Den här uppsatsen behandlar huruvida det går att mäta marknadsföringsaktivitet i sociala medier eller inte. Idag används Return of Investment (ROI) mätningar för att mäta vilken avkastning en marknadsföringssatsning ger. Syftet med uppsatsen är således att klargöra för de begrepp och mätmetoder som används, samt deras tillförlitlighet. För att besvara de framtagna frågeställningarna har omfattande datainsamling gjorts i form av skriven litteratur och intervjuer. Det har även gjorts egna observationer genom mätningen av en marknadsförd kampanj i de sociala medieverktygen Facebook och Twitter. De slutsatser som tagits fram grundar sig på en diskussion och analys av arbetets teoretiska och empiriska avsnitt. ROI mätningar är i behov av en omdefiniering för att anses vara användbara, där fokuseringen kring en ekonomisk avkastning bör avskaffas och istället ersättas av en annan form av valuta. Samtidigt är begrepp och tillvägagångssätt för mätningen av marknadsföringsaktivitet i sociala medier så pass modernt, att ytterligare forskning i ämnet är att föredra för att på sikt utveckla dagens mätmetoder för detta ändamål. / This research report discusses whether it's achievable to measure the activity in social media marketing. Today the measurement endure so called Return of Investment (ROI) metrics and which profit there is to gain from different investments and marketing ventures made. The main reason with this report is to explain the concept of measurement methods and various procedures. To achieve an answer for the questions made, an extensive collection of data from books and scientific articles was necessary. The gained data also come from implement interviews and measurement observations of a market campaign on Facebook and Twitter. The conclusion are then based on a discussion of the theoretical and empirical parts of this report. The ROI metrics need a different meaning to be useful for this kind of measurement and leave to hold off the focus of an economic profit. To measure the activity in social media marketing is still a relatively modern concept and with new measurement tools developing in the near future a further research is to recommend.

The paper brings answers on the the question whether it is possible to measure the field of recruitment. Via quantifying the administrative process of recrutment, the paper reflects the savings of time and costs by using e-recruitment application (applicant tracking system ATS) and it searchs for the relationship between quality of hire and increase of company value and its profit.

South Africa is ranked 146th out of a total of 148 countries by the World Economic Forum for its education system and last in science and mathematics, and yet the government spends up to a fifth of its budget on education. Only 40% of pupils who start schooling in grade 1 will pass matric (grade 12), with just 12% maintaining high enough marks to qualify for university entrance. Any research to boost learning in South Africa, at any level, should be welcomed. The primary goal of higher education institutions is to provide education to post-school students, but the institutions need to be financially viable. Most higher education institutions in South Africa rely heavily on financial support from the government in the form of subsidies (up to 40% of total income in some cases) for funding to remain financially viable. Therefore, government subsidies represent a significant investment into higher education and student retention needs more research in South Africa. Many of the universities in South Africa, especially those that are financially sound, do not take much notice of student dropouts and those that do pay attention, do so firstly at the postgraduate level. The return on investment for master’s and doctoral students is much higher than that for undergraduate students. Understanding the basic elements of the funding framework for South African universities is vital in the understanding of financial losses from student dropouts. The underlying factors that determine the base of funding for higher education have remained the same since the introduction of the Holloway formula in 1953 to the current New Funding Formula (NFF), implemented in 2004. Large amounts of funds are still invested in higher education and there is a national shortage of high quality students in scarce skills, in particular students with a postgraduate qualification. Dropouts result in fewer graduates and large amounts of funding and human capital are wasted on educating students who will never complete their studies. Postgraduate studies have a potential greater loss and a prediction of the expected and unexpected loss for these students may encourage institutions to examine student retention more closely. The latter is an area for concern and needs to be assessed and addressed as soon as possible. / MCom (Risk Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

