Regulation and alteration of streams and rivers have a long history and dams provide us with resources. It also degrades the ecosystems connected to them by cutting off transportation routes and changing the flow regime. Riparian ecosystems have evolved to the natural flow regimes, making them sensitive to hydrological alterations. Riparian plant communities are often species rich and have a positive impact on their surroundings, but are often degraded because of flow alteration. Studies predict that riparian zones will lose species and extent because of climate change, making it increasingly important to manage and restore them.  This report examines the potential effects of two scenarios of a planned re-introduction of natural flow variation in the regulated river Juktån in Sweden. Riparian vegetation composition and cover was inventoried in plots with different amount of yearly flooding to assess current relationships between flooding and riparian vegetation. A rating curve was used to determine the relationship between discharge and river stage. GIS-modeling using LiDAR data and the rating curve made it possible to predict the extent of flooding with the two scenarios, and resulting potential changes in vegetation extent and composition. No significant correlation was found between species richness and number of days flooded under current flooding regime. Positive correlation was however found between elevation and species richness, bare soil and flooding, and vascular plant cover and flooding. The three most species-rich vegetation belts are expected to increase substantially in area with both scenarios, suggesting that positive response is likely with the introduction seasonal flow variation.

In this thesis, a variety of different approaches are proposed to study the energy restoration problem in wireless sensor networks by one or more robots. First, we introduce an on-demand decentralized strategy performed by a robot that visits the sensors in a predefined circular order. We study it both analytically and experimentally analyzing the impact of various network parameters on network coverage, disconnection time, and time sensors have to wait to be served. We then introduce an optimal centralized approach as a benchmark to assess how close to optimal our on-demand strategy is, and we discover that, for sufficiently large networks, the on-demand strategy is indeed optimal. We then propose an even simpler mechanism where the robot simply moves blindly along the circular order, which is experimentally shown to be as efficient as the other two. The results above apply to arbitrary sensor network; we then consider a common special topology: a linear arrangement of sensors, were we propose three restoring mechanisms. We compare them experimentally discovering, once again, that the simplest approach is also the best, in most cases. We finally consider the case of multiple robots. We propose two strategies where the network is portioned among the robots and each robot takes care of a portion, and we compare those with a collaborative strategy where all robots work on the global network. The main general result of this study is that simple solutions are often as good as more sophisticated ones. In fact, a totally blind strategy where a robot simply moves around restoring energy on its way turns out to be as efficient as the best possible centralized solution for most networks.

Pode-se recuar a teorização do restauro de Arquitetura até Winckelmann: sua \"História da Arte\", publicada em Dresde em 1764, apresenta um nível de detalhamento nas descrições e até de processos construtivos gregos e romanos, que transcende as preocupações explícitas com a História da Arte. Seu pensamento é que os remanescentes são os documentos imprescindíveis para se contar a evolução da Arquitetura - nas entrelinhas, ficando a necessidade de sua preservação. No entanto, aceita-se academicamente Ruskin como iniciador da reflexão e teorização. Praticava-se, em seus dias, uma preservação sem critérios seguros que, no seu entendimento, comprometia o valor documental e histórico dos monumentos: as ruínas eram preferíveis a essas obras, entrando aí, como é óbvio, um forte componente do romantismo vigente. Nesse sentido, opunha-se a Violet-le-Duc que defendia como proposta teórica o restauro estilístico. Camillo Boito é quem, na verdade, dá a partida para a teorização que, evoluindo, é a que se aceita até hoje: formula critérios e diretrizes para se pensar o processo de restauro. Suas ideias são desenvolvidas por G.Giovanoni, preparando caminho para as cartas de Atenas e, finalmente, a de Veneza, ainda a \"cartilha\" dos restauradores. Ideias essas que têm sua formulação teórica mais precisa e desenvolvida