Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection may be associated with the development of asthma and atopy. The aim of the present study was to investigate this association and the related immunological mechanisms. Seventy-six children admitted to Oulu University Hospital in 1991–1994 for an RSV infection at an age of less than 12 months and healthy controls were called for a visit at the age of 6–10 years. Twenty subjects (26%) had asthma compared with 12 controls (16%) (difference 11%, 95% confidence interval (CI) –3% to 24%). Asthma had been diagnosed significantly earlier in the subjects. Eight per cent of the subjects had at least one positive skin prick test as compared with 43% of the controls (difference –35%, 95% CI –50% to –19%). Serum concentrations of interferon-γ and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule -1 were significantly higher among the subjects than among the controls and among the subjects with asthma or current wheezing than among the corresponding controls. All children born in Finland in 1986–1995 were arranged in birth cohorts by month and year of birth and grouped by exposure to an RSV epidemic at age 0–6 months, resulting in 97 exposed and 23 unexposed cohorts. The proportions of children taking asthma medication or receiving special reimbursement for asthma medication in 1995–2002 were similar in the unexposed and exposed cohorts. Altogether 47 children born between August and November 2001 with a cord blood sample taken were admitted to hospital (n = 26) or seen in an outpatient department (n = 21) for RSV infection before the age of six months. Twenty-eight children had some other respiratory viral infection and 84 children formed a group of healthy controls. High scores on a factor combining the cord blood interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 responses (as derived by factor analysis) were shown in logistic regression analysis to predict hospitalization for RSV infection by comparison with the healthy controls (odds ratio 2.29, 95% CI 1.21 to 4.33). We suggest that RSV does not induce asthma but inborn features of immunity affect the severity of RSV infection and the postinfectious development of asthma.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a globally circulating, non-segmented, negative sense (NNS) RNA virus that causes severe lower respiratory infections. This study explored several avenues to ultimately expand upon our understanding of RSV pathogenesis at the protein level. Evaluation of RSV intrinsic protein disorder increased the relatively limited description of the RSV structure-function relationship. Global proteomics analysis provided direction for further hypothesis-driven investigation of host pathways altered by RSV infection, specifically the interaction between the RSV NS2 protein and the host ubiquitin system. NS2 primarily acts to antagonize the innate immune system by targeting STAT2 for proteasomal degradation. The goal was to identify NS2 residues important for interaction with the host ubiquitin system, as well as describe the mechanism by which NS2 induces host protein ubiquitination. Bioinformatics analysis provided a platform for development of loss-of-ubiquitin-function NS2 mutants. Combining critical mutations as double or triple NS2 ubiquitin mutants displayed an additive effect on reducing NS2-induced ubiquitination. Recombinant RSV (rRSV) containing NS2 ubiquitin mutations maintained their effect on ubiquitin expression during infection in addition to limiting STAT2 degradation activity. NS2 ubiquitin mutants decreased rRSV growth and increased levels of innate immune responses, indicating a correlation between NS2’s ubiquitin function and antagonism of type I IFN to enhance viral replication. Finally, several proteomics strategies were employed to identify specific cellular proteins ubiquitinated by NS2 to further define host-pathogen interactions during RSV infection. This study demonstrates an effective approach for limiting viral protein function to enhance immune responses during infection.

Sammanfattning Syfte: Att genom intervjuer beskriva sjukvårdspersonalens upplevelser och erfarenheter av att vårda och behandla spädbarn med respiratoriskt syncytial virus infektion (RSV) inom barnsjukvården på Gävle sjukhus samt att beskriva om vårdpersonalen utgick från aktuell evidens. Metod: Studien har en deskriptiv design där intervjuerna utfördes med semistrukturerade frågor på sex tillfrågade läkare samt sex tillfrågade barnsjuksköterskor som arbetade på barn och ungdomskliniken, Gävle sjukhus vid studiens utförande. Materialet bearbetades utifrån kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom fem huvudkategorier med fjorton underkategorier. Kategorierna beskriver när personalen uppfattades komma i kontakt med dessa spädbarn, hur de kategoriserades samt dess omvårdnadsmässiga och symptomatiska behandling. Underlag för vad som stödde behandlingen och omhändertagandet togs upp. Främsta problematiken upplevdes vara andningsbesvär och matproblematik. Behandlingsmässigt är det endast symptomatisk behandling som går att erbjuda. Omvårdnad i form av nutrition, andningsstöd samt lindrande och underlättande metoder var den behandling som utförs.  Diskussion: Vård och symptomatisk behandling av spädbarn med RSV bör ha stöd i senaste evidens för att inte orsaka mer lidande än vad som gynnar barnets bästa. God nutrition, vätska samt behandling med högflödesgrimma kan ses som de viktigaste aspekterna i denna behandling. Slutsats: Personalen beskrev likartat om hur spädbarn med RSV omhändertogs och behandlades. De flesta grundade sina vårdhandlingar i egna erfarenheter samt beprövade vedertagna metoder. Riktlinjer och evidensbaserad information nämndes som något man tror kan finnas men inget som någon hade använt sig av. Dock kunde man se att den vård som utfördes ändå följde många delar av den evidens som faktiskt finns. / Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to describe, through interviews with healthcare professionals, how care and treatment of infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is applied in the pediatric care at Gävle hospital, as well as describing whether the healthcare staff were based there treatment on current evidence Method: The study has a descriptive design where the interviews were conducted with semi structured questions of six doctors and six pediatric nurses who was working in the pediatric clinics of Gävle hospital during this study. The material was processed based on qualitative content analysis. Result: The results showed five main categories with fourteen subcategories. The categories describe when the staff mostly met this kind of children and how they treat them during their hospital stay and how they recognized their symptoms, how they are categorized as well as their nursing and symptomatic treatment. Evidence of what they ground their treatment on was brought up. The main problem was breathing problems and nutrition problems. Treatment is only symptomatic treatment where nursing has a central focus. Nutrition, respiratory support and relieving and easing methods were the care given the infant. Discussion: The care and symptomatic treatment of infants with RSV should be supported in the latest evidence in order not to cause more suffering than benefits the child's best. Good nutrition, fluid, and Optiflow treatment can be seen as the most important aspects of this treatment. Conclusion: The staff was relatively united about how infant with RSV is handled and treated. Most of the parts based their care actions in own experiences and proven practices. Guidelines and evidence-based information where mentioned as something that they think may exist but nothing that anyone used. However, it was seen that many parts of the care performed follows the evidence that exist.

