The shift towards more renewable energy sources is imminent, this shift is accelerated by the technological advancement and the rise of environmental awareness. However, this shift causes major operational problems to the current grid that is optimised for unidirectional power flow. Besides the operational problems, there are problems related to the optimal tariff scheme. In this thesis a study on the effect of the adoption of photovoltaic solar panels and the electric vehicles on the households' electricity demand profile is presented. The change on the demand profile is going to affect the current tariffs, this effect is also explored in this thesis. In this thesis real life data on household electricity use and photovoltaic power production was used. For electric vehicle charging simulated data was used. Besides that, a demand response scheme for electric vehicle is proposed in order to estimate the savings potential of this demand response on the electricity bill. The results show that the change in the demand profile is not merely a change in the total energy consumption, but it is a change in the power peaks as well. The peaks change significantly in condominiums and rental apartments, in this households' type it increases by around 80%, while in detached and row houses little change is noticed on the peaks, yet they still increase by around 10%. The demand response shows around 1- 12% savings in the distribution bill depending on the household, however it showed more incentives for condominiums and rental apartments. The current distribution tariffs perform asymmetrically with the various households. However, one tariff ensures 11.7 MSEK financial revenue for the distribution system operator, this is higher than the other tariffs' revenue by more than 28.5%. The new prospective situation requires totally different tariffs that ensure a balance between firstly a reasonable revenue for the distribution system operator and secondly incentives for consumers to self produce electricity as well as to reduce their peaks.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The immune system matures progressively from infancy to adulthood, thus children may differ from adults in their immune function. The immature immune system demonstrates a higher naive to memory T cell ratio, defective macrophage function and antigen presentation which, cumulatively, results in diminished production of cytokines such as IFN-y. This cytokine has been shown to play a pivotal role in protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) disease. Other cytokines, such as IL-12 and TNF-a, are also involved in the defence against M. tuberculosis. Epidemiological evidence suggests an agerelated incidence of tuberculosis (TB) irrespective of prevalence in a given region. Reports in the literature also demonstrate depressed immune responses in TB patients, at diagnosis, (before TB therapy) with subsequent improvement after TB therapy. The aims of this study were to optimise a whole blood assay in order to characterise immune responses, as measured by proliferation and cytokine production, in TB patients (after TB therapy) and healthy controls of different ages. Immune responses of TB patients would also be compared, before, and after TB therapy. A total of 68 subjects were included in this study. These comprised 27 TB patients and 41 healthy Mantoux positive controls. All subjects were stratified into two age groups: <12 years and >12 years. Diluted whole blood was cultured and stimulated with the mitogen, phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and the specific mycobacterial antigen, purified protein derivative (PPD) to measure proliferation and IFN-y, IL-2, TNF-a and IL-10 production in the supernatant of cultures. Age was a significant variable for the following PHA-stimulated cytokines: IFN-y, TNF-a and IL-10. Proliferation and IL-2 production after PHA stimulation did not demonstrate any relationship with age. None of the PPD-stimulated proliferative or cytokine responses demonstrated any correlation with age. Concentrations of PHA- and PPD-induced