South Africa is ranked 146th out of a total of 148 countries by the World Economic Forum for its education system and last in science and mathematics, and yet the government spends up to a fifth of its budget on education. Only 40% of pupils who start schooling in grade 1 will pass matric (grade 12), with just 12% maintaining high enough marks to qualify for university entrance. Any research to boost learning in South Africa, at any level, should be welcomed. The primary goal of higher education institutions is to provide education to post-school students, but the institutions need to be financially viable. Most higher education institutions in South Africa rely heavily on financial support from the government in the form of subsidies (up to 40% of total income in some cases) for funding to remain financially viable. Therefore, government subsidies represent a significant investment into higher education and student retention needs more research in South Africa. Many of the universities in South Africa, especially those that are financially sound, do not take much notice of student dropouts and those that do pay attention, do so firstly at the postgraduate level. The return on investment for master’s and doctoral students is much higher than that for undergraduate students. Understanding the basic elements of the funding framework for South African universities is vital in the understanding of financial losses from student dropouts. The underlying factors that determine the base of funding for higher education have remained the same since the introduction of the Holloway formula in 1953 to the current New Funding Formula (NFF), implemented in 2004. Large amounts of funds are still invested in higher education and there is a national shortage of high quality students in scarce skills, in particular students with a postgraduate qualification. Dropouts result in fewer graduates and large amounts of funding and human capital are wasted on educating students who will never complete their studies. Postgraduate studies have a potential greater loss and a prediction of the expected and unexpected loss for these students may encourage institutions to examine student retention more closely. The latter is an area for concern and needs to be assessed and addressed as soon as possible. / MCom (Risk Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-07-10T12:38:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Kelly Campos Bilefel_.pdf: 1866494 bytes, checksum: e859b3ecc61d550d7cb5760fb87780ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T12:38:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kelly Campos Bilefel_.pdf: 1866494 bytes, checksum: e859b3ecc61d550d7cb5760fb87780ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-04 / Nenhuma / As mídias sociais têm desempenhado papel importante nas estratégias de marketing, sendo que medir o retorno do investimento em mídias sociais tem sido um desafio para os gestores de marketing. Neste sentido, este estudo objetiva compreender como os gestores de marketing analisam o retorno do investimento em mídias sociais. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória qualitativa, em que se entrevistou os gestores de marketing de seis empresas B2C e de seis agências de mídias sociais. Com o referencial teórico buscou-se contextualizar as estratégias, as métricas e as ferramentas de análise do retorno do investimento em mídas sociais. O estudo demonstrou que os gestores começam com um planejamento de marketing e, a partir daí, traçam seus objetivos e estratégias em mídias sociais para posteriormente realizarem a análise do investimento em mídias sociais, que, em sua maioria das vezes, inicia pelas métricas quantitativas. Depois, essas métricas passam por uma análise mais qualitativa, no caso das agências. No caso das empresas B2C, a análise considera mais critérios quantitativos, porém, tanto para as empresas como para as agências, ela está condicionada aos objetivos estratégicos da empresa. Alguns dos desafios citados pelas empresas B2C são a multicanalidade, acertar o conteúdo, acertar o canal, ter gestores capacitados, os multi e micro dispositivos e entender o novo Marketing, enquanto para os gestores das agências são acertar o canal; o “como investir”; qual o mix de investimento mais assertivo, a reorganização do orçamento; as tecnologias; as novas ferramentas que traduzam de forma mais clara o bigdata. Por fim, apresenta-se um esquema de análise como apoio aos gestores para análise do retorno do investimento em mídias sociais. / Social media has played an important role in marketing strategies, and measuring the return on social media investment has been a challenge for marketing managers. In this sense, this study seeks to understand how marketing managers analyze the investment’s return in social media. An exploitative qualitative research was made, in which marketing managers from six B2C companies and six social media agencies were interviewed. The theoretical framework seeks contextualization of the strategies, metrics and analytical tools of the return on investment in social media. The study demonstrates that the managers start with a marketing plan, from which they trace their objectives and strategies in social media so that they perform the analysis of the investment in said environment afterwards. It was inferred that the process of analysis begins by quantitative metrics and then goes through a more qualitative approach in the case of agencies, and that B2C companies utilize more quantitative criteria. Some of the challenges cited by B2C companies are multichannel content, channeling content, managing the channel, having capable managers, multi and micro devices and understanding the new Marketing, while agency managers are hitting the channel; The "how to invest"; The most assertive investment mix, the budget reorganization; Technologies; The new tools that translate the bigdata more clearly. In spite of this, the study of both the companies and the agencies is conditioned to the strategic objectives of the company. In conclusion, a analysis scheme as support for managers and analysis of the return on investment in social media was presented.