Introduction: Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) are at higher risk of developing severe RSV Bronchiolitis requiring hospitalisation. Palivizumab Immunoprophylaxis (PIP) was shown to reduce the severity of illness and hence the need for hospitalisation. Currently PIP is recommended for all infants with BPD, but there is little evidence on which infants with BPD would most benefit from PIP. Aim: This study aims to identify the clinical benefit of administering PIP to infants with BPD of different severities and to determine which infants would benefit most from PIP. In order to achieve this, the study also identifies the incidence of BPD, categorised into mild, moderate and severe in infants, in the Greater Manchester Region (GMR).Methods: This is a multi-centre, prospective, observational cohort study, involving 11 hospitals across GMR. Patients were recruited over 2 years, from 1st April 2009 to 31st March 2011. The infants with BPD were recruited and further categorised in various severities, based on Jobe’s BPD classification [Jobe et al 2001]. Patients were followed up for a minimum of one year. Results: The incidence of BPD in the GMR was 5.9 infants per 1000 live births. On categorisation by level of severity, the study found 31% of these to have mild BPD, 39% moderate and 30% severe BPD. Around 60% of infants received PIP in our cohort: one third of mild group, two thirds of moderate and three quarters of severe BPD. The overall proportion of hospitalisation for all the respiratory illnesses in infants with BPD was 44%. The overall incidence of hospitalization secondary to RSV infection was 7.6% of the cohort, and 14.8% due to other respiratory viruses. PIP was most beneficial in infants with moderate BPD (p = 0.016). Infants hospitalised with RSV infection required more admissions to HDU, required a longer duration of supplemental oxygen as well as a longer hospital stay compared to infants hospitalised due to other respiratory viruses and all other respiratory illnesses. Conclusion: This is the first study identifying the incidence of BPD in the GMR, which was lower than expected based on estimates from the JCVI. Both, the distribution of BPD into the various severity categories, as well as the requirement of hospital admission secondary to respiratory illness, were in keeping with published evidence from the USA and UK. PIP practices across North West of England were varied and not compliant with JCVI guidelines. Infants with moderate BPD showed the largest benefit from receiving PIP. This is a novel finding that highlights the need for further research, to determine whether a subgroup of infants might benefit from PIP.

