Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:52:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese glenio g santos part 1.pdf: 422298 bytes, checksum: f55f5a007ac66f4eca51eb0700509f2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-26 / When the agricultural usage becomes more intensive, the soil-water physical attributes can undergo significant modifications which are generally adverse to plant growth. The changes can be rather easily detected when the cultivated systems are compared with the same soil still under natural Cerrado vegetation. The use of the system of crop-livestock integration can lead to marked changes in the physical, chemical, and biological soil attributes that can affect the development and hence the productivity of the crops that come after the pasture. This study aimed at analyzing quantitatively by means of attributes of soil-water relations, the main changes in soil quality, resulting from long-term soil usage under integrated crop-livestock, conducted in Cerrado area. The study was carried out by sampling soil trenches dug in the Capivara Farm of Embrapa Rice and Beans, as well as, in a private farm, located nearby Embrapa property. The trenches were sampled in the following depths: 2.5-7.5 cm, 12.5-17.5 cm, 22.5-27.5 cm, 42.5-47.5 cm, 72.5-77.5 cm and 142.5-147.5 cm. The evaluations were carried in six production systems, with an average of 13.5 ha in each area, being characterized by its current usage as: P1 system (Brachiaria brizantha grazing managed for four years); P2 system (Brachiaria brizantha grazing managed for two years); P3 system (Brachiaria brizantha grazing managed for three years); C1 system (soybean under no-tillage); C2 system (rice under conventional tillage) and C3 system (maize + Brachiaria brizantha under no-tillage). It was also used a seventh area, kept under continuous grazing with Brachiaria decumbens managed for 19 years, identified as CP, and an eighth area of the native cerrado vegetation, identified as CE. Generally, the soil-water physical attributes, and among them, the soilwater retention curves and the respective S-index values are altered when managed with agricultural implements and animal grazing in comparison to native cerrado area, considered in this study as a reference area. The use of S-index to evaluate the soil physical quality from the point of view of its structure quality by means of the soil-water retention curve can be a viable option, since it does not have some of the restrictions found by using other soil quality indicators. However, its use requires a greater number of regionalized investigations for different tillage systems and crops, soil types, climate, soil biological activity, among others, in order to relate the critical values with average productivity, so it can used safely to appraise the "effective" soil physical quality / Na medida em que se intensifica o uso agrícola, os atributos físico-hídricos do solo sofrem alterações, geralmente adversas ao crescimento vegetal e essas modificações ficam mais nítidas, quando os sistemas de uso do solo são comparados com o estado do solo ainda sob vegetação natural de cerrado. A utilização do sistema de integração lavourapecuária pode acarretar mudanças acentuadas nos atributos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo e que podem afetar o desenvolvimento e, consequentemente, a produção das culturas que venham em sequência ao pastejo. Este estudo teve como objetivo geral analisar, quantitativamente, por meio de atributos físico-hídricos, as principais alterações na qualidade do solo, decorrentes da utilização de longo prazo em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária, conduzidos em ambiente de Cerrado. O estudo foi realizado a partir da abertura de trincheiras na Fazenda Capivara, Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, e em área particular, ao lado da propriedade da Embrapa, onde amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades: 2,5-7,5 cm, 12,5-17,5 cm, 22,5-27,5 cm, 42,5 47,5 cm, 72,5-77,5 cm e 142,5-147,5 cm. As avaliações foram realizadas em seis sistemas, com área média de 13,5 ha cada, sendo caracterizadas pelo seu uso atual como: sistema P1 (pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha com quatro anos de uso); sistema P2 (pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha com dois anos de uso); sistema P3 (pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha com três anos de uso); sistema C1 (Soja