IFN-y for all subjects (patients and controls) were increased “after therapy”, compared to “before therapy”. This phenomenon could possibly be due to maturation in the capacity of the immune system to produce this cytokine. Patients >12yrs demonstrated improvement in all proliferative and cytokine responses (except for PPD-induced IL-2 and TNF-a) “after therapy”, compared to “before therapy”. This is probably a valid finding and is thus in accordance with the literature. The whole blood assay is a simple, non-laborious assay that, according to the literature, produces results that seem to correlate well with that of conventionally used PBMCs. Age appears to be an important variable in the quantitative assessment of cellular immune responses (when the mitogen, PHA is used as a stimulant) and immune responses of older TB patients appear to improve after TB therapy, compared to before TB therapy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die immuunsisteem matureer stelselmatig van kind na volwassene. Dus sal kinders se immuniteit verskil van volwassenes s’n. Die immature immuunsisteem het ‘n hoer nai'witeit vir geheue T-sel verhouding, defektiewe makrofaag funksie en antigeen presentering wat gesamentlik lei tot verminderde produksie van sitokiene soos byvoorbeeld IFN-y. Daar is bewys dat hierdie sitokien ‘n deurslaggewende rol speel in die beskerming teen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Ander sitokiene, soos IL-12 en TNF-a speel ook ‘n rol in die beskerming teen M. tuberculosis. Epidemiologiese data dui aan dat daar ‘n ouderdomverwante insidensie van tuberkulose (TB) is sonder dat dit beinvloed word deur die voorkoms van TB in ‘n sekere area. Verslae in die literatuur wys ook op onderdrukte immuniteitrespons in TB-pasiente by diagnose (voor TB-behandeling) met uiteindelike verbetering na TB-behandeling. Die doel van hierdie studie was om ’n volbloed metode te optimaliseer in ’n poging om die immuunrespons te karakteriseer soos gemeet met behulp van proliferasie en sitokien produksie by TB-pasiente (na TB-behandeling) en gesonde kontrole persone van verskillende ouderdomme. Die immuunrespons van TB-pasiente word ook vergelyk voor en na TBbehandeling. ‘n Totaal van 68 gevalle is vir die studie gebruik. Dit sluit in 27 TB-pasiente en 41 gesonde Mantoux positiewe kontroles. A1 die gevalle is in twee ouderdomsgroepe verdeel: <12 jaar en >12 jaar. Kulture is gemaak van verdunde volbloed en gestimuleer met phytohaemaglutinin (PHA) en gesuiwerde proteien derivaat (purified protein derivative-PPD) om proliferasie en IFN-y, IL- 2, TNF-a en IL-10- produksie in die supernatant van die kulture te meet. Ouderdom was ‘n beduidende veranderlike vir die volgende PHA-gestimuleerde sitokiene: IFN-y, TNF- a en IL-10. Daar was geen korrelasie tussen proliferasie en IL-2-produksie na PHA-stimulasie aan die een kant en ouderdom aan die ander kant nie. Geen van die PPDgestimuleerde proliferasie response of sitokien response het enige korrelasie met ouderdom getoon nie. Konsentrasies van PHA- en PPD-geinduseerde IFN-y vir alle gevalle (pasiente en kontrole) was verhoog “na behandeling”, vergeleke met “voor behandeling”. Hierdie fenomeen kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan maturasie in die vermoe van die immuunsisteem om sitokiene te vervaardig. Pasiente >12 jaar het bewyse getoon van verbetering in alle proliferasie en sitokien response (behalwe vir PPD-gei'nduseerde IL-2 en TNF-a) “na behandeling”, vergeleke met “voor behandeling”. Dit is waarskynlik ‘n geldige bevinding en is dus in ooreenstemming met verslae in die literatuur. Die volbloed metode is ‘n eenvoudige metode wat nie baie arbeidsintensief is nie, wat volgens die literatuur, resultate lewer wat goed korreleer met die konvensionele gebruik van perifere bloed mononukliere selle (PBMC’s). Dit wil voorkom asof ouderdom ‘n belangrike veranderlike is in die kwantitatiewe beoordeling van sellulere immuunrespons (wanneer PHA gebruik word as ‘n stimulant), en of die immuunrespons van ouer TB-pasiente verbeter na TB-behandeling in vergeleke met die respons voor TB-behandeling.

