecee9e9a3abe0c4837 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O objetivo principal desta tese foi buscar materiais que pudessem gerar ganho óptico por emissão estimulada usando como base o silício e, consequentemente, usar estes materiais em dispositivos fotônicos. A base de emissão ativa usada neste trabalho foi o Silício Amorfo dopado com íons de terra rara, Érbio, (a-Si) com emissão de luz característica na região da banda C usada em telecomunicações ópticas ( ~1550 nm ). O trabalho mostra o desenvolvimento e a evolução da emissão em 1550 nm em diversas condições de fabricação de a-Si, passando por sua oxigenação, criação de nanocristais de silício e com o desenvolvimento de estruturas ressonantes. Com estas amostras sugerimos e fabricamos estruturas compatíveis com tecnologia de Silício tais como microdisco suspensos de Silício e cristais fotônicos bidimensionais baseados em membranas suspensas. Os resultados obtidos ao longo desta tese mostram a viabilidade do uso de íons de Er3+ como dopantes em Si para estas aplicações específicas pois conseguimos aumentar a emissão em 1550 nm destes materiais em mais de 135 mil vezes e também propusemos, experimentalmente, estruturas fotônicas passíveis de se ter ganho, ou seja, que demonstram indícios de emissão estimulada, com estes materiais abrindo caminho, para o uso do Érbio em tecnologias de fotônica de silício / Abstract: The main goal of this work was to find materials that could generate stimulated optical gain based on silicon, and, consequently, use these materials in photonic devices. The sample structure used for this work was amorphous silicon doped with earth rare ions, Erbium (a- Si) with characteristic light emission in the C-band region used in telecommunication (~1550nm). The work shows the development and evolution of the 1550nm emission in many a-Si fabrication conditions, from oxygenation, silicon nano-crystals formation, to the development of resonant structures. With these samples, we have fabricated with these material that were compatible with Silicon technology such as Silicon microdisks and active bidimensional photonic crystal resonator membrane. The results suggest the viability of the use of Er3+ ions as dopant in Si for these specific applications since we were able to increase the 1550nm emission of these materials in over 135 thousand times. We also proposed, experimentally, photonic structures that could generate gain, meaning that they have shown signs of stimulated emission opening a path for the use of Erbium in silicon photonic technologies / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Over the past several years, rapid advances in the field of integrated photonics coupled with nanofabrication capabilities have enabled studies of the interaction of light with the mechanics of a variety of physical structures. Concurrently, mechanical resonators have been extensively studied in the MEMS community due to their high quality factors, and have been implemented in a variety of RF filters and oscillators. The combination of MEMS with integrated optomechanical structures can generate a variety of novel devices that can be used for applications in RF-Photonics, timing and optical switching. While there are several demonstrations of electrostatic devices integrated with optomechanical structures, fewer examples exist in the piezoelectric domain. In particular, photonic integration in a piezoelectric material can benefit from some of the traditional strengths associated with this type of actuation, such as the ability to easily scale to higher frequencies of operation by patterning lateral features, the ability to interface with 50Ω electronics and strong electromechanical coupling. In addition, it enables a platform to produce new architectures for photonic-based electronic frequency reference oscillators that incorporate multiple degrees of freedom. This thesis presents the development of a piezoelectrically-actuated acousto-optic modulator in the aluminum nitride (AlN) material system. The process of implementing this device is carried out in five principal stages. First, light coupling from optical fibers to the AlN thin film is demonstrated with the use of on-chip grating couplers, exhibiting a peak insertion loss of -6.6 dB and a high 1 dB bandwidth of 60 nm for operation in the telecommunications C- and L-bands. This is followed by characterization of photonic whispering gallery mode microdisk and microring resonators with optical quality factors on the order of 104. Next, a robust fabrication method combining optical and electron-beam lithography is developed to produce a fully-integrated device preserving the critical features for acoustic and photonic resonators to be colocalized in the same platform. Acousto-optic modulation is demonstrated with the use of a contour mode resonator which drives displacements in the photonic resonator at 653 MHz, corresponding to the mechanical resonance of the composite structure. The modulator is then implemented in an opto-acoustic oscillator loop, for which an initial phase noise of -72 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset from the carrier is recorded with a large contribution from thermal noise at the photodetector. Finally, some possibilities to improve the modulator efficiency and oscillator phase noise are provided along with prospects for future work in this area.