sob plantio direto); sistema C2 (arroz sob plantio convencional) e; sistema C3 (milho + Brachiaria brizantha sob plantio direto). Foi também usada uma sétima área de cinco ha, mantida sob pastagem contínua de Brachiaria decumbens, por 19 anos após implantação designada por CP e uma oitava área de cerrado nativo chamada de CE. De uma forma geral, os atributos físico-hídricos e dentre eles as curvas de retenção de água do solo e os respectivos valores do índice-S são alterados, quando submetidos ao manejo com implementos agrícolas e ao pastoreio animal, se comparados à área de cerrado nativo, considerada área de referência neste estudo. O uso do índice-S para avaliar a qualidade física do solo, do ponto de vista da sua estrutura de qualidade por meio da curva de retenção de água pode ser uma opção viável, uma vez que não têm algumas das limitações encontradas no uso de outros indicadores de qualidade do solo. Contudo, sua aplicação demanda um número maior de investigações regionalizadas para diferentes sistemas de manejo e plantas cultivadas, tipos de solo, clima, atividade biológica do solo, dentre outros, relacionando seus valores críticos a índices médios de produtividade agrícola, para que se possa utilizá-lo com segurança na determinação da qualidade física efetiva do solo

A função condutividade hidráulica é um dos parâmetros essenciais para o estudo do fluxo em solos não saturados, permitindo abordar, dentre outros, o avanço da frente de umedecimento e questões como a irrigação e drenagem de solos. Para determinar a condutividade hidráulica não saturada de um solo típico da região Centro-Oeste do Estado de São Paulo, utilizou-se o infiltrômetro de disco. Este equipamento permite conduzir a infiltração de água, estando esta sujeita a um potencial negativo. Com os dados de infiltração acumulada e tempo acumulado obtidos em cada ensaio, foi possível determinar os valores da condutividade hidráulica não saturada e sortividade. Os cálculos foram feitos por diferentes métodos para cada ensaio realizado com o infiltrômetro de disco e comparadas com resultados de ensaios utilizando o permeâmetro Guelph. Observou-se que as condutividades hidráulica não saturadas obtidas com o infiltrômetro de disco tenderam a valores próximos das fornecidas indiretamente por meio do permeâmetro Guelph, com dispersão de aproximadamente uma ordem de grandeza para cada sucção. Também se observou que a condutividade hidráulica não saturada tende a diminuir conforme aumenta a sucção imposta ao solo, mesmo considerando a estreita faixa de sucções usadas nos ensaios. Notou-se ainda pequena variação nas condutividades hidráulicas saturadas calculadas por meio do infiltrômetro de disco, por meio de medidas diretas utilizando o permeâmetro Guelph e ensaios de permeabilidade realizados em laboratório. / The hydraulic conductivity function is essential to the study of water flow in unsaturated soils. From function there can be derived the advancement of the humidification (saturation) front, among other parameters, which is essential to projects of irrigation and drainage of soils. A disk infiltrometer was used to determine the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of a sample of typical soil from central São Paulo, Brazil. The disk infiltrometer apparatus conducts the infiltration water, which is held at negative potential. Data for cumulative infiltration and elapsed time for each test was used to determine values of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity. Different methodology was applied in the calculations. Data for each experiment carried out utilizing the disk infiltrometer was compared to data obtained utilizing the permeameter of Guelph. It was observed that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity obtained through the disk infiltrometer yielded values near those obtained indirectly by the permeameter of Guelph, which showed dispersion approximately within one order of magnitude for each suctioning performed. Furthermore, it was observed that the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity tends to diminish in magnitude in an inverse relation to the suction pressure subjected by the soil, even after considering the narrow band of suction pressures carried out in the tests. It was further observed a small variation in the saturated hydraulic conductivities computed from data obtained directly from the infiltrometer disk, the permeameter of Guelph, and other permeability tests done in laboratory.