Thesis (MMus) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2015. / This study details the design of an audible QR Code. The audible QRCode seeks to increase the rate of information exchanged in a human interaction and increase the quality of communication by altering the delivery medium of a QRCode. The delivery medium is changed from a two dimensional bar code to a audio signal. The design is discussed in detail grounded on telecommunication theory including signal modulation, packet construction and error correction. Three techniques were tested in order to reduce the possible intrusive characteristics of the audible QR Code on media content. The commercial uses of the audible QR Code is discussed as well as possible competitions and the advantages it has over the traditional visual QR Code. / Hierdie studie verduidelik die ontwerp van ’n hoorbare QR-Kode. Die hoorbare QR-Kode se doel is om die hoeveelheid inligting wat verruil word gedurende menslike interaksies te verhoog en ook om die kwaliteit van die kommunikasie te verbeter deur die afleweringsmedium van ’n QR-kode te verander. Die medium word verander van n visuele tweedimensionele streepkode na ’n klanksein. Die ontwerp word in diepte bespreek gegrond op die telekommunikasie teorie wat seinmodulasie, datapakkonstruksie en foutkorreksie insluit. Daar word drie tegnieke getoets wat ontwerp is om die indringende eienskappe van die Hoorbare QR-Kode te verminder. Die kommersi¨ele gebruike van die Hoorbare QR-Kode word bespreek, so ook moontlike kompetisie en die voordele wat die Hoorbare QR-kode besit bo die tradisionele visuele QR-kode.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Chapter 1 presents a general literature review on the acute isocapnic hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). The main findings from Chapter 2 indicate that our modified breathing circuit effectively measured the HVR while maintaining isocapnia. The measured ventilatory variables changed significantly with repeated short-term exposure to hypoxia over a 30-minute period, and the within- and between-day variability did not differ significantly. Furthermore, the variability in the HVR response (as measured by the coefficient of variation, (CV» amounted to approximately 27% between tests in both parameters. Repeated measures are recommended in future determinations of the HVR. In Chapter 3 the main findings were that hypoxic sensitivity does not differ between Caucasian and Xhosa sea-level populations in South Africa, and that ventilatory components in both normoxia and hypoxia differed between these two populations. Two distinct patterns of breathing were evident: shallow, rapid breathing among Xhosa subjects, and deeper, slower breathing among Caucasians. Moreover, lower arterial oxygen saturation levels during hypoxia among Xhosa subjects suggest that these two patterns of breathing differ in the effectiveness with which they oxygenate the blood. Inter-individual variation in HVR within each population is of the same high magnitude as that reported in the literature (Beall et al., 1997), further supporting the use of repeated measures in future studies. As previously reported (Sahn et al., 1977, Reeves et al., 1993), in Chapter 3 I document a significant correlation between HVR and partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 (PETCO). Future studies of HVR should consider PETCO2 as a covariate, despite the fact that my analyses of covariance (ANCOV A) showed no inter-population differences in HVR. In Chapter 4 I report that regression analysis shows that the HVR of parents is not a predictor of that of their offspring. No significant heritability was evident for any of the additional key variables of hypoxic VE ,hypoxic Sa02, and the CV for HVR, but a priori analyses showed that I tested too few subjects to be able to demonstrate heritability (or the lack thereof) conclusively by means of regression analyses. Importantly, repeatability estimates within populations (86 %) revealed that despite its high variability, the HVR is highly repeatable, and therefore remains a useful comparative research tool for studies of human adaptation to hypoxia. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hoofstuk 1 gee 'n algemene literatuuroorsig van die akute isokapniese hipoksiese ventilatoriese reaksie (HVR). Die hoofbevindinge uit Hoofstuk 2 dui aan dat ons gemodifiseerde asemhalingsbaan HVR effektief meet terwyl isokapniese toestande gehantaaf word. Die ventilatoriese veranderlikes gemeet, het betekenisvol verskil met herhaalde korttermyn blootstelling aan hipoksie in a 30-minuut periode, en die binne- en tussen-daagse afwykbaarheid het nie betekenisvol verskil nie. Verder het die afwykbaarheid van die HVR reaksie (soos bepaal deur die koëffisiënt van variasie (KV)) ongeveer 27 % beloop tussen toetse van beide parameters. Herhaalde metings word vir toekomstige bepalings van die HVR