O vírus respiratório sincicial humano (HRSV) é principal agente causador de infecções do trato respiratório inferior em crianças e lactentes. Um diagnóstico rápido e preciso evitaria o uso desnecessário de antibióticos, nos casos em que a infecção é viral. A reação em cadeia da polimerase após transcrição reversa (RT-PCR) e o ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) são considerados ferramentas importantes na detecção do HRSV, pela alta sensibilidade e especificidade. Visando simplificar e minimizar os riscos de contaminação freqüentes, em duas etapas, foi padronizada uma reação em tubo único para detecção do HRSV em amostras clínicas. Aspirados de nasofaringe de 226 crianças de 0-5 anos de idade, com doença respiratória, atendidas no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (HU-USP), foram testados por imunofluorescência indireta, RT semi Nested PCR e RT-PCR em tubo único. Cento e duas amostras (45,1%) foram positivas em pelo menos uma das técnicas e 75 (33,2%) em todas. Três (1,3%) amostras foram positivas por IFI e RT semi Nested PCR, 1 (0,4%) foi positiva por IFI e RT-PCR em tubo único, 5 (2,2%) amostras foram positivas somente por IFI, 2 (0,9%) somente por RT semi Nested PCR e 16 (7,1%) amostras foram positivas pela RT semi Nested PCR e RT-PCR em tubo único. A RT-PCR em tubo único mostrou ser uma técnica rápida, sensível e específica, e o uso combinado de dois métodos aumenta a detecção do HRSV. / Respiratory Syncytial Virus is the main cause of acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALTRs) in infants, elderly and immunodepressed patients. Rapid diagnosis of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) infection is necessary to efficient treatment, avoiding the unnecessary use of antibiotics and determining patient isolation requirements. The reverse trancriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) methods have been referred as important tools for virus detection considering the high sensitivity and specificity, respectively of such methods. In order to maximize the simplicity and minimize the risk of sample cross-contamination by two steps RT-PCR, we developed a RT-PCR using a single-tube to detect HRSV in clinical samples. Nasopharyngeal aspirates (Nas) of 226 patients with acute respiratory illness, ranging 0-5 years old, were collected at the University of São Paulo Hospital (HU-USP) in São Paulo city. Samples were tested by indirect immunofluorescence assay, RT semi Nested PCR and single-tube RT-PCR. One hundred two (45,1%) of the 226 samples were positive at least by one of the three methods tested and 75 (33,2%) were positive by all methods. Three (1,3%) samples were positive only by IFI and RT semi Nested PCR, 1 (0,4%) sample were positive only by IFI and RT-PCR single-tube, 5 (2,2%) were positive only by IFI, 2 (0,9%) were positive only by RT semi Nested PCR and 16 (7,1) were positive only RT semi Nested PCR and RT-PCR single-tube. RT-PCR single-tube, showed to be fast, sensitive and specific for diagnosis of RSV and the combined use of both methods enhanced HRSV detection.

No description available.

Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex is a multifactorial disease affecting cattle worldwide resulting in high mortality and morbidity rates in the cattle farming industry. This complex is caused by multiple viral and bacterial pathogens such as Bovine Herpesvirus-1, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Mannheimia haemolytica, and Pasteurella multocida; two of the main contributors to the initiation of this disease are Bovine Herpesvirus-1 and the bacteria, Mannheimia haemolytica. Together, these microbes co-infect immunocompromised cattle during times of increased stress and induce a severe pneumonic response along with other health complications. Research has been primarily focused on these microorganisms individually or their effect on the host, however there is a need to study them together due to the increased mortality rate associated with co-infections. In this study, we used Bovine Herpesvirus-1, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus to co-infect bovine tissue cultures to determine how they affect each other.

Lower respiratory tract infections, like those caused by influenza A virus (IAV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and the pneumonia they cause are a global health concern and burden. Infection and vaccination induce immune memory responses that are vital for neutralizing and resolving subsequent infections. B cells play a substantial role in preventing reinfection. They exert their effects through several functions but most appreciably via anti-viral antibody secretion. B cells, as is the case with other immune cells, possess several subsets, each with defined roles and functions. The B7 protein family surface receptors CD80 and PD-L2 have been identified as distinguishing two populations based on their presence or absence on B cells: CD80-PD-L2- (double negative, DN) and CD80+PD-L2+ (double positive, DP). In the spleen, DN cells have relatively low mutation frequencies, antigen specificity, and tend to enter the germinal center reaction. On the other hand, DP cells have a more mutated B cell receptor, increased antigen-specificity, and differentiate into antibody secreting cells upon restimulation. It remains unclear if these two populations are related, what differences, if any, they possess from each other, cellular crosstalk required for their maintenance, and their roles in immunity against IAV reinfection. Additionally, it is not known if local B cells (i.e. DN and DP) in the lung are distinct from those in the spleen or if they are a homogenous population. Our work was aimed at investigating these gaps in the field. We showed that IAV infection results in the accumulation of extravascular DP B cells in the murine lung. B cells in general appear to localize near sites of previous infection in organized lymphoid-like structures. Naphthalene-mediated club cell ablation results in the partial loss of the lung DP cell population while DN cells appear unaffected, suggesting the lung epithelium plays a role in the maintenance of the DP cells. DP cells possess more of the IAV-specific cells than the DN cells suggesting an anti-viral role. In part, the DP cells originate from DN predecessors and possess a unique V gene profile. During the immune reaction, DN cells differentiate into DP cells and, on occasion, revert. The DN cell population in the lung is largely distinct from that found in the spleen, suggesting that these cells originate from a secondary lymphoid tissue. Finally, we have engineered a recombinant RSV containing a cre-recombinase transgene that replicated with similar kinetics to the parental strain. This novel tool will allow us to examine qualities of cells previously infected with RSV and investigate any role they may play in immune maintenance and/or lung health. To conclude, we outline major differences between two populations of B cells of considerable immune interest, show how they may rely, in part, on epithelial cells in the lung, and develop a new tool to investigate these topics in other respiratory viruses of public health concern. / 2024-11-02T00:00:00Z

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No description available.