Inicialmente este trabalho conceitua reuso de água, apresentando os critérios e padrões de qualidade de água, para suas várias modalidades. Em seguida estuda a oferta e a demanda de água na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, bem como apresenta uma retrospectiva das principais crises no abastecimento da região, em termos de quantidade e qualidade de água. Finalmente, depois de resumir os principais casos de reuso de água em outros países e em São Paulo, o trabalho sugere uma estratégia para o desenvolvimento da idéia do reuso potável direto planejado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. / At this work defines water reuse, presenting rules and standard of the quality of all kind of water. After that we study supply and demand of water in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region and also present the main water supply crises concerning quality and quantity. At last we sum up the main cases of water reuse in São Paulo and in another countries and also suggest a way of development of planned direct reuse in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-01-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:26:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 prior_m_dr_botfca.pdf: 609810 bytes, checksum: 6b9456e563b46b7994e59d010c70f78f (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A região Oeste do Paraná é grande produtora de suínos, devido a isso, tem-se tornado um problema sério o grande número de dejetos líquidos gerados por essa atividade, além de ser considerada como causadora de degradação ambiental. O uso da água residuária de suinocultura (ARS) vem sendo aplicado ao solo como forma de adubação em várias culturas, o que melhora as condições do solo devido ao fornecimento de nutrientes, além de economizar custos com fertilização e água potável. Entretanto, a utilização da ARS na agricultura pode causar problemas, quando realizada de forma inadequada, devido à falta de informações sobre a taxa de aplicação adequada. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar elementos e variáveis no solo e lixiviado quanto aos parâmetro físicos e químicos, bem como avaliar o comportamento da cultura em função da aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura (ARS) em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico cultivado com milho. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, onde foram construídos 24 lisímetros de drenagem, que receberam água residuária de suinocultura (ARS), sendo aplicadas cinco taxas de ARS (0; 112,5; 225; 337,5 e 450 m3 ha-1 no ciclo), combinadas com duas adubações de solo (50 e 75%), em três repetições por tratamento, sendo distribuídas em cinco aplicações durante o ciclo da cultura. Fez-se irrigações de acordo com a precipitação média ocorrida no período, quinzenalmente, resultando em seis coletas do material lixiviado, que foi analisado quanto ao N total, NO3 -, NO- 2, pH, CE, Ca, Mg, Na, K e P. Durante o ciclo da cultura do milho foram coletadas cinco amostras de solo de cada uma das parcelas analisadas quanto ao N total, N orgânico, N inorgânico, NH4 +, NO3 -, Na, pH, CE, MO, P, Ca, Mg, K, V%, CTC, P, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Para o comportamento da cultura foi avaliado o diâmetro... / West of Paraná is a big producer of swine, due to that, it has been turning a serious problem the great volume of liquid dejections generated by this activity, besides it is considered as responsible of environmental degradation. The use of the swine wastewater (ARS) has been applied to the soil as a manuring form in several cultures, that improves the conditions of the soil due to the supply of nutrients, besides saving costs with fertilization and drinking water. However, the use of ARS in the agriculture can cause problems, once the application is made in an inadequate way, due to the lack of information about the appropriate rate of application. In this context, this work had for objective to evaluate the effects caused in the soil and leached as for the parameters physicists and chemical, as well as to evaluate the behavior of the culture in function of the swine wastewater application (ARS) in a Typical Dystroferric Red Latosol cultivated with corn. The experiment was driven in protected atmosphere, where 24 drainage lisimiters were built, that received swine wastewater (ARS), where it was applied five rates of ARS (0; 112,5; 225; 337,5 and 450 m3 ha-1 in the cycle), combined with two soil manurings (50 and 75%), in three repetitions for treatment, where it was distributed in five applications during the cycle of the culture. It was made irrigations in agreement with the medium precipitation happened in the period, biweekly, resulting in six collections of the leached material, that it was analyzed as for total N, NO3, NO2, pH, CE, Ca, Mg, Na, K and P.