This work presents a combination of analytical and numerical approaches to gain an insight of the dynamics of marine risers and micro machined resonators. Despite their scale difference, we show that both systems share similarities in terms of initial static deformation, quadratic and cubic nonlinearities, and internal resonances. First, we utilize the state space method to study the eigenvalue problem of vertical riser. An orthonormalization step is introduced to recover the numerical scheme during numerical integration and we investigate the effect of applied tension, apparent weight, and higher-order modes on the accuracy of the scheme. We show that the method is advantageous to find eigenvalues and mode shapes of vertical risers in comparison to other methods. The work is extended to study the eigenvalue problem of inclined risers considering the influence of static deflection, self-weight and mid-plane stretching. The linear dynamics is solved using Galerkin method. The results demonstrate that under the influence of tension and configuration angle, the frequencies exhibit commensurate ratio with respect to the first natural frequency leading to the possible activation of internal resonances. Next, we study the nonlinear interactions of inclined risers considering two-to-one and three-to-one internal resonances under single and multifrequency excitations. The multiple times scale method is applied to study the nonlinear interaction and results are compared to those from a Galerkin solution showing good agreement. Time histories and perturbation’s response curves, in addition to the dynamical solution obtained by Galerkin and stability analysis using Floquet theory are utilized to examine the system. These results feature nonlinear energy exchange, saddle node jumps, and Hopf bifurcations leading to complex dynamic motion that can endanger the riser structure. Finally, the analysis using pertubation is extended to investigate the two-to-one internal resonance in micromachined arch beams between its first two symmetric modes. The response is analyzed using the perturbation method considering the nonlinear interaction and two simultaneous excitations at higher AC voltages. Good agreement is found among the results of pertubations, Galerkin and experimental data from fabricated Silicon arch beam. Different types of bifurcations are observed which can lead to quasi-periodic and potentially chaotic motions.

The interest in implementing energy-efficient digital circuits using micro and nanoelectromechanical resonator technology has increased significantly over the last decade given their lower energy consumption in comparison to complementary metal oxide-semiconductor circuits. In this thesis, multiple circuit designs based on micro and nanoelectromechanical beam resonators are presented. These circuits include a nano resonator-based flash style analog-to-digital converter, a 4-bit digital-to-analog converter, and a micro-resonator-based 7:3 counter, all among the key building blocks of a microcomputing system. Simulations and experimental results were obtained for all circuits. In general, the proposed circuits based on nanoelectromechanical resonators show up to 90% reduction in energy consumption compared to their complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor counterparts in MHz operation speeds, fulfilling requirements for many applications such as Internet of Things and biomedical devices.

La détection précoce de biomarqueurs de maladies telles que le cancer représente un intérêt majeur dans le processus de traitement. En effet, un diagnostic avancé augmente considérablement les chances de réussite du traitement. En pratique, cela nécessite des outils permettant de détecter rapidement d'infimes quantités de composants biologiques (anticorps, protéines, ADN...) au sein d'échantillons réels tels que du sang ou du sérum.Ces dernières années, les avancées et progrès technologiques en matière de micro et nanofabrication ont permis le développement des Micro et Nano Systèmes Electro-Mécaniques (M/NEMS) dans de nombreux domaines d'application et notamment celui de la détection de masse. Ainsi, des nano-capteurs de masse atteignant des résolutions de l'ordre du yoctogram ($10^{-24}g$), soit la masse d'un seul proton ont été développés. De telles résolutions permettraient d'utiliser ces capteurs à des fins de biodétection. Ces résultats ont cependant été obtenus sous vide ce qui est incompatible avec le monde biologique. Immergés en liquide, les performances des M/NEMS traditionnels sont drastiquement réduites notamment à cause de l'amortissement du au fluide. Un nouveau type de résonateur à base de microdisques optomécaniques résonants a ainsi vu le jour démontrant un fort potentiel pour la détection en milieu liquide. Là où les méthodes classiques de transduction électriques des M/NEMS éprouvent des difficultés en liquide, l'exceptionnelle sensibilité de la transduction optomécanique permet de surmonter ce problème.Dans ce cadre, ces travaux de thèse visent à développer un biocapteur à base de microdisques optomécaniques résonants en silicium pour la détection biologique en milieu liquide. Le design, la fabrication ainsi que la caractérisation complète de ces capteurs est décrite. Enfin, une preuve de concept de détection de virus T5 à une concentration de quelques pM à l'aide de ces microdisques est également présentée. / Early detection of disease's biomarkers such as cancer represents a major interest in the treatment process. Indeed, a diagnosis at an early stage considerably increases the chance of the treatment to be successful. Practically, tools allowing the rapid detection of tiny amount of biological compounds (antibodies, proteins, DNA...) in real samples such as blood or serum are needed.Over the last years, the advances and progresses of micro and nanofabrication techniques have allowed the development of Micro-Nano Electro Mechanical Systems (M/NEMS) in various fields of application including mass sensing. Thus, nano mass sensors reaching resolution down to the yoctogram level, the equivalent of a single proton have been demonstrated. Such resolution limit would theoretically allow these sensors to be used as potential biosensors. These results were nonetheless obtained in vacuum conditions which is incompatible with the biological world. Immersed in fluid, the performance of traditional M/NEMS are drastically degraded mostly due to the large viscous damping. A new type of object in the form of optomechanical microdisk resonators have recently emerged, demonstrating a huge potential for sensing in liquid. While M/NEMS classical electrical or optical transduction methods become very challenging in liquid, the astonishing sensitivity of the optomechanical transduction overcomes this major issue.In this context, this thesis work aims at developing a biosensor based on silicon optomechanical microdisk resonators for biosensing in liquid. Design, fabrication along with the complete characterization of theses devices is described. Eventually, a proof-of-concept of T5 virus detection at the pM level using these microdisks is presented.

