Currently corporate scandals are making headlines in the news. Stakeholders are demanding transparency through better information disclosure in order to curtail this problem and to regain trust. Businesses must find better and more effective ways of communicating not only financial but also non-financial information to these stakeholders. Information disclosures in both annual reports and on websites are important but the two media are used differently. Online CSR disclosures provide timely information and will meet stakeholders’ demands for greater speed and volume of information disclosure. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the current level of online CSR disclosures among public listed companies in Malaysia, with particular reference to the influence of leadership variables. This study seeks to explain any variations in online CSR disclosures by using the following variables as the explanatory factors: ethical leadership behaviours, consisting of people orientation, fairness, power sharing, concern for sustainability, ethical guidance, role clarification and integrity; leadership styles, comprising transactional and transformational leadership styles; and leader roles. In investigating this issue, a quantitative approach was employed using a sample of 100 top Malaysian public listed companies. The data collection started with examining corporate websites using a disclosure index, followed by a questionnaire survey to grasp employees’ opinions on their leaders’ ethical leadership behaviours, leadership styles and leader roles. Due to the limitations of a quantitative approach, seven semi-structured interviews with managers were conducted to give context to the quantitative findings as well as supplement the data. The results show that Malaysian companies’ level of online CSR disclosure was low and the majority of companies did not fully utilise their websites to disseminate CSR information, although all the companies had websites. The results of the multiple regression indicated that ethical guidance, concern for sustainability and integrity contributed to the amount of CSR information disclosed on the Malaysian companies’ websites but interestingly, these were inverse relationships. Consequently, the interview findings revealed that not all leadership variables were perceived by managers to be determinants of online CSR disclosures. The inverse relationships were possibly due to factors such as leader’s confidence, moral recognition, personal recognition, external factors and cultural factors. This research contributes to the understanding of corporate voluntary disclosure strategies through the focus on online CSR disclosure. Prior disclosure studies emphasize financial, accounting and economic related variables as determinants to online CSR disclosures. This study provides a new insight for company leaders, policy makers and academics on how the behaviours of leaders, who are key corporate players, can impact the setting of CSR goals and enhance transparency by disclosing online.

This thesis analyzes corporate social responsibility with the focus on CSR of Plzeňský Prazdroj company. It includes also research which should look into efficiency of CSR and show possible gaps for even higher efficiency. At the end you can find key findings and reccomendations of next steps.

CSR strategy is not only about unilateral spending of funds on charitable purposes. An effective CSR strategy leads to fulfillment of economic goals of the company. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the current state of CSR in company CCS, s. r. o. and suggest possible improvements, or more precisely, develop an effective and coherent CSR strategy. As a tool for creating strategy are in this thesis primarily used in-depth interviews with employees of HR and marketing teams and models of organization Byznys pro společnost. On the basis of this instruments was created a specific CSR strategy for the company CCS.

Syfte: Syftet är att öka förståelsen för hur perceived organizational support (POS) påverkar verksamheters fördelning av ansvar ur ett ledarperspektiv, med avseende på medarbetares vilja att ta ansvar.  Metod: Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi som präglats av den hermeneutiska forskningstraditionen samt ett konstruktivistiskt synsätt. Data från tidigare forskning låg till grund för den teoretiska referensramen medan tio semistrukturerade intervjuer utgjorde det empiriska materialet. Dessa båda bearbetades och jämfördes genom en tematisk analys.  Resultat och Slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att stöd från organisationen påverkar medarbetarnas vilja att ta ansvar genom att påverka beslutsprocessen i samband med ansvarstagande. Negativa effekter och risker som kan uppstå när ansvar fördelas på medarbetare kan med hjälp av rätt stöd från organisationen motverkas till en betydande del. Studiens bidrag: Studiens teoretiska bidrag är att visa på den påverkan som POS har på den individuella beslutsprocessen som sker kring ansvarstagande, till följd av strukturell Empowerment. En ökad förståelse har även skett då studien skett ur ett ledarperspektiv. Det praktiska bidraget som studien ger innefattar en redogörelse för hur POS kan användas samt påverka flera av delarna som innefattas av den beslutsprocess som sker hos medarbetare. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vårt förslag till fortsatt forskning är att studera POS påverkan på andra typer av beslutsprocesser. Detta anser vi kan skapa fördjupat och relevant material på området. Vi upplever även att POS:s påverkan och effekter på ansvarsfördelningen kan studeras ur ett medarbetarperspektiv. En sådan studie kan belysa de effekter som uppstår utifrån den psykologiska grenen av Empowerment. / Aim: The aim of the study is to increase the understanding of how perceived organizational support (POS) affects organization’s distribution of responsibility from a leader perspective, with regard to employee’s willingness to take responsibility. Method: The study has been conducted with a qualitative strategy and is characterized by the hermeneutic research- tradition and a constructive viewpoint. Data analysis of previous research has been conducted to establish the theoretical framework. Alongside itw, ten semi-structured, interviews have been conducted to establish empirical data. All the data has been compared with a thematical analysis. Result & Conclusions: The results of the study show that organizational support effects employees’ willingness to take on responsibility by affecting the decision process, which is connected to taking responsibility. Negative effects and risks that can occur with distribution of responsibility to employees can be largely outmaneuvered by the organization. Contribution of the thesis: The theoretical contribution is to shed light on the effects that emerges following the influence that POS have on distributing responsibility, as a consequence of structural Empowerment. Increased understanding has been a result due to the study taking the perspective of leaders. The practical contribution consists of a exposition on how POS affects the multiple stages covered by the individual decision process that takes place. Suggestions for research to come: We see the need to broaden the area involving POS and different decision-making processes. We also think that it would be relevant for the research area to examine POS and psychological empowerment, which could be done from a employee perspective.

This dissertation addresses a question fundamental to democratic government: Under what conditions are bureaucrats responsive to citizens and elected officials?

Many problems in software development can be traced to a narrow understanding of professional responsibility. The author examines ways in which software developers have tried to avoid accepting responsibility for their work After cataloguing various types of responsibility avoidance, the author introduces an expanded concept of positive responsibility. It is argued that the adoption of this sense of positive responsibility will reduce many problems in software development.

Marketers have made attempts to understand the disconnect between consumers’ expressed desire to engage in sustainable behavior and their lack of adoption of sustainable products with ambiguous results. Because companies that engage in sustainability initiatives often focus on either environmental or social sustainability, the broader impact of sustainability is not always understood. When a company makes a promise to be socially sustainable, consumers may also think that the company is environmentally sustainable and vice versa. Moreover, consumer evaluations of companies that make promises to be either socially or environmentally sustainable may be different if the company later delivers a success along the same versus the other dimension of sustainability. A success along a sustainability dimension that matches the initial sustainability promise is referred to here as a paired success. Alternatively, complementary successes incorporate both sustainability dimensions, where a company first promises to be sustainable along one dimension of sustainability but later delivers a successful outcome along the other sustainability dimension. Attitudes are expected to be enhanced when a company delivers a complementary because the company has accounted for consumers’ interconnection of the sustainability dimensions. A failure to be sustainable along either dimension is predicted to diminish consumer evaluations of the company. Four experiments were conducted to explore the interconnection between social and environmental sustainability and its effect on consumer evaluations of the company. Study 1 first examines the prediction that consumer perceptions of social and environmental sustainability are interconnected in consumers’ minds. Study 2 then examines how consumers’ attitudes towards companies that make either social or environmental sustainability promises compare to companies that do not make sustainability promises. Additionally, study 2 investigates how consumer attitudes towards companies are impacted by paired and complementary successes and sustainability failures. Study 3 explores the psychological mechanisms of perceived sincerity and competence. Finally, study 4 is a behavioral choice experiment used to generalize the findings to actual behavior, exploring how the interconnectedness of social and environmental sustainability influence consumer product choices. The findings from these studies offer insights into how consumers perceive companies that consider both the social and environmental dimensions of sustainability.

The purpose of this study was to explore the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) orientations of future healthcare professionals and their relative viewpoint of CSR in terms of Socioeconomic or Classical. The study also sought to determine the nature and the strength of relationships between CSR orientations and Machiavellian tendencies. To conduct the study, 162 future health care professionals enrolled in varying healthcare- related programs at an accredited university were surveyed. Findings from the study indicated a linear relationship between an individual's CSR orientation, CSR viewpoint, and innate Machiavellian levels. The higher an individual's Machiavellian score, the more likely he or she was to fall into a CSR orientation, which is economically focused as opposed to society focused. Furthermore, the study revealed that this particular group of future healthcare professionals most often fell within the Legal and Ethical CSR orientations, and most were considered to be Low Machiavellians. Although the study indicates that this specific group of individuals tends to need social norms or legal regulations to help guide them with their CSR-related decisions, they seemingly possess a high moral compass and largely consider the good of society before profit maximization. However, these characteristics should be further molded and cultivated jointly by current healthcare leaders and academicians. Curriculum modifications and employee training programs are highly recommended. Included within should be an introspective understanding of both sides of the healthcare continuum, the patient care aspects, and the financial obligations of the organization.

Non-recognition as lawful of a situation created by a serious breach of a peremptory norm is regarded as a well-established customary duty. Since such a duty fulfils an important function in the preservation of the international legal order, scholars have generally considered its emergence as a welcome development. However, while State practice confirms that there is an established trend towards non-recognition of unlawful situations, it also illustrates that its content is controversial. More specifically, there is a gap between State practice and the prevailing scholarly understanding of this duty, which roughly corresponds to that of the ILC enshrined in Article 41(2) ARSIWA. The cases in which non-recognition has been invoked as a response to certain violations of international law are more complex than is generally assumed and each of them is rather specific. It seems that this norm was consolidated mostly thanks to a political consensus on the underlying primary norms that characterize the contemporary international legal order—ie, the right to self-determination and the prohibition of conquest. In addition, there is one question that has been mostly glossed over by the scholarship, that is whether the international community can subsequently validate by means of recognition such a breach. The problem is that when States face intractable conflicts, the consensus in favor of the norms that should be protected by non-recognition is weakened by the competing consensus that peace processes aimed at settling long-standing conflicts should not be jeopardized. In these cases, there is an erosion of non-recognition in the sense that while States support in principle this duty, their behavior leads to the gradual validation of the unlawful situation.

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