Submitted by Aline Michelle da Silva Barbosa (aline.m.barbosa@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-05T12:41:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_AlineBarbosa.pdf: 1928040 bytes, checksum: 78498434789a7210c9e13594314f6df8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alexandra Maria Donadon Lusser Segali null (alexmar@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-06-05T18:44:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_ams_me_jabo.pdf: 1928040 bytes, checksum: 78498434789a7210c9e13594314f6df8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-05T18:44:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 barbosa_ams_me_jabo.pdf: 1928040 bytes, checksum: 78498434789a7210c9e13594314f6df8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O reúso de esgoto tratado é uma alternativa promissora para a agricultura irrigada por suprir a alta demanda hídrica e nutricional dos cultivos, além de reduzir o impacto ambiental ao evitar o lançamento do efluente nos corpos hídricos. Porém, pode haver contaminação tóxica e patogênica do solo, da planta e das águas subterrâneas. Objetivou-se, avaliar o impacto da aplicação de efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE), via fertirrigação, no solo e na solução do solo de uma área experimental cultivada com Brachiaria, em Jaboticabal, SP. O EETE foi aplicado durante 4 anos (2013 a 2017) em dois experimentos com delineamento em faixas, com quatro repetições. Nos experimentos, utilizou-se um sistema de aspersão em linha tripla para aplicar lâmina uniforme de irrigação, mas gradual de EETE, estabelecendo-se cinco tratamentos com as seguintes frações do efluente em água: E5 = 100%; E4 = 87%; E3 = 60%; E2 = 31%, E1 = 11% e E0 = 0. O tratamento E0, em que se aplicou apenas água, recebeu fertilizante a base de ureia, superfosfato triplo e cloreto de potássio, equivalente à aplicada no tratamento E3 via efluente. A aplicação do EETE no solo cultivado com Brachiaria durante 4 anos não resultou em risco de salinização, sodificação e contaminação por elementos potencialmente tóxicos do solo. A aplicação do efluente aumentou a fertilidade do solo, em consequência do aumento das concentrações de macro e micronutrientes. Concluiu-se que a aplicação de EETE em Latossolo de região úmida, como em Jaboticabal, SP, apresenta baixo risco de degradação ambiental, uma vez que não contamina o solo e a solução do solo. / The reuse of treated sewage is a promising alternative for irrigated agriculture by supplying the high water and nutritional demand of the crops, besides reducing the environmental impact by avoiding the discharge of the effluent in the water bodies. However, there may be toxic and pathogenic contamination of soil, plant and groundwater. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of application of treated sewage effluent (TSE) via fertigation on soil and soil solution of an experimental area cultivated with Brachiaria in Southeastern Brazil. The TSE was applied for 4 years (2013 to 2017) in two experiments conducted in a strip design, with four replications. In the experiments, a triple line source sprinkler system applied uniform but gradual irrigation depth of TSE, establishing five treatments with the following fractions of the effluent in water: E5 = 100%; E4 = 87%; E3 = 60%; E2 = 31%, E1 = 11% and E0 = 0. The E0 treatment, in which only water was applied, received fertilizer based on urea, triple superphosphate and potassium chloride in a dose equivalent to that applied to E3 treatment via effluent. TSE application increased soil fertility as a result of increased macro and micronutrient concentrations. The indices of salinization and sodification, as well as the concentration of potentially toxic elements, were not increased with TSE doses. It was concluded that the application of SET in Wetland Latosol, as in Jaboticabal, SP, presents low risk of environmental degradation, since it does not contaminate soil and soil solution.