Male cicada’s superior sound producing ability has been well studied by entomologists and ethologists. The secret behind the loud sound is the dual-resonator structure: the primary resonator is a series of buckled ribs/beams on its tymbal organ, while the secondary resonator is a large air cavity in the abdomen with a pair of openings. However, the understanding of the dual-resonator structure is incomplete, and few endeavors have been reported on developing cicada-inspired novel acoustic devices. To this end, this dissertation research aims to achieve a fundamental understanding of the cicada-inspired sound generating structures, and to apply the knowledge to develop a dual-resonator system with superior sound generating ability.First, a clamped-clamped buckled beam – the fundamental vibration source of the dual-resonator system – is modeled and tested for free vibration responses during the snap-through process between its bistable positions. It is found that the free vibration of the buckled beam is independent from actuation. In terms of the natural frequencies and the vibrational mode shapes, the free vibration is determined only by the geometry and material properties of the buckling beam. The experiment provides a comprehensive insight of the snap-through process and the induced free vibrations. Second, both analytical and experimental methods are used to investigate the buckling beam from an energy perspective, including the force needed for actuating the buckled beam, the work by the actuation force, the elastic energy of the buckling beam, and the sound radiation characteristics. Results show that although the actuation forces depend on its acting locations, the work by the force remains constant, which is equal to the elastic energy difference between the first symmetric buckling mode and the first anti-symmetric buckling mode. Acoustic analysis shows that the sound radiation is mostly generated from the first symmetric vibrational mode. Third, the dual-resonator system consisting of a buckling beam and a Helmholtz resonator is proposed. Considered as an equivalent two-degree-of-freedom vibration system, the dual-resonator system is modeled and studied for optimal sound output. Finally, a dual-resonator system is fabricated with the optimal parameters. Experimental characterization shows superior sound outputs of the dual-resonator system similar to what are observed in male cicadas. This dissertation sheds new lights on the structural-acoustic interaction of buckling beam and Helmholtz resonator that is found in the sound-producing organs of male cicadas and develops a cicada-inspired dual-resonator system for the first time. Findings from this research not only enhance the existing knowledge on male cicadas, but also pave the way for its engineering applications that require highly efficient sound radiation. / Mechanical Engineering

Yes / In this manuscript, a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array system with identical compact antenna elements providing wide radiation and diversity function is introduced for sub 6 GHz fifth-generation (5G) cellular applications. The introduced design contains four pairs of miniaturized square-loop resonators with dual-polarization and independently coupled T-shaped feed lines which have been placed symmetrically at the edge corners of the smartphone mainboard with an overall size of 75 mm × 150 mm. Therefore, in total, the introduced array design encompasses four pairs of horizontally and vertically polarized resonators. The elements are very compact and utilize at 3.6 GHz, a potential 5G candidate band. In order to improve the frequency bandwidth and radiation coverage, a square slot has been placed and excited under each loop resonator. Desirable isolation has been observed for the adjacent elements without any decoupling structures. Therefore, they can be considered self-isolated elements. The presented smartphone antenna not only exhibits desirable radiation but also supports different polarizations at various sides of the printed circuit board (PCB). It exhibits good bandwidth of 400 MHz (3.4-3.8 GHz), high-gain patterns, improved radiation coverage, and low ECC/TARC (better than 0.004 and -30 dB at 3.6 GHz, respectively). Experimental measurements were conducted on an array manufactured on a standard smartphone board. The simulated properties of this MIMO array are compared with the measurements, and it is found that they are in good agreement. Furthermore, the introduced smartphone array offers adequate efficiency in both the user interface and components integrated into the device. As a result, it could be suitable for 5G handheld devices. / The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through project number RI-44-0422.