em Cesare Brandi, em sua \"Teoria da Restauração\". A acelerada evolução tecnológica do século XX - bem como o ingresso, no rol dos bens patrimoniais, das obras do Modernismo - tornou necessário estender a aplicação dos conceitos teóricos às novas tecnologias: - que princípios devem nortear as intervenções restaurativas na Arquitetura Moderna, quando esta estiver focada como patrimônio cultural? - quais as posturas teóricas, quais as reflexões que devem estruturar os pensamentos, antes dos procedimentos técnicos, por parte do arquiteto, diante dos novos problemas propostos pela expansão do universo de bens patrimoniais, englobando a arquitetura modernista? Neste trabalho, procuramos contribuir para essas reflexões e teorizações, conduzindo a um método que entendemos necessário antes da abordagem da obra de restauro. Embora convindo que as obras - como as de qualquer período ou tecnologia - tenham uma individualidade prioritária, há sempre uma base comum que deve ser considerada e a partir da qual evoluem os procedimentos do arquiteto. É para a formação/formatação dessa base comum que pretendemos contribuir com nossa experiência em duas obras importantes do acervo patrimonial do modernismo brasileiro. / You can trace back the theory of architecture restoration to Winckelmann: his \"Art History\", published in Dresden in 1764, presents a level of detail in the descriptions and even about the Greek and Roman construction processes, transcending the explicit concern with Art History. His thinking is that the remainings are the documents necessary to tell the evolution of architecture - in between the lines, stays the need for its preservation. However, Ruskin is accepted as the starter of the reflection and theorization. He practiced during his days a preservation without insurance criteria that in his understanding compromised the documentary and historical value of monuments: the ruins were preferable to those works, bringing an obvious and strong component of the current romanticism. In this sense, his thoughts were opposed to Violet-le-Duc who advocated for the theoretical proposal of the the stylistic restoration. Camillo Boito is who actually started the theory that, evolving, is the one accepted today: it formulates criteria and guidelines to think about the restoration process. His ideas are developed by G.Giovanoni, preparing the way for the letters of Athens and finally to Venice, even the restores \"spelling book\". These ideas that have their theoretical formulation more precise and developed in Cesare Brandi, in his \"Theory of Restoration.\" The rapid technological developments of the 20th century - as well as the entry of the Modernism works in the list of assets - made it necessary to extend the application of theoretical concepts to new technologies: - Which principles should guide the restorative interventions in Modern Architecture, when it is focused as cultural heritage? - What are the theoretical positions, which reflections must structure the thoughts before the technical procedures by the architect before the new problems posed by the expansion of the assets universe, encompassing the modernist architecture? In this paper, we try to contribute to these reflections and theories, leading to a method we have deemed necessary before the restoration work approach. While befitting that the works from any period or technology have a priority individuality, there is always a common basis that should be considered and from which the architect procedures evolve. It is for training / formatting of that common ground we want to contribute our experience in two important works of the net assets of Brazilian modernism.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Thesis (M.Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: p. 259-263. / Architectural preservation in America has led to an increase in imitative architecture in many sectors of the profession and, as one architectural historian has pointed out, there is no historical precedent for imitative architecture. Fortunately, buildings can only rarely be preserved in a static form: they grow, evolve, and change in response to many circumstances. Too often the form of an addition or extension is determined by aligning cornice lines, using the same building materials, the same window and doors, and a similar roof structure. Essential formal issues are often not addressed. Four case studies are made, each being either an addition, an extension, or a transformation. Differing sizes and scales are explored. Accesses and circulation options are studied, as well as room sizes design decisions. Mostly drawings comprise the work, and they are additive form studies. / by Robert Peabody Brown, Jr. / M.Arch.