Hydraulic characteristics are the most important properties of soil, i.e. retention curve of soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic conductivity of soil characterizes the ability of the soil to conduct water. Retention curve expresses the relationship between moisture and moisture potential of soil. The running of retention curve is influenced by many factors, eg. grain size and mineralogical composition, content of humus, reduce bulk density and structure of soil. Measurement of retention curves takes a lot of time and money in laboratory conditions therefore pedotransfer functions seem to be an alternative solution. The thesis aims to estimate moisture retention curves of soil in a selected area of interest in South Moravia using program Rosetta (Schaap, 2003). Data of granularity (% content of clay, sand and dust), bulk density of soil and hydrolimits field water capacity and wilting point were used as predictors in individual models of program Rosetta. Data of grain were matched by FAO / USDA system. Retention curves of soil moisture were measured on a sand tank and overpressure devices. The measured retention curves were parameterized by RETC program. Estimated retention curves were graphically compared with measured to determine the quality of the estimate. The accuracy of the estimate was assessed by correlation coefficient R of determination coefficient R2 and standard error SMRE. Usability own derivatives pedotransfer functions is hard to say due to the size of the input data file. I would recommend further verification of data at the other localities in south Moravia.

Die Berücksichtigung der flächenhaften bodenhydraulischen Variabilität gilt bei der Modellierung von Wasser- und Stofftransportprozessen als problematisch. Dies liegt vorrangig an ihrer Erfassung, die kosten- und zeitintensiv ist. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht verschiedene Messstrategien, die zur Abbildung der flächenhaften Bodenhydraulik mit wenigen, einfach zu bestimmenden und physikalisch begründeten Bodenparametern führen. Die Vorgehensweise erfolgt mit der Anwendung eines Ähnlichkeitskonzeptes, das die Böden in bodenhydraulisch ähnliche Klassen unterteilt. Innerhalb einer Klasse kann die Variabilität der Retentions- und hydraulischen Leitfähigkeitcharakteristik auf einen freien Parameter (Skalierungsparameter) reduziert werden. Die Analyse der Zusammenhänge zwischen Boden- und Skalierungsparametern führt letztendlich zu den geeigneten Parametern die eine flächenhafte Abbildung möglich machen. Diese Untersuchungen bilden die Grundlage für die weitere Entwicklung eines stochastischen Modellansatzes, der die Variabilität der Bodenhydraulik bei der Modellierung des Bodenwassertransportes im Feldmaßstab berücksichtigen kann. An Hand von drei Datensätzen unterschiedlicher Skalenausbreitung konnte dieses Konzept angewendet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Beschreibung der hydraulischen Variabilität nur für die vertikale (Profil) nicht aber für die flächenhafte Ausbreitung mit einfachen Bodenparametern möglich ist. Mit einer ersten Modellanwendung konnte gezeigt werden, dass über die Variabilität der Bodenparameter Trockenrohdichte und Tongehalt auch die Variabilität der Bodenhydraulik und damit die Berechnung des Bodenfeuchteverlaufs am Standort darstellbar ist. / The consideration of the spatial variability of the unsaturated soil hydraulic characteristics still remains an unsolved problem in the modelling of the water and matter transport in the vadose zone. This can be mainly explained by the rather cumbersome measurement of this variability, which is both, time-consuming and cost-intensive. The presented thesis analyses various measurement strategies which aim at the description of the soil-hydraulic heterogeneity by a small number of proxy-parameters, which should be easily measurable and still have a soil-physical meaning. The developed approach uses a similarity concept, which groups soils into similar soil hydraulic classes. Within a class, the variability of the retention and hydraulic conductivity curves can be explained by a single parameter (scaling parameter). The analysis of the correlation between the soil parameters and the scaling parameters can eventually indicate which soil parameters can be used for describing the soil hydraulic variability in a given area. This investigation forms the basis for the further development of a stochastic model, which can integrate the soil-hydraulic variability in the modelling of the soil water transport. Three data sets, all covering different scales, were subsequently used in the application of the developed concept. The results show that depth development of the soil-hydraulic variability in a soil profile can be explained by a single soil parameter. Contrarily, the explanation of the horizontal variability of the soil-hydraulic properties was not possible with the given data sets. First model applications for a soil profile showed that including the variability of the soil parameters bulk density and clay fraction in the water transport simulations could describe the variability of the soil-hydraulic variability and thus, the dynamics of the soil water content at the investigated profile.

