Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Psychology / Patrick A. Knight / Corporations spend tens of millions of dollars each year to conduct organizational surveys and report the results. It is imperative that survey results provide clear, actionable results to organizational leaders for an employee survey program to be effective. To the extent that survey results are impacted by response style biases, organizations cannot be certain their actions address real issues. The following research examines the impact of managers' national culture on the response styles of their employees. Power distance is a construct that reflects how different cultures address inequality. In this study, power distance scores for managers are hypothesized to be predictive of employee response style behavior such that power distance is positively associated with greater extreme responding and lower acquiescence. Additionally, individualism/collectivism scores for managers are hypothesized to be predictive of employee response style behavior such that individualism is positively associated with greater extreme responding and negatively associated with acquiescence. Overall, results did not support the key hypotheses of the study. While employees from high power distance countries did display higher levels of extreme responding than employees from low power distance countries (Hypothesis 1), none of the other three hypotheses were supported. Despite this lack of significant results, this single result supports Johnson, et al.'s (2005) results from a sample of over eighteen-thousand employees in nineteen countries suggesting it is a consistent, real difference between high and low power distance countries. There were several limitations to be considered in evaluating this research. First, the study was based on archival data limiting the flexibility of the design and analysis. Another key limitation that should be addressed in future research is the use of abstracted cultural trait scores. Despite the lack of significant results and the limitations of this study, the fact remains that differences in response behaviors do exist across different cultures and geographic locations. Further research is needed to more clearly understand the influence that geographic culture, organizational culture and individual level demographics may have on employee response styles to help facilitate how organizations understand survey results.

No / Response style effects are a source of bias in cross-national studies, with some nationalities being more susceptible to particular response styles than others. While response styles, by their very nature, vary with the form of the stimulus involved, previous research has not investigated whether cross-national differences in response styles are stable across different forms of a stimulus (e.g., item wording, scale type, response categories). Using a quasi-experimental design, this study shows that response style differences are not stable across different stimulus formats, and that response style effects impact on substantive cross-national comparisons in an inconsistent way.

Forensic researchers and practitioners continue to face challenges when attempting to differentiate deceptive response styles, notably when comparing malingering and factitious disorder. However, due to the great disparities in research available, forensic examiners may not be adequately informed for considering factitious presentations as a competing hypothesis to malingering. De-emphasis of factitious disorders may also be attributed to the lack of empirical research and poor conceptual understanding of the disorder. Velsor and Rogers conducted a thorough review of various factitious motivations, drawing a parallel to Rogers' explanatory models of malingering. Due to the need for a systematic measure of FPPs, the Inventory of Self and Interpersonal Problems (I-SIP) was developed, largely based on the explanatory models of FPP. The current study employed a construct validity approach to the I-SIP to examine its convergent and discriminant validity in a sample of 80 inpatients from a private psychiatric hospital. Providing strong evidence of construct validity of the I-SIP, dramatic differences emerged between malingered and factitious presentations with extremely large effect sizes (ds = 1.09 – 3.62). In particular, results indicated strong support for the nurturance explanatory model of FPPs, as over-investment in treatment providers was an especially strong discriminator (d = 3.62). Moreover, results highlighted the potential problem of misclassification of response styles, as the SIMS did not effectively distinguish between simulation groups. To avoid diagnostic issues, arguments are presented for the consideration of FPPs as a dimensional construct that vary over time and circumstances. Professional implications are discussed, including practical guidelines for evaluating FPPs in clinical and forensic contexts.