Espécies típicas de sub-bosque são pouco estudadas quanto à sua aplicação na restauração e enriquecimento de florestas degradadas. São em geral arvoretas ou arbustos finais de sucessão, tolerantes ao sombreamento, capazes de germinar, se estabelecer e completar seu ciclo de vida neste ambiente, representando importante fonte de recursos como alimento e abrigo para polinizadores e dispersores. Porém, não são amplamente utilizadas nos plantios de restauração por não serem espécies de dossel, e em paisagens altamente fragmentadas há poucas chances de chegarem naturalmente em áreas em processo de restauração. Visando contribuir para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de plantio e enriquecimento em áreas degradadas ou em processo de restauração que favoreçam a recuperação do subbosque, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a sobrevivência e o crescimento de mudas de 10 espécies típicas de sub-bosque plantadas em quatro diferentes condições: plantio inicial de restauração, áreas em processo de restauração com 5 e 10 anos de idade e um fragmento remanescente degradado. Todas as áreas de estudo localizam-se na região de Batatais, SP e estão inseridas no Bioma Mata Atlântica, mais especificamente na fisionomia de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. As mudas foram plantadas em janeiro de 2012 e observadas durante 15 meses quanto ao crescimento e sobrevivência. As áreas de estudo foram caracterizadas quanto aos atributos químicos, físicos e granulométricos do solo, cobertura e florística do dossel. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) mostrou que entre estas variáveis a que teve maior relação com o crescimento relativo das mudas foi a cobertura do dossel. A área que teve maior eficiência na introdução das espécies típicas de sub-bosque, considerando crescimento e sobrevivência, foi o plantio inicial de restauração, onde 3 espécies foram muito eficientes e 6 foram eficientes. No plantio com 5 anos 1 espécie foi muito eficiente e 4 foram eficientes, porém, cresceram bem menos que no plantio inicial. Os resultados apontaram ainda que apenas 3 espécies foram eficientes na área em processo de restauração de 10 anos e nenhuma no fragmento remanescente degradado, mostrando a dificuldade de se realizar o enriquecimento de áreas com alto nível de sombreamento, e de se reverter o processo de degradação nessas áreas, reforçando a importância da utilização de alta diversidade de espécies e grupos funcionais nos plantios de restauração e da conservação das áreas florestais remanescentes. / Species typical from understory layers are poorly studied regarding their use in restoration and enrichment of degraded forests. They are generally treelets or shrubs of final successional phase, shade tolerant, able to germinate, establish and complete their life cycle in this environment. They are an important source of resources as food and shelter to pollinators and dispersers. Despite their ecological importance, these plants have not been widely used in restoration plantings because they are not canopy species. In fragmented landscapes, these species have little chance of being recruited naturally into areas undergoing restoration. In order to contribute to the development of techniques of planting and enrichment in degraded areas or areas being restored and promote the recuperation of understory layers, this study evaluated the survival and growth of seedlings of 10 understory species planted under four different conditions: initial planting; 5-year-old restoration area; 10- year-old restoration area; and degraded forest fragment. All sites are located in the region of Batatais, SP, Brazil, inside the Atlantic Forest biome, specifically in the Seasonal Semidecidual Forest type. Seedlings were planted in January 2012 and measured during 15 months for their survival and growth. Study sites were characterized regarding soil chemical and physical attributes and granulometry, and canopy composition and coverage. Principal components analysis (PCA) showed that relative growth of seedlings was more strongly related to canopy coverage. Considering survivorship and growth, introduction of understory species was more successful at the initial planting site, where three species were very successful and six were successful. In the 5-year-old restoration area, one species was very successful and four were considered successful, however, they grew considerably less than at the initial planting site. Results point out that only three species were successful at the 10-year-old restoration area and none at the forest fragment, which shows the difficulty of enriching areas with high levels of shading, and thus, the difficulty of reversing degradation of forest remnants. This reinforces the importance of using high diversity of species and functional groups in restoration plantings and also of conserving remnant forests.

The resin composite (RC) layering technique attempts to replicate the natural structure of teeth by using an opaque dark layer (replicating dentin) covered with a translucent layer (replicating enamel). Previous studies have confirmed that the shade of dentin and the thickness and translucency of the enamel layer are essential factors in the color of natural teeth. However, these findings have never been validated with the RC layering technique. RC layering technique provides superior esthetic results; however, the chemical composition and optical properties of RC are different than natural dentition. Hence, the color interaction between the enamel and dentin RC layers makes the color of the final restoration unpredictable. The objective of this dissertation was to determine the color interaction between the enamel and dentin layers using a unique and novel sample design: a double-layered RC with variant enamel thicknesses (0.5, 0.7, 1.0 mm) and variant dentin shades (lighter and darker shades). The study methods tested the interaction between certain shades as per manufacturers’ instructions to reproduce certain shades. Two different RC systems that are fundamentally different with regards to their shading system were tested in this study. A potential link between the color of the double layered RC samples to the VITA 3D master shade guide which has been overlooked by clinicians and researchers, have been investigated in this study. Research aims included validating the sample design we have incorporated into our studies. Furthermore, other aims investigated the double-layering techniques in comparison to their corresponding shades from the VITA classical and VITA 3D Master shade guides. The outcomes of this study are clinical recommendations on the optimal combination of dentin shades and enamel layer thicknesses to use in order to best match the color of natural teeth.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisor: Patrick M. Gaffney, School of Marine and Earth Studies. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2005. / "December, 2005." Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-112). Online version available on the World Wide Web.