Orientador: Ruben Bresaola Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T17:21:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reis_JoseRobertoBezerrados_M.pdf: 4806731 bytes, checksum: f4634921271dbf74dd3233925df387a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O projeto foi desenvolvido visando estudar o tratamento e o reuso da água de lavagem de filtro para reciclagem nesta função, dentro de um circuito fechado, em sistema independente das atividades de produção de uma estação de tratamento de água de abastecimento. O sistema foi dotado de unidade de mistura de polímero, pré-filtro de pedregulho e filtro de dupla camada (F3), semelhante aos usados na estação de tratamento de água. O pré-filtro foi retirado do sistema porque não forneceu a eficiência esperada. Com esta disposição foi monitorado o número de vezes que a água obtida poderia ser reutilizada sem influir na qualidade da água de início de filtração do filtro piloto F1, o que mostrou ser maior ou igual cinco vezes. A perda da água de lavagem no sistema foi de 0,13%, bastante significativo perante os valores costumeiros de 2 a 5%. O sistema operou sempre com partículas floculentas, nunca com partículas coloidais. / Abstract: The project was developed with the aim of studying the treatment and the reuse of rapid filter backwash water for recycling in this role, within a closed cycle, under system independent of production activities of a water treatment plant. The system was assembled with a polymer blending unit, a gravel preliminary upflow filter and a dual layer filter(F3), similar to those used in the water treatment plant. The pre-filter was withdrawn because it did not provided the expected efficiency. With this provision, it was monitored the number of times that water obtained could be reused without affecting the quality of water filtration top of the filter F1 which proved to be greater or equal to five times. The loss of filter backwash water in the system was 0,13%, quite significant when compared to the usual 2 to 5%. The system always worked with flocculent particles, not with colloidal particles. / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Inicialmente este trabalho conceitua reuso de água, apresentando os critérios e padrões de qualidade de água, para suas várias modalidades. Em seguida estuda a oferta e a demanda de água na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, bem como apresenta uma retrospectiva das principais crises no abastecimento da região, em termos de quantidade e qualidade de água. Finalmente, depois de resumir os principais casos de reuso de água em outros países e em São Paulo, o trabalho sugere uma estratégia para o desenvolvimento da idéia do reuso potável direto planejado na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. / At this work defines water reuse, presenting rules and standard of the quality of all kind of water. After that we study supply and demand of water in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region and also present the main water supply crises concerning quality and quantity. At last we sum up the main cases of water reuse in São Paulo and in another countries and also suggest a way of development of planned direct reuse in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region.

No description available.

Em conseqüência da constatação do consumo elevado de águas nas indústrias sucroalcoleiras, gerando efluentes líquidos que impactam o meio ambiente, considerando os avanços na implantação da cobrança pelo uso da água, este trabalho aborda várias alternativas de minimização e reuso de águas nas indústrias sucroalcooleiras, objetivando a redução da poluição na fonte e minimização da captação de água superficial, reutilizando os efluentes dentro do processo produtivo. Também são apresentados os resultados de um estudo de caso realizado em uma indústria, na qual foi realizada uma pesquisa do processo industrial, para determinar o consumo de água e a qualidade de efluentes e propor alternativas para minimização da captação de água e geração de efluentes. / It is a fact that the sugar and ethanol industry in Brazil has a high level of water consumption and consequent production of effluents, with a negative impact to the environment. Also, the environmental legislation indicates a continuous raise in the charge for the usage of water from natural sources. As a consequence of the present situation, this work brings up several alternatives for the minimization and reuse of water at sugar and ethanol industries, aiming the reduction of pollutants at their source and the minimization of water uptake from the available supplies, by reusing the effluents inside the production process itself. It is also presented the results from a case study carried out in an industry where the production process was analyzed in the point-of-view of water usage and effluent generation. Alternatives for water uptake and effluent generation minimization are therefore proposed.

Resumo: A região Oeste do Paraná é grande produtora de suínos, devido a isso, tem-se tornado um problema sério o grande número de dejetos líquidos gerados por essa atividade, além de ser considerada como causadora de degradação ambiental. O uso da água residuária de suinocultura (ARS) vem sendo aplicado ao solo como forma de adubação em várias culturas, o que melhora as condições do solo devido ao fornecimento de nutrientes, além de economizar custos com fertilização e água potável. Entretanto, a utilização da ARS na agricultura pode causar problemas, quando realizada de forma inadequada, devido à falta de informações sobre a taxa de aplicação adequada. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo quantificar elementos e variáveis no solo e lixiviado quanto aos parâmetro físicos e químicos, bem como avaliar o comportamento da cultura em função da aplicação de água residuária de suinocultura (ARS) em um Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico típico cultivado com milho. O experimento foi conduzido em ambiente protegido, onde foram construídos 24 lisímetros de drenagem, que receberