Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is heterogeneous. Clinical presentation of OCD differs by sex and age-of-onset and evidence supports classification based on these subtypes. The prevalence of OCD in the general population is 2%. However, it has been established that women tend to experience onset and exacerbation of OCD during reproductive milestones. In particular, the prevalence of postpartum OCD is between 4 to 9%. This study seeks to examine the effects of past childhood maltreatment and S/Lg-allele status of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism on perinatal obsessive-compulsive symptoms and aberrant resting state functional connectivity in the postpartum period. Forty women participated in the first visit and sixteen women have been followed up with in the postpartum period. 5-HTTLPR genotype was determined from whole blood samples via polymerase chain reaction and a restriction fragment length digest. We used the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale and Perinatal Obsessive-Compulsive scale to measure symptom severity. Resting state functional connectivity was determined from functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms during late pregnancy are significantly predicted by 5-HTTLPR genotype, past history of total childhood maltreatment or childhood emotional neglect and trait anxiety symptoms. Whereas obsessive-compulsive symptoms during the postpartum period are predicted by poor sleep quality and childhood emotional maltreatment or 5-HTTLPR genotype, childhood emotional maltreatment and trait anxiety symptoms. Seed to region-of-interest analysis was employed to evaluate resting state functional connectivity differences between OCD patients and healthy controls in the postpartum period. Compared to healthy controls, OCD patients show greater connectivity between the caudate nucleus with the orbitofrontal cortex, the pars triangularis and the cingulate area. The insular cortex shows decreased connectivity between the right and left, the dorsal anterior cingulate area and the pars opercularis. The amygdala has increased connectivity with the cingulate area, the calcarine fissure, the supramarginal gyrus and decreased connectivity with the gyrus rectus. The above clinical and neuroimaging findings are in line with past work. However, this is the first study to show both 5-HTTLPR genotype and history of childhood maltreatment predict obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a perinatal population. Further, the resting state data replicates findings in the OCD literature but the study is the first to show this in postpartum women. This study serves as a platform for future work to further investigate both gene-environment interactions and distinct neuroimaging correlates in perinatal OCD. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Le système cholinergique basalo-cortical joue un rôle crucial dans la régulation de la fonction visuelle grâce à son contrôle sur le cortex visuel primaire (V1). Ce système influence particulièrement la plasticité corticale, les processus d'attention et les mécanismes d'apprentissage. Les neurones cholinergiques, en particulier, jouent un rôle fondamental dans les processus d'attention et les mécanismes d'apprentissage, deux aspects clés de la cognition. Une caractéristique remarquable de ce système est sa capacité à moduler la fonction des neurones visuels. La stimulation des neurones cholinergiques, par exemple, peut entraîner une augmentation du fonctionnement de ces neurones, ce qui se traduit par une amélioration de leur sélectivité pour des tâches visuelles spécifiques. Un exemple frappant de cet effet est observé dans la sensibilité au contraste, une fonction cruciale pour la perception visuelle. Dans ce contexte, notre étude cherche à explorer et à comparer les caractéristiques distinctes de la libération d'acétylcholine (ACh) et de l'activité neuronale au sein du cortex visuel. Nous nous concentrons particulièrement sur les variations de contraste et de mouvement, deux éléments essentiels de l'environnement visuel, pour mieux comprendre comment le système cholinergique influence ces aspects de la perception visuelle. Pour ce faire, nous avons recours à l'imagerie mésoscopique, une technique avancée permettant d'observer l'activité calcique et cholinergique au niveau neuronal. L'imagerie mésoscopique de l'activité calcique et cholinergique a été réalisée chez des souris transgéniques de Thy1-gCAMP6s et des souris gACh-3.0 (senseur d’ACh transfecté par un virus adeno-associé). Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé un réseau sinusoïdal horizontal de fréquence spatiale de 0,3 cycles par degré et de contraste variable de 30%, 50%, 75%, et 100%. La stimulation sur des moniteurs a inclus 10 répétitions de 2 secondes, avec des intervalles de 8 secondes. L’amplitude maximale des signaux calcique et cholinergiques a été calculée à l'aide d'un système d'imagerie optique modulaire et d'une caméra scientifique complémentaire métal-oxyde-semi-conducteur, CMOS. Ces mesures ont été effectuées au niveau du V1 ainsi que des zones extrastriées, y compris le cortex occipital latéral (LM), le cortex temporal intermédiaire postérieur (PM) et lateral (AL). L'examen des variationsde l'ACh et des signaux de calcium a été effectué en utilisant l'outil universal mesoscale Imaging dans le logiciel MATLAB. Des changements significatifs dépendant du contraste des signaux provenant de l'indicateur cholinergique (ACh) et calcium (Ca)ont été observés dans toutes les zones visuelles étudiées, à savoir V1, AL et PM, à l'exception de LM. Par exemple, l'amplitude moyenne pour groupe de l'expérience gACh 3.0 a été multipliée par trois lorsque l'on compare la condition de 30 % à la condition de 100 % et pour le groupe gCAMP6s plus de trois fois dans le cortex visuel primaire. En outre, la latence pour la zone V1 a été mesurée, révélant une diminution du temps de réaction à mesure que l'intensité du stimulus augmentait en fonction du contraste, statistiquement significatif pour le groupe gCAMP6s mais non statistiquement significatif pour gACh3.0. La sensibilité au mouvement a été étudiée quant à elle grâce à la projection d’un kinématogramme de points aléatoires (RDK) dont la cohérence de direction variait (de 30%, 50%, 75%, à 100%). Ni le signal calcique si celui d’ACh était sensible à la variation de la cohérence de mouvement. L'efficacité du donepezil (0.1 et 1mg/kg), qui potentialise la transmission cholinergique, était dépendante de la dose et augmentait la libération d’ACh signal mais pas le signal calcique. L’antagonisme des récepteurs muscarinique à l’ACh par la scopolamine (1mg/kg), diminuait le signal calcique. L'activité à l'état de repos présentait une corrélation modeste entre les différentes aires corticales et n’a pas été affectée par le DPZ dans le groupe gACh3.0. Cependant, dans le groupe de la gCAMP6s, les corrélations ont été renforcées après l'administration des injections. En conclusion, les résultats ont révélé une sensibilité accrue au contraste pour la signalisation du calcium et de l'ACh, où les signaux de calcium ont montré une plus grande activation par rapport aux signaux cholinergiques. Cependant les signaux n’étaient pas sensibles à la cohérence des points en mouvement. Conclusion : La libération d’ACh varie en fonction du stimulus visuel et semble avoir un impact sur l’intensité de la réponse neuronale au stimulus. Les médicaments cholinergiques et anticholinergiques, en particulier lorsqu'ils sont administrés à des doses élevées, peuvent induire des altérations de l'amplitude de l’activité corticale. / The basalo-cortical cholinergic system plays a crucial role in the regulation of visual function through its control over the precise adjustment of cortical processing. This system particularly influences cortical plasticity, attentional processes, and learning mechanisms. Cholinergic neurons, in particular, play a critical role in attention processes and learning mechanisms, which are key aspects of cognition. A notable feature of this system is its ability to modulate the function of visual neurons. For instance, stimulation of cholinergic neurons can lead to an enhanced operation of these neurons, resulting in improved selectivity for specific visual tasks. This effect is prominently observed in contrast sensitivity, a crucial function for visual perception. In this context, our study aims to explore and compare the distinct characteristics of acetylcholine (ACh) release and neuronal activity within the visual cortex. We are especially focused on variations in contrast and motion, two essential components of the visual environment, to better understand how the cholinergic system influences these aspects of visual perception. To achieve this, we employ mesoscopic imaging, an advanced technique for observing calcium and cholinergic activity at the neuronal level. Mesoscopic imaging of calcium and cholinergic activity was conducted in Thy1-gCAMP6s transgenic mice and gACh-3.0 mice (ACh sensor transduced by adeno-associated virus). In this study, we used a horizontal sinusoidal grating of 0.3 cycles per degree spatial frequency with varying contrast levels of 30%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Stimulation on BenQ monitors included 10 repetitions of 2 seconds, with 8-second intervals. The maximum amplitude of calcium and cholinergic signals was calculated using a modular optical imaging system and a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor, CMOS, scientific camera. These measurements were taken at V1 and extrastriate areas, including the lateral occipital cortex (LM), posterior intermediate temporal cortex (PM), and lateral (AL). Examination of ACh and calcium signal variations was performed using the universal mesoscale Imaging tool in MATLAB software. Significant contrast-dependent changes in cholinergic (ACh) and calcium (Ca) indicator signals were observed in all visual areas studied, namely V1, AL, and PM, except for LM. For instance, the mean amplitude for the gACh 3.0 experimental group was tripled when comparing the 30% to the 100% condition, and for the gcamp6s group, it was more than tripled in the primary visual cortex. Moreover, the latency for the V1 area was measured, revealing a decrease in reaction time as stimulus intensity increased according to contrast statistically significant for gCAMP6s group but not significant for gACh3.0. Motion sensitivity was studied by projecting a random dot kinematogram with varying directional coherence (from 30%, 50%, 75%, to 100%). Neither the CaS nor the ACh signal was sensitive to variation in motion coherence. The efficacy of DPZ (0.1 and 1mg/kg), which potentiates cholinergic transmission, was dose-dependent and increased ACh release but not calcium signal. Muscarinic ACh receptor antagonism by scopolamine (1mg/kg) decreased calcium signaling. Resting-state activity correlated modestly between the different cortical areas and was not affected by DPZ in the gACh3.0 group. The resting state activity exhibited a modest correlation and was infrequently impacted by treatments in the gACh3.0 group. However, in the gCAMP6s group, both positive and negative correlations were enhanced subsequent to the administration of injections. As a conclusion, the research findings revealed a strong contrast sensitivity of both calcium and ACh signalling, wherein calcium signals exhibited greater activation compared to ACh signals. The influence of ACh on visual processing is thus shown at a very low cognitive level. The signals were not changed by the coherence of moving dots. Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs, particularly when administered in high dosages, influence the visual processing.

Este estudo foi realizado para testar técnicas de ressonância magnética funcional (RMf) para investigar aspectos funcionais da pineal humana. Foram coletadas imagens funcionais e amostras de sangue total para a dosagem da melatonina plasmática antes, durante e após a apresentação de estímulo com luz azul quase monocromática em indivíduos saudáveis. Os participantes realizaram o exame de tomografia computadorizada do crânio sem o uso de contraste endovenoso (TC), para a avaliação qualitativa do grau de calcificação pineal. As conclusões foram: a) não houve ativação da pineal em resposta à aplicação da luz; b) não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as condições pré-estímulo, durante o estímulo ou pós-estímulo usando diferentes métodos de análise dos dados de RMf, porém, observou-se tendência de maior poder espectral na pineal durante a aplicação do estímulo luminoso do que nas condições pré e pós-estímulo; c) foi identificada a conectividade funcional da pineal, que poderá ser melhor avaliada em estudo futuro. / This study aimed to test the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques in order to investigate the functional aspects of human pineal gland. Some functional images and total blood samples for dosing the plasmatic melatonin concentration were collected before, during and after the presentation of a monochromatic blue light stimulation in healthy individuals. All subjects were examined by a brain CT scan, with no the administration of endovenous contrast, for the qualitative assessment of the pineal calcification level. The conclusions were the following: a) there was no pineal activation in response to the application of light; b) there were no statistically significant differences between the pre-, during and poststimulation conditions with different analysis methods of fMRI data, however, there was a trend of greater spectral power in the pineal gland during the luminous stimulation application than under the other conditions; c) the functional connectivity of the pineal could be identified, which should be better assessed in a future study.

Este estudo foi realizado para testar técnicas de ressonância magnética funcional (RMf) para investigar aspectos funcionais da pineal humana. Foram coletadas imagens funcionais e amostras de sangue total para a dosagem da melatonina plasmática antes, durante e após a apresentação de estímulo com luz azul quase monocromática em indivíduos saudáveis. Os participantes realizaram o exame de tomografia computadorizada do crânio sem o uso de contraste endovenoso (TC), para a avaliação qualitativa do grau de calcificação pineal. As conclusões foram: a) não houve ativação da pineal em resposta à aplicação da luz; b) não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre as condições pré-estímulo, durante o estímulo ou pós-estímulo usando diferentes métodos de análise dos dados de RMf, porém, observou-se tendência de maior poder espectral na pineal durante a aplicação do estímulo luminoso do que nas condições pré e pós-estímulo; c) foi identificada a conectividade funcional da pineal, que poderá ser melhor avaliada em estudo futuro. / This study aimed to test the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) techniques in order to investigate the functional aspects of human pineal gland. Some functional images and total blood samples for dosing the plasmatic melatonin concentration were collected before, during and after the presentation of a monochromatic blue light stimulation in healthy individuals. All subjects were examined by a brain CT scan, with no the administration of endovenous contrast, for the qualitative assessment of the pineal calcification level. The conclusions were the following: a) there was no pineal activation in response to the application of light; b) there were no statistically significant differences between the pre-, during and poststimulation conditions with different analysis methods of fMRI data, however, there was a trend of greater spectral power in the pineal gland during the luminous stimulation application than under the other conditions; c) the functional connectivity of the pineal could be identified, which should be better assessed in a future study.

L’objectif général de ce travail de thèse a été de caractériser in vivo, chez l’Homme, les réorganisations mnésiques retrouvées dans l’épilepsie temporo-mésiale pharmaco-résistante.Nous nous sommes appuyés sur une approche multimodale d’imagerie combinant étude de la connectivité et des réseaux d’activations mnésiques en IRMf, et étude de la consommation métabolique régionale inter-critique de glucose en TEP. Il s’agissait, notamment, de mieux comprendre la relative préservation mnésique retrouvée chez certains de ces patients, malgré l’implication du cortex temporal interne au sein de leurs réseaux épileptiques.Nos résultats, obtenus pour l’encodage d’items uniques non matériel-spécifiques, apportent des connaissances nouvelles sur l’adaptation fonctionnelle des réseaux cognitifs au sein et en dehors de la zone épileptogène, expliquant les différences de performance mnésique en reconnaissance, et leur lien possible avec les réseaux épileptiques.Ces travaux suggèrent, notamment, l’existence de ressources fonctionnelles additionnelles efficaces, à la fois locales et à distance, impliquant la voie visuelle ventrale bilatérale. Ces processus de compensation pourraient être conditionnés par les caractéristiques propres de l’atteinte primitive, et en particulier une implication différente des structures temporales internes au sein de la zone épileptogène. L’altération fonctionnelle de ce système perceptivo-mnésique pourrait induire une réorganisation inefficace plus large, sollicitant l’activation alternative des réseaux de l’attention, au niveau des régions fronto-cingulaires et pariétales. / The overall objective of this thesis was to characterize in vivo the human memory reorganization observed in medial temporal lobe epilepsy, in particular for recognition memory.We conducted a multimodal neuroimaging approach, combining the study of connectivity and memory activation networks with fMRI, and the study of inter-ictal cerebral metabolic rate of glucose with PET. We aimed to better understand the relative preservation of memory found in some patients, despite the involvement of the medial temporal lobe within their epileptic networks. Our findings, obtained for the encoding of non material-specific single items, provide new insights into the functional adaptation of cognitive networks, within and outside the epileptogenic zone, and help to explain the differences in recognition performance, and their possible relationship with epileptic networks. These studies suggest, in particular, the existence of local and remote compensatory mechanisms which are functionally effective and involve the ventral visual stream bilaterally. These could be influenced by the exact involvement of medial temporal structures within the epileptogenic zone. The impairment of this perceptive-memory system may lead to a more large-scale reorganization with the alternative activation of an inefficient network of attention-related areas involving fronto-cingulate and parietal cortices.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Student: Terezie Poláková Supervisor of master thesis: PharmDr. Miroslav Kovařík, Ph.D. Title of master thesis: Assessment of energy metabolism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the name for lung disease with systemic consequences. Besides the respiratory symptoms there are also described changes in body metabolism, which could lead to the development of serious metabolic syndrome called cachexia. The main aim of this study was to compare the resting energy expenditure (REE) and nutrition substrate utilization in 12 patients with advanced form of COPD from the Czech Multicentre Research Database of COPD (5 females and 7 males, mean age 68 ± 6 years) and in 9 patients of control group without respiratory impairment (5 females and 4 males, 62 ± 4 years). Assessment of body metabolism was determined by method of indirect calorimetry. Measured REE was then compared with prediction based on Harris-Benedict equation. The utilization of main nutrition substrates was determined from the respiratory quotient and urea nitrogen loss in urine. We found that measured REE in COPD patients was about 20 % higher than in control group....

The American mink is considered to be an invasive, alien species across Europe, North Asia and also in South America and now it is perceived as a permanently growing treat for native biodiversity. Mink is an extremely adaptable predator, which achieves to adapt to almost any conditions and different food niches. The aim of this study was to contribute to cognition of biology of this species in Czechomoravian highlands condition. A telemetry study was run between 2004 and 2012 during which in total six individuals (3 males and 3 females) were being monitored on the Sázava River near Havlíčkův Brod. This study was supplemented by usage of photo traps. A couple of finding can be drawn from this study. Mainly, the records show the significant differences between sexes. Males and females differ in home range size, in day/night activity and in length of day movements. The second part of this study was focused on distinguishing tracks of three different species of mustelids: American mink, European mink and Western polecat. In total, 211 tracks obtained from these three species were measured. Seven points on a track has been identified, and the computer program Measuring tracks automatically created 131 parameters. These parameters were processed with canonical discriminant analysis. The results showed...

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Student: Magdaléna Doleželová Supervisor of master thesis: PharmDr. Miroslav Kovařík, Ph.D. Title of master thesis: Body composition parameters in dependence on the metabolism degrese in patiens with COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a very serious illness characterized by incompletely reversible airflow obstruction and lung emphysema. Contributes to its overall severity are extrapulmonary manifestations, especially cachexia and loss of lean tissue mass. Chronic inflammation of the respiratory airways and increased respiratory effort cause the hypermetabolic state to some patients with COPD. This thesis investigates the impact of increased metabolism on body composition in patients with COPD. Our study included 50 COPD patients (38 men, 12 women) who were examined by bioelectrical impedance. In this study, we compared the parameters of body composition of men with resting energy expenditure REE > 130% (hereinafter Men over 130%) (n = 9) and the group of men with REE < 130 % (hereinafter Men below 130 %) (n = 29). In the group of Men over 130 % we found a lower average value of body weight by 18 % compared to Men below 130 %. Total body and intracellular water were 12 %...

Le transfert de gènes dans les cellules souches hématopoïétiques par des vecteurs lentiviraux s’inscrit dans les protocoles actuels de traitement par thérapie génique de plusieurs maladies monogéniques (B-thalassémie, Adrénoleucodystrophie, SCID…). De même, le transfert de gènes dans les lymphocytes T et B ouvre des perspectives tant au niveau de la thérapie génique que pour l’immunothérapie. Nous avons mis au point des vecteurs lentiviraux pseudotypés par des glycoprotéines chimérique (BaEV/TR) et mutante (BaEVRLess) du rétrovirus endogène de babouin. Nous avons montré que ces nouveaux vecteurs peuvent transduire de manière plus efficace les cellules souches hématopoïétiques stimulées et quiescentes que les vecteurs pseudotypés par la glycoprotéine du virus de la stomatite vésiculaire (VSV-G). Il en est de même pour les vecteurs développés récemment et pseudotypés par les Glycoprotéines H et F du virus de la rougeole. Nous avons aussi comparé la capacité de ces derniers vecteurs à ceux pseudotypés par les glycoprotéines BaEV/TR et BaEVRLess dans le transfert de gènes dans les lymphocytes B et T ainsi que dans l’ensemble des cellules de la lignée T. Nous sommes désormais en mesure de proposer des vecteurs adaptés au transfert de gènes à chaque étape de la différenciation des cellules CD34+ en thymocytes ainsi qu’en lymphocytes T matures. Ceci pourrait permettre de proposer de nouveaux protocoles cliniques en thérapie génique avec une co-transplantation de cellules souches génétiquement modifiées et de cellules T différenciées à partir de ces cellules. Ceci permettrait notamment de réduire les phases d’aplasie actuellement nécessaires pour la greffe de cellules souches. / Lentiviral vectors and their ability to transfer gene into hematopoietic stem cells are currently evaluated for the cure of several single-gene diseases (eg : B-thalassemia, Adrenoleucodystrophy, SCID). Likewise, gene transfer into B and T lymphocytes is of major interest in gene therapy and immunotherapy. We engineered new lentiviral vectors pseudotyped by some chimeric (BaEV/TR) and mutant (BaEVRLess) glycoproteins from the baboon endogenous retrovirus. We demonstrated that these new vectors can transduce more efficiently resting and mild stimulated hematopoietic stem cells than obtained with lentivectors pseudotyped by the glycoprotein G from the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G). It is the same with the recently developed lentiviral vectors pseudotyped by the H and F glycoprotein from measles virus (H/F-LVs). We also compared the ability of the H/F-LVs with the BaEV/TR and BaEVRLess lentiviral vector pseudotype to transfer genes into B and T lymphocytes and into the whole T lineage. From now on, we are able to propose adapted vectors for gene transfer at each stage of differentiation from CD34+ cells to thymocytes and mature T cells. This could allow us to propose some new clinical protocols in gene therapy with a co-transplantation of genetically modified stem cells and their differentiated T progenitors in order to reduce the aplasia stage induced by current transplantation protocols.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'identifier et caractériser les boucles anatomiques et fonctionnelles cortico-sous-corticales chez l'Homme, à partir de données d'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf) au repos et de diffusion. Une boucle est un ensemble de régions corticales, sous-corticales et cérébelleuses, qui interagissent afin d'effectuer ou de préparer une tâche.Le premier axe de ce travail vise à identifier les réseaux fonctionnels cortico-sous-corticaux en IRMf au repos. Nous proposons une méthode statistique robuste séparant l'analyse corticale de l'analyse sous-corticale. Une analyse en composantes indépendantes spatiales est d'abord réalisée individuellement sur les régions corticales, et suivie d'une classification hiérarchique. Les régions sous-corticales associées sont ensuite extraites par un modèle linéaire général dont les régresseurs comportent la dynamique des régions corticales, suivi d'une analyse de groupe à effets aléatoires. La méthode est validée sur deux jeux de données différents. Un atlas immunohistochimique des structures sous-corticales permet ensuite de déterminer la fonction sensorimotrice, associative ou limbique des réseaux obtenus. Nous montrons enfin que l'anatomie est un support pour la fonction chez des sujets sains.Le dernier axe étudie le syndrome de Gilles de la Tourette, qu'on pense être dû à un dysfonctionnement des boucles cortico-sous-corticales. Nous caractérisons d'abord les boucles cortico-sous-corticales fonctionnelles grâce à des métriques d'intégration et de théorie des graphes, et des différences en termes de connectivité sont mises en évidence entre patients adultes et volontaires sains. Nous montrons également que les boucles cortico-sous-corticales fonctionnelles chez les patients sont soutenues par l'anatomie sous-jacente. / The objective of this thesis is to identify and characterize human anatomical and functional cortico-subcortical loops, using data from resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion MRI. A loop is a set of cortical, subcortical and cerebellar regions that interact to perform or prepare for a task.We first aim to identify cortico-subcortical functional networks from resting-state fMRI data. We propose a robust statistical method that separates the analysis of cortical regions from that of subcortical structures. A spatial independent component analysis is first performed on individual cortical regions, followed by a hierarchical classification. The associated subcortical regions are then extracted by using a general linear model, the regressors of which contain the dynamics of the cortical regions, followed by a random-effect group analysis. The proposed approach is assessed on two different data sets. An immunohistochemical subcortical atlas is then used to determine the sensorimotor, associative or limbic function of the resulting networks. We finally demonstrate that anatomy is a support for function in healthy subjects.The last part is devoted to the study of the Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, thought to be due to adysfunction of cortico-subcortical loops. Firstly, cortico-subcortical functional loops are characterized using metrics such as integration and graph theory measures, showing differences in terms of connectivity between adult patients and healthy volunteers. Secondly, we show that the cortico-subcortical functional loops in patients are supported by the underlying anatomy.