One of the most important steps in the numerical simulation of a hydrogeological system is the precise definition of initial and boundary conditions. The better these are characterized, the more efficient the calculation and the more accurate are the simulation result. In case of simulating processes in the unsaturated soil zone, the water retention curve, the relationship between volumetric water content and matric potential, is of great importance. However, the retention parameters determined locally by different standard methods often do not represent the whole soil system under consideration due to heterogeneities in the soil body caused by variability or different compaction of the soil. Resulting over- or underestimation of the parameters is leading to a worse performance of simulations of the water balance including to a higher calibration effort. Therefore, it is more favorable to identify these soil parameters by a method representing the whole soil system to avoid uncertainties. For this reason, a dike experiment was performed to investigate how soil parameters determined locally and globally can represent the properties of the whole soil system. When comparing the simulation results of the numerical models, a better agreement of measured and simulated water contents as well as a lower effort for calibration is observed by using the soil parameters determined globally.

Vertisols cover a hydrologically very significant area of semi-arid regions, and thus understanding of water flow and solute accumulation is very relevant to agricultural activity and water resources management. Previous works suggest a conceptual model of desiccation-crack-induced salinization where salinization of sediment in deep section of the vadose zone (up to 4 m) is induced by subsurface evaporation due to convective air flow in desiccation cracks. This thesis presents a conceptual model of water flow and solute transport in vertisols, and its numerical implementation. The model uses a single-porosity material but unconventionally prescribes a boundary condition representing a deep crack in soil and uses the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity as one of the fitting parameters. The numerical model is bound to one location close to a dairy farm waste pond, but the application of the suggested conceptual model could be possibly extended to all semi-arid regions with vertisols. Simulations were conducted using several modelling approaches with an ultimate goal of fitting the simulation results to the controlling variables measured in the field: water content, and chloride salinity of pore water. The development of the model was engineered in numerous steps; all computed as forward solutions by...

O solo é um importante recurso natural e a sua conservação é essencial para uma produção sustentável. A qualidade de um solo, por sua vez, pode ser definida como a capacidade deste em exercer sua função em um ecossistema e pode ser descrita por meio de parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos. Os atributos físicos do solo descrevem a organização de sua estrutura, de modo que esta é responsável pela movimentação e disponibilidade da solução do solo para as plantas e depende da dimensão, forma e arranjo de suas partículas sólidas e de seus poros. Portanto, a discussão dos mecanismos de movimento e retenção da água no solo é relevante na inferência da sua qualidade física. A curva de retenção da água no solo é o gráfico da umidade do solo em função do potencial mátrico da água no solo, a qual é uma ferramenta importante na avaliação da qualidade física do solo. No Brasil, os Latossolos são de grande importância, devido a sua extensão e potencial produtivo. Estes solos são muito intemperizados, com elevada estabilidade de agregados e podem ser originados a partir de materiais distintos, o que interfere na resposta física. Portanto, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade físico-hídrica do solo por meio da análise da curva de retenção da água em três Latossolos, verificando entre dois modelos empíricos de ajuste (BROOKS; COREY, 1964; VAN GENUCHTEN, 1980). Também foram avaliadas a frequência de distribuição do tamanho de poros e a utilização do índice S como indicador da qualidade física do solo. Foram coletadas amostras indeformadas de três áreas para confecção das curvas de retenção de água no solo: (1) Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico típico (pousio); (2) Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico álico (cana-de-açúcar); (3) Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico (cana-de-açúcar). Os resultados mostraram que a curva de retenção de água foi influenciada pela densidade do solo, porosidade, textura e conteúdo de carbono orgânico; o ajuste da curva de retenção de água no solo pelos dois modelos utilizados foi semelhante, porém o modelo de van Genuchten (1980) apresentou-se ligeiramente melhor que o modelo de Brooks e Corey (1964), principalmente nos pontos próximos à saturação; a frequência de distribuição de poros e o índice S foram sensíveis em diferenciar a qualidade estrutural de solos devido à textura e ao manejo. / Soil is an important natural resource and its conservation is essential for sustainable production. The quality of a soil can be defined as its ability to exert its function in an ecosystem and can be described by means of physical, chemical and biological parameters. The soil physical attributes describe the organization of its structure, that is responsible for the moviment and availability of soil solution for plants and it depends on the size, shape and arrangement of its solid particles and pores. Therefore, the discussion of the mechanisms of soil water movement and retention is important in inferring its physical quality. The soil water retention curve is an important tool to evaluate soil quality, is the graph of soil water content as a function of soil water matric potential. In Brazil, the Oxisols are of great importance due to their extent and productive potential. These soils are highly weathered, with high aggregate stability and can originate from different materials, which interfer on the physical response. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the physical-hydric quality of the soil by means of the soil water retention curve of three Oxisols, by using two empirical adjustment models (BROOKS; COREY, 1964; VAN GENUCHTEN, 1980). Pore-size distribution frequency and the use of the S index as an indicator of physical soil quality were also evaluated. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from three areas to obtain the soil water retention curves: (1) Typic Hapludox (fallow land), (2) Rhodic Hapludox (sugarcane), (3) Rhodic Hapludox (sugarcane). The results showed that the soil water retention curve was influenced by the soil bulk density, soil porosity, soil texture and soil organic carbon content. The fitness of the soil water retention curve by the two models was similar, however the van Genuchten\'s model (1980) was slightly better than the model of Brooks and Corey (1964), especially in the points near saturation; the pore-size distribution frequency and the S index were sensitive in differentiating the structural quality of soil due to the texture and management.

O solo é um importante recurso natural e a sua conservação é essencial para uma produção sustentável. A qualidade de um solo, por sua vez, pode ser definida como a capacidade deste em exercer sua função em um ecossistema e pode ser descrita por meio de parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos. Os atributos físicos do solo descrevem a organização de sua estrutura, de modo que esta é responsável pela movimentação e disponibilidade da solução do solo para as plantas e depende da dimensão, forma e arranjo de suas partículas sólidas e de seus poros. Portanto, a discussão dos mecanismos de movimento e retenção da água no solo é relevante na inferência da sua qualidade física. A curva de retenção da água no solo é o gráfico da umidade do solo em função do potencial mátrico da água no solo, a qual é uma ferramenta importante na avaliação da qualidade física do solo. No Brasil, os Latossolos são de grande importância, devido a sua extensão e potencial produtivo. Estes solos são muito intemperizados, com elevada estabilidade de agregados e podem ser originados a partir de materiais distintos, o que interfere na resposta física. Portanto, o objetivo geral deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade físico-hídrica do solo por meio da análise da curva de retenção da água em três Latossolos, verificando entre dois modelos empíricos de ajuste (BROOKS; COREY, 1964; VAN GENUCHTEN, 1980). Também foram avaliadas a frequência de distribuição do tamanho de poros e a utilização do índice S como indicador da qualidade física do solo. Foram coletadas amostras indeformadas de três áreas para confecção das curvas de retenção de água no solo: (1) Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo Distrófico típico (pousio); (2) Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico álico (cana-de-açúcar); (3) Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico típico (cana-de-açúcar). Os resultados mostraram que a curva de retenção de água foi influenciada pela densidade do solo, porosidade, textura e conteúdo de carbono orgânico; o ajuste da curva de retenção de água no solo pelos dois modelos utilizados foi semelhante, porém o modelo de van Genuchten (1980) apresentou-se ligeiramente melhor que o modelo de Brooks e Corey (1964), principalmente nos pontos próximos à saturação; a frequência de distribuição de poros e o índice S foram sensíveis em diferenciar a qualidade estrutural de solos devido à textura e ao manejo. / Soil is an important natural resource and its conservation is essential for sustainable production. The quality of a soil can be defined as its ability to exert its function in an ecosystem and can be described by means of physical, chemical and biological parameters. The soil physical attributes describe the organization of its structure, that is responsible for the moviment and availability of soil solution for plants and it depends on the size, shape and arrangement of its solid particles and pores. Therefore, the discussion of the mechanisms of soil water movement and retention is important in inferring its physical quality. The soil water retention curve is an important tool to evaluate soil quality, is the graph of soil water content as a function of soil water matric potential. In Brazil, the Oxisols are of great importance due to their extent and productive potential. These soils are highly weathered, with high aggregate stability and can originate from different materials, which interfer on the physical response. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the physical-hydric quality of the soil by means of the soil water retention curve of three Oxisols, by using two empirical adjustment models (BROOKS; COREY, 1964; VAN GENUCHTEN, 1980). Pore-size distribution frequency and the use of the S index as an indicator of physical soil quality were also evaluated. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from three areas to obtain the soil water retention curves: (1) Typic Hapludox (fallow land), (2) Rhodic Hapludox (sugarcane), (3) Rhodic Hapludox (sugarcane). The results showed that the soil water retention curve was influenced by the soil bulk density, soil porosity, soil texture and soil organic carbon content. The fitness of the soil water retention curve by the two models was similar, however the van Genuchten\'s model (1980) was slightly better than the model of Brooks and Corey (1964), especially in the points near saturation; the pore-size distribution frequency and the S index were sensitive in differentiating the structural quality of soil due to the texture and management.

Gelfill (GF) is made of tailings, water, binder and chemical additives (Fillset, sodium silicate gel). The components of GF are combined and mixed on the surface and transported (by gravity and/or pumping) to the underground mine workings, where the GF can be used for both underground mine support and tailings storage. Thermal (T), hydraulic (H), and mechanical (M) properties are important performance criteria of GF. The understanding of these engineering properties and their evolution with time are still limited due to the fact that GF is a new cemented backfill material. In this thesis, the evolution of the thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and microstructural properties of small GF samples are determined. Various binder contents of Portland cement type I (PCI) are used. The GF is cured for 3, 7, 28, 90, and 120 days. It is found that the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical properties are time-dependent or affected by the degree of binder hydration index. Furthermore, a relationship is found between the compressive strength and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the GF samples. The unsaturated hydraulic properties of GF samples have also been investigated. The outcomes show that unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is influenced by the degree of binder hydration index and binder content, especially at low suction ranges. Simple functions are proposed to predict the evolution of air-entry values (AEVs), residual water content, and fitting parameters from the van Genuchten model with the degree of hydration index (α). Furthermore, two columns are built to simulate the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behaviour of GF under drained and undrained conditions. The obtained results from the GF columns are compared with the small samples. It is observed that the mechanical properties, hydraulic properties (suction and water content), and temperature development are strongly coupled. The magnitude of these THM coupling factors is affected by the size of the GF. The findings also show that the mechanical, hydraulic and thermal properties of the GF columns are different from samples cured in plastic moulds.

Gelfill (GF) is made of tailings, water, binder and chemical additives (Fillset, sodium silicate gel). The components of GF are combined and mixed on the surface and transported (by gravity and/or pumping) to the underground mine workings, where the GF can be used for both underground mine support and tailings storage. Thermal (T), hydraulic (H), and mechanical (M) properties are important performance criteria of GF. The understanding of these engineering properties and their evolution with time are still limited due to the fact that GF is a new cemented backfill material. In this thesis, the evolution of the thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and microstructural properties of small GF samples are determined. Various binder contents of Portland cement type I (PCI) are used. The GF is cured for 3, 7, 28, 90, and 120 days. It is found that the thermal, hydraulic and mechanical properties are time-dependent or affected by the degree of binder hydration index. Furthermore, a relationship is found between the compressive strength and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the GF samples. The unsaturated hydraulic properties of GF samples have also been investigated. The outcomes show that unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is influenced by the degree of binder hydration index and binder content, especially at low suction ranges. Simple functions are proposed to predict the evolution of air-entry values (AEVs), residual water content, and fitting parameters from the van Genuchten model with the degree of hydration index (α). Furthermore, two columns are built to simulate the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) behaviour of GF under drained and undrained conditions. The obtained results from the GF columns are compared with the small samples. It is observed that the mechanical properties, hydraulic properties (suction and water content), and temperature development are strongly coupled. The magnitude of these THM coupling factors is affected by the size of the GF. The findings also show that the mechanical, hydraulic and thermal properties of the GF columns are different from samples cured in plastic moulds.