The study investigates how social workers looks at theris treatment when they come in contact with young offenders. The intention of this study is to find out how social workers debate about when they respond to young offenders, which treatment style they use and the opportunities but also the difficulties may arise in the meeting. In order to get answers to our questions we chose a qualitative study based on interviews with social workers that all work with young offenders. Seven people were interviewed and all of them are between 26 and 40 years of age. The theoretical starting points for this study were selected based on the Johan Asplunds (2010) theory on social responsivitet and Per Echeverris (2010) response theory on the outside and inside the perspective of the treatment and treatment styles.  The conclusions we have formed from the interviewees is that the treament is something central and guiding the work for people, but especially with young offenders. Through a good treatment and good cooperation as social worker the opportunity  to be able to influnce young people for a positive behavior pattern. To achieve this, the social worker has different strategies to ensure the good cooperation with the youths. But there are also various obstacles in responding to the interviewees agreed, and that's including lack of time. We are aware that our study is not possible to generalize over all social workers but, despite that, we have given a more positive image of the responses within the social services and social workers profession. We knew that the treatment was an important part of the social workers but what we did  not know was that the treatment was so governs almost all of the work with youths. We have, thanks to this study received better understanding and knowledge of the social services and social workers work.

The present study aimed to test the Response Styles Theory with Turkish preadolescents. Therefore, two phases were followed. In thefirst phase, psychometric properties of Children&#039 / s Response Styles Questionnaire (CRSQ) were examined. In the second phase, the relationship of response styles and problem solving way of children to their depressive symptoms with respect to grade and gender was tested. The sample consisted of 599 children and preadolescents(299 females, 300 males) with a mean age of 11.77 (SD = 1.53), from 4th and 7th grade levels. In this study, Children&#039 / s Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1980), Children&#039 / s Response Styles Questionnaire (Abela, Vanderbilt, &amp / Rochon, 2000), Children&#039 / s Action Tendency Scale (Deluty, 1979), and a demographic form were used. Results of the study demonstrated that 7.5 % of the children and preadolescents reported to have depressive symptoms. Seventh graders&#039 / scores were higher than fourth graders for depressive symptoms. there was not any gender difference in depressive symptoms. Seventh grade females had higher scores on the Rumination Subscale of Children&#039 / s Response Styles Questionnaire (CRSQ) than fourth grade females and seventh grade males. Fourth graders scored higher on the Distracting Subscale of CRSQ than seventh graders. Problem solving was not found to be mediating or moderating the relationship between response styles (rumination and distraction) and depressive symptoms. It is concluded that both response styles and problem solving independently contribute to depressive symptoms in preadolescents. Findings were discussed in the light of the literature.

The current study explored the effects of simulated adjustment domains (i.e., partial denial and social desirability) on specialized substance abuse measures in a sample of 104 inpatient offenders with substance use disorders. Results indicated nearly two thirds (57.9%) of offenders successfully escaped detection on the SASSI-4 and InDUC-2R. Further, subtle approaches employed by the SASSI-4 failed to detect unacknowledged substance use by simulators, and the remaining decision rules were redundant and most likely contributed to the false positive rates for non SU offenders. More promisingly, the current study developed an empirically based validity scale to bolster the SASSI-4's effectiveness in detecting response styles that showed initial promise. Results, a review of detection strategies for SU validity scales, and implications for assessment are further explored.

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The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM 5) presents an alternate model for personality disorders, blending categorical and dimensional assessment into a hybrid diagnostic procedure. Released concurrently, the Personality Inventory for DSM 5 (PID 5) measures the five domains and 25 facets that comprise the trait components of this hybrid model. However, the PID 5 currently lacks validity indicators to capture intentionally distorted responding. The current study investigated the susceptibility of the PID 5 to defensiveness and feigning among a large sample of undergraduate students. First, a detailed desirability analysis (N = 465) was conducted of the PID 5 items and response options. Responses from the study were used to create three desirability based validity scales. Next, in a between-subjects simulation design (N = 128), the effects of faking were explored at domain and facet levels. As a result, two symptom based validity scales were created. In a separate validation sample (N = 134), the five newly created validity scales were compared with the Paulhus Deception Scales for capturing both defensiveness and feigning. All five scales were evaluated for ruling out faking (i.e., identifying likely genuine respondents) and ruling in either defensiveness or feigning. In most areas, the symptom based scales were more successful than the desirability based scales, though all scales had difficulty identifying defensiveness. These initial results offer fertile ground for additional testing and development of PID 5 validity scales.