voorgestel. In Hoofstuk 3 was die hoofbevindinge dat hipoksiese sensitiwiteit nie verskil tussen Kaukasiese- en Xhosa- seevlak populasies in Suid-Afrika nie, en dat ventilatoriese komponente in beide normoksie en hipoksie verskillend was tussen hierdie twee populasies. Twee definitiewe asemhalingspatrone was duidelik merkbaar: vlak, vinnige asemhaling in Xhosa proefpersone, en dieper, stadiger asemhaling in Kaukasiërs. Verder het laer arteriële suurstof versadigingsvlakke gedurende hipoksie in Xhosa proefpersone daarop gedui dat hierdie twee asemhalingspatrone moontlik verskil in hul effektiwiteit om die bloed met suurstof te verryk. Inter-individuele variasie in HVR binne elke populasie was van dieselfde groot omvang as wat in die literatuur gerapporteer word (Beall et al., 1997), wat die gebruik van herhaalde metings in toekomstige studies verder ondersteun. Soos voorheen gerapporteer (Sahn et al., 1977, Reeves et al., 1993), dokumenteer ek in Hoofstuk 3 'n merkbare korrelasie tussen HVR en parsiële druk van eind-tidale CO2 (PET CO2 ). Verdere HVR studies behoort PET CO2 as a kovariant te beskou, ten spyte van die feit dat my analise van kovariansie (ANCOV A) geen inter-populasie verskille in HVR getoon het nie. In Hoofstuk 4 rapporteer ek dat regressie analise bewys dat die HVR van ouers nie 'n voorspeller van dié van hul kinders is nie. Geen betekenisvolle oorerflikheid was duidelik vir enige van die addisionele sleutelveranderlikes van hipoksiese VE ,hipoksiese Sa02, of die KV van HVR nie, maar 'n vorige analise het getoon dat ek te min proefpersone getoets het om oorerflikheid (of die gebrek daaraan) m.b.v. regressie analises te kan demonstreer. Dit is belangrik dat intra-populasie herhaalbaarheidsskattings (86 %) getoon het dat ten spyte van sy hoë afwykbaarheid, die HVR hoogs herhaalbaar is, en daarom 'n nuttige vergelykende navorsingshulpmiddel is vir studies rakende menslike aanpassing by hipoksie.

PhD / Dissertation presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Stellenbosch University / Embargo(30)lift date 2009-12-31 plt 2010 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Through powerful signal molecules, rhizobacteria affect fundamental processes in plants. In recent years, a number of novel rhizobial molecules have been identified that positively affect plant growth and development. Previous studies have shown that Sinorhizobium meliloti, which form symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants, increases CO2 availability by enhancing root respiration in alfalfa. The active compound was identified as lumichrome, a previously unrecognized rhizosphere signal molecule that has been shown to promote plant growth in various studies. Lumichrome is a common breakdown product of riboflavin and produced by both chemical and biological factors. Various studies on lumichrome have proven its growth promoting effect in the interaction with plants. The mechanism through which lumichrome increases plant growth remains to be clarified. This study provides new insight into the molecular effects of the plant growth promoter lumichrome on the root metabolism of plants. The main aim of the work presented in this thesis was to investigate the molecular mechanism of the plant growth promoting substance lumichrome in the roots of the model plants Lotus japonicus and Solanum lycopersicon (tomato). To asses the impact of lumichrome on the root metabolism of Lotus japonicus and tomato and identify key genes involved in the growth stimulation, a comprehensive profile of differentially expressed genes, proteins and metabolites was compiled. As the effects of lumichrome as a plant growth promoter have not previously been tested on Lotus japonicus and tomato, basic growth studies were completed to determine if lumichrome indeed elicits plant growth at nanomolar concentrations, as was proven in numerous previous studies. Both Lotus japonicus and tomato showed significant increases in root biomass when treated with 5 nM of lumichrome. The treatment with lumichrome caused complex changes in gene expression. Generally, transcript profiling showed that the categories that were predominantly affected by lumichrome in both Lotus and tomato, were genes associated with RNA regulation of transcription and signaling, protein synthesis/degradation/modification and stress and defence. Proteomic studies revealed that the majority of the differentially expressed proteins were down-regulated. Lumichrome seems to largely influence proteins involved in protein folding and down-regulate proteins involved in glycolysis. Proteomics studies revealed that GS1 (Lotus) and GAPDH (Lotus and tomato) were present in lower abundance in lumichrome treated roots, therefore targeted analysis utilizing northern blots, western blots and the measurement of enzyme activities were completed to determine and verify their specific role in the lumichrome mediated growth promotion. The results indicated that GAPDH and GS1 seem to be under post-translational modification. The influence of lumichrome on the metabolome of Lotus roots was immense, however minute in tomato roots. The knowledge gained in the parallel analyses of both Lotus japonicus and tomato aided us in finding key genes involved in the growth stimulation. Overall, one of the most significant observations was that for the first time to our knowledge, six genes related to defence and pathogen responses were identified that are concurrently expressed in both Lotus and tomato. Through identifying a small number of genes involved in mediating the growth stimulation, these can be used for their functional analysis in the future, using reverse genetics to provide more insight into the molecular mechanisms that are triggered by lumichrome as a plant growth promoter. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Deur kragtige sein-molekules, beïnvloed rhizobakterieë basiese prosesse in plante. In die laaste jare is ʼn aantal nuwe molekules, afkomstig van rhizobakterieë, geidentifiseer wat plantgroei en ontwikkeling positief beïnvloed. Voorafgaande studies het bewys dat Sinorhizobium meliloti, wat simbiotiese verhoudings met peulplante aangaan, die beskikbaarheid van CO2 vermeerder deur wortel respirasie in alfalfa te verhoog. Die aktiewe komponent is as lumikroom geidentifiseer, 'n vroeë onerkenbare risosfeer sein-molekule, wat deur vorige studies bewys is dat dit plantgroei stimuleer. Lumikroom is ʼn algemene afbreekproduk van riboflavin en word geproduseer deur chemiese en biologiese faktore. Verskeie studies op lumikroom het bewys dat dit 'n groei stimuleerende effek het op die groei van plante as dit daarmee in wisselwerking tree. Die meganisme waarmee lumikroom plante groei verhoog, is nog nie opgeklaar nie. Hierdie studie verleen nuwe insigte in die molekulêre effekte van die plantgroei stimuleerende molekuul lumikroom op die wortel metabolisme van plante. Die hoofdoel van die werk wat voorgestel word in hierdie tesis, was om die molekulêre meganisme van die plantgroei stimuleerende stof, genaamd lumikroom, in die wortels van die model plante Lotus japonicus en Solanum lycopersicon (tamatie), te ondersoek. Om die uitwerking van lumikroom op die wortel metabolisme van Lotus japonicus en tamatie te bepaal, asook sleutelgene wat betrokke is by die groei stimulasie te identifiseer, is 'n breedvoerige profiel van differensiële uitgedrukte gene, proteïne en metaboliete saamgestel. Die effekte van lumikroom as 'n plantgroei stimuleerende stof is nog nooit op Lotus japonicus en tamatie getoets nie. Om díe rede is eers basiese plantgroei studies gedoen, om vas te stel of lumikroom inderdaad plantgroei teen nanomolare konsentrasies stimuleer, soos in vele voorafgaande studies bevestig is. Beide Lotus japonicus en tamatie het aansienlike verhogings in wortel biomassa getoon as dit met 5 nM lumikroom behandel is. Die behandeling van plante met lumikroom het komplekse veranderinge in geen-uitdrukking veroorsaak. Oor die algemeen het die transkrip-profiele gewys dat die kategorieë wat die meeste geraak is deur lumikroom behandeling, in beide Lotus en tamatie, gene was wat geassosieer word met RNS regulasie van transkripsie en sein-netwerke, proteïen sintese/degradasie/wysiging en stres en verdedigings prosesse in plante. Proteïen studies het gewys dat daar 'n daling in die meerderheid van die proteïen vlakke was wat differensieël uitgedruk was. Dit blyk dat lumikroom in 'n groot mate proteïene beïnvloed wat betrokke is by proteïen-vouing en veroorsaak dat proteïen vlakke van glikolitiese ensieme daal. Proteïen studies het gewys dat GS1 en GAPDH in laer vlakke teenwoordig was in lumikroom behandelde plante en daarom is 'n meer doelgerigte analiese gedoen deur gebruik te maak van "northern blot", "western blot" en deur die ensiem aktiwiteite te meet om hulle spesifieke rol in die lumikroom bemiddelde groei vas te stel. Die resultate wys daarop dat GAPDH en GS1 mag onder die invloed van na-translasionele verandering wees. Die invloed van lumikroom op die metabolietvlakke was groot in Lotus wortels, maar dit het minder van 'n effek gehad op tamatie wortels. Die kennis wat opgedoen is deur die paralelle analiese van beide Lotus japonicus en tamatie plante help ons om sleutel gene wat betrokke is by groeistimulasie te identifiseer. Een van die betekenisvolste waarnemings van hierdie studie was dat vir die eerste keer, sover ons kennis strek, ses gene wat almal betrekking het tot verdediging en patogene-reaksies, geidentifiseer is wat gelyktydig in beide Lotus en tamatie uitgedruk word. Deur 'n klein aantal gene te identifiseer, wat betrokke is by groeistimulasie, kan die gene in die toekoms vir funksionele analieses gebruik word deur van keerkoppeling-genetika gebruik te maak. Daardeur sal meer insig verkry word in die molekulêre meganisme wat deur lumikroom as 'n plantgroei stof veroorsaak word.