Design quality work has sought to identify the impact of building design on users during the last 25 years. However, it has rarely considered the role that social context plays in this relationship, an issue that dovetails with the emerging concept of "social value". To drive learning in design, the social value of buildings requires measurement and dissemination, yet existing post-occupancy methodologies have focused on technical building performance rather than user experience. A shift in evaluative focus is needed. The social value of buildings is conceptualised as the mutual interaction between physical building design, active building users and the dynamic social relations that exist within the community of building users. This research has investigated the effective measurement of the social value of buildings and its potential influence on learning in design and commissioning processes, through the critical application of a social impact methodology called Social Return on Investment (SROI). Three case buildings were selected from the nonclinical healthcare sector with differing levels of user-centred design to trial SROI and develop a framework for its application to the built environment. SROI is designed to quantify complex social outcomes, identified through qualitative stakeholder engagement, and generate a transferable metric in the form of a monetised return-on-investment ratio. A methodological account is given of the challenges faced when applying it to the case buildings and the modifications required as a result, representing a unique information source about applied social value research in buildings. However, the effectiveness of SROI at measuring the social value of buildings is questioned due to the process of simplification required to turn qualitative user narratives into monetised data. Its potential utility as a decision-making tool in the built environment is investigated through engagement with design and commissioning professionals. The findings suggest that SROI has limited utility in design-related decisions, but considerable potential as a high level investment tool to inform funding and commissioning decisions. Due to the accessibility of its methodology and transferability of its results, SROI is well-placed as a tool for end user clients, commissioners and investors, as much as design experts. SROI represents a development in lay (e)valuation practices in the built environment, with broader implications for user-centred learning in the context of the growing wellbeing agenda.

Reverse engineering - defined as extracting information about a product from the product itself - is a design tactic commonly used in industry from competitive benchmarking to product imitation. While reverse engineering is a legitimate practice - as long as the product was legally obtained - innovative products are often reverse engineered at the expense of the pioneering company. However, by designing products with built-in barriers to reverse engineering, competitors are no longer able to effectively extract critical information from the product of interest. Enabling the quantification of barriers to reverse engineering, this dissertation presents a set of metrics and parameters that can be used to calculate the barrier to reverse engineer any product as well as the time required to do so. To the original designer, these numerical representations of the barrier and time can be used to strategically identify and improve product characteristics so as to increase the difficulty and time to reverse engineer them. On the other hand, these quantitative measures enable competitors who reverse engineer original designs to focus their efforts on products that will result in the greatest return on investment. In addition to metrics that estimate the reverse engineering barrier and time, this dissertation also presents a methodology to strategically plan for, select, design, and implement reverse engineering barriers. The methodology presented herein considers barrier development cost, barrier effectiveness in various product components, impact on performance, and return on investment. This process includes sensitivity analysis, modeling of the return on investment, and exploration of multiobjective design spaces. The effectiveness of the presented methodology is demonstrated by making a solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle difficult to reverse engineer. In the example, the propeller is selected to be the critical component where a series of voids are introduced to decrease the propeller weight and increase the flutter speed (a desirable attribute in propellers). Our tenet is that the use of such a framework contributes greatly to the sustainability of technological, economical, and security advantages enjoyed by those who developed the technology. Designers benefit because (i) products do not readily disclose trade secrets, (ii) competitive advantages can be maintained by impeding competitors from reverse engineering and imitating innovative products, and (iii) the return on investment can be increased.

The decision to select the best Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies from available options has always been a challenging task. The availability of connected vehicle/automated vehicle (CV/AV) technologies in the near future is expected to add to the complexity of the ITS investment decision-making process. The goal of this research is to develop a multi-criteria decision-making analysis (MCDA) framework to support traffic agencies’ decision-making process with consideration of CV/AV technologies. The decision to select between technology alternatives is based on identified performance measures and criteria, and constraints associated with each technology. Methods inspired by the literature were developed for incident/bottleneck detection and back-of-queue (BOQ) estimation and warning based on connected vehicle (CV) technologies. The mobility benefits of incident/bottleneck detection with different technologies were assessed using microscopic simulation. The performance of technology alternatives was assessed using simulated CV and traffic detector data in a microscopic simulation environment to be used in the proposed MCDA method for the purpose of alternative selection. In addition to assessing performance measures, there are a number of constraints and risks that need to be assessed in the alternative selection process. Traditional alternative analyses based on deterministic return on investment analysis are unable to capture the risks and uncertainties associated with the investment problem. This research utilizes a combination of a stochastic return on investment and a multi-criteria decision analysis method referred to as the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to select between ITS deployment alternatives considering emerging technologies. The approach is applied to an ITS investment case study to support freeway bottleneck management. The results of this dissertation indicate that utilizing CV data for freeway segments is significantly more cost-effective than using point detectors in detecting incidents and providing travel time estimates one year after CV technology becomes mandatory for all new vehicles and for corridors with moderate to heavy traffic. However, for corridors with light, there is a probability of CV deployment not being effective in the first few years due to low measurement reliability of travel times and high latency of incident detection, associated with smaller sample sizes of the collected data.

<p>Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur konsulter arbetar med nyttovärdering vid ERPinvesteringar,samt finna kritiska framgångsfaktorer som kan fungera som stöd för ERPkonsulter.Vi har genomfört en fallstudie på SYSteam Anderstorp där vi på ett kvalitativt vissamlat in data via dokumentundersökningar, observationer och intervjuer. Vid analys avinsamlad data kunde vi identifiera fem steg en ERP-konsult bör gå igenom för att värderanyttor vid ERP-investeringar. Dessa steg är 1processkartläggning, 2identifiering av nyttor,3värdering av nyttor, 4genomförande och 5uppföljning. Vidare har vi i varje steg kunnatidentifiera kritiska framgångsfaktorer som vi anser kan underlätta en ERP-konsults arbetemed nyttovärdering. Sammanlagt har vi kunnat identifiera fjorton kritiska framgångsfaktorer.De slutsatser vi kunnat dra av denna studie är att befintliga modeller för nyttovärdering ochvärdehemtagning tenderar att bli för teoretiska för att kunna tillämpas i praktiken. Snarareanser vi vikten borde ligga på att dokumentera erfarenheten vid varje ERP-investering för attkunna applicera ett framgångsrikt arbetssätt på framtida projekt, samt att undvika misslyckanden.</p>

<p>PR appears to be an indistinct division and a complicated resource for companies to value. The current circumstances are negative to the credibility and reliability of PR. This study emphasizes how an application of return on investment contributes to a more strategic use of PR and increases the status and credibility for the division.</p><p>We experience that measuring the economic value of PR is of great importance and of current interest with few prior studies made. The purpose of this study is to find out how a PR-agency and one of its clients relates to and works with evaluation of PR-activities and to which extent the economic contribution of the activity is measured.</p><p>The foundation which the theoretical reference grounds on is theories of Delusions of PR and the use of benefit-cost analyzes, Stages and Levels for Evaluating Public Relations Programs, Marketing Return on Investment and PR Return on Investment. The theoretical reference serves as a base during the analyze of the study.</p><p>The conclusion, based on the empirical body of information, is that an application of return on investment could contribute with a higher status and credibility for the PR-division. The effects that derive from PR-activities are made visible with ROI and can contribute with strong arguments during the negotiation of the budget for the division. PR-agencies are also given motives for the pricing of their work. The objective assessment that is possible to evaluate with help from ROI can bring PR-agencies and companies guidance in the planning of future activities. By considering the budget of PR as an investment its contribution to an organization profit can be evaluated.</p><p>The study’s introduces several critical factors for an application of ROI. These critical factors are evaluation, knowledge and understanding PR and it’s potentials, the relation towards the division and cooperation and maturity in the field.</p> / <p>Företag tenderar att ha en otydlig bild av vad PR innebär och ser PR-aktiviteter som svåra att värdera. Detta påverkar trovärdigheten och pålitligheten för verktyget negativt. En naturlig frågeställning för rapporten blir hur en tillämpning av måttet avkastning på investerat kapital kan bidra till en mer strategisk användning av PR och därmed öka funktionens status och trovärdighet.</p><p>Vi upplever att mätning av PR:s effekter och beräkning av avkastning på investerat kapital är ett mycket aktuellt, intressant och ett relativt outforskat område. Rapporten syftar därför till att utröna hur en PR-byrå och en av dess kunder förhåller sig till och arbetar med mätning och utvärdering av PR-aktiviteter samt att undersöka i vilken grad resultat av dessa aktiviteter kopplas till lönsamhetsmål.</p><p>Som teoretisk grund till denna rapport använder vi oss av teorier kring föreställningar om PR och Benefit-cost-analys, Stages and Levels for Evaluating Public Relations Programs, Marketing Return on Investment samt teorier kring PR Return on Investment. Våra teorier mynnar ut i en teoretisk referensram, vilken används som ett underlag vid analys.</p><p>Utifrån det empiriska underlaget drar vi slutsatsen att en tillämpning av lönsamhetsmått kan leda till ökad status och trovärdighet för PR-funktionen. ROI synliggör de effekter som kommer av PR-aktiviteter och underlättar för funktionens argumentation vid budgetförhandlingar. Med hjälp av ROI får PR-byråer tydligare argument till det pris som bestäms för PR-aktiviteter. Vidare kan PR-byråer och företag ta fram objektiva resultat, vilka kan verka vägledande inför framtida aktiviteter. Genom att se PR:s budget som en investering kan dess bidrag till en organisations lönsamhet tydliggöras.</p><p>I slutsatsen presenteras ett antal kritiska faktorer för tillämpning av ROI. Dessa är utvärdering, kunskap och förståelse för PR och dess potential, förhållningssätt till funktionen samt samarbete och mognad inom området PR och mätning.</p>