No description available.

ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada / The F-22 Quick Response Package was designed to efficiently solve aircraft anomalies in the field. Providing this capability would enhance aircraft combat availability and lower maintenance costs. Using the current F-22 instrumentation flight test system design package as a baseline, a smaller, and much more versatile, version of the system was designed. This new design concept includes a data acquisition and recording system on a single pallet called the Quick Response Package (QRP). The QRP can be installed in any operational F-22 war fighter in a single production shift with no intrusion to the aircraft's systems readiness. The data acquisition and recording capabilities provide a near real-time field solution without excessive downtime or pilot intervention. This paper describes the design requirements, the design concept and packaging details of the QRP.

published_or_final_version / Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

The purpose of this study was to gain understanding of the early symptom experience of ischemic stroke in women. This is the only study of which the researcher is aware in which narrative inquiry was used to examine the period of time from symptom onset until emergency department arrival in women. Data collection was achieved by in-depth interviews during which participants’ stories of stroke were elicited. Individual narrative accounts were created and analyzed using within and across case techniques. The participants were nine women ranging in age from 24-86 years (average age 53). Four participants were Caucasian, three were Hispanic, one was African American and one woman was of mixed race. The participants experienced the onset of stroke as the inability to carry out accustomed activities in usual ways. There was a tendency to objectify the body. Only two participants considered stroke as a possible cause for their symptoms, and the other women attributed symptoms everyday bodily experiences and/or other health conditions. Most participants did not perceive themselves at risk for stroke although all but one woman had risk factors. The participants displayed a variety of responses to symptoms, including trying to continue with usual activities and seeking help as well as deciding not to tell anyone about their symptoms. Symptom response was related to women’s evaluation of and emotional response to symptoms. The actions taken by the participants in response to symptoms were informed by the meaning of the symptoms, and meaning was formed within the context of each woman’s life situation. Few women made the decision to seek medical care on their own, and in every case family members or co-workers were reported to take an active role in getting the participant to the hospital. Some family members were reported to consult with one another before making the decision to call EMS or transporting the participant to the emergency department. Consistent with what was expected from extant research the majority of the participants did not arrive at the hospital in time to be offered treatment with t-PA. Recommendations for future research, stroke education and practice were discussed. / text

The purpose of this study is to identify realistic opportunities and barriers regarding PEV charge management by analyzing real-world PEV data from customers in the Austin Energy service area and evaluating direct, quantifiable economic value benefits as it relates new revenue, cost avoidance, CO2 reductions, and MW potential for peak shaving. The main objective is to provide business analysis to support the strategic road-map for Austin Energy PEV home charging programs. Three main charge program implementations are considered: Uncontrolled Charging, Time of Use Rates, and One Way Utility Control. The data used for the analysis includes 45 households with PEVs from Mueller area; 24 were under a Time of Use trial with pricing incentives to charge at night, and 21 receive normal Austin Energy rates. Data analysis shows that 66% of Time of Use trial group successfully shifted PEV load to Off Peak hours (10:00PM to 6:00AM). The potential of One Way control, based on load availability for interruption, shows that it will not be possible to implement until there are 37,000 PEVs in the Austin Energy area. Uncontrolled Charging represents a risk by increasing load during the residential peak. Time of Use Rates program will incentivize load shifting, reduce wholesale energy costs for Austin Energy while allowing customers to reduce their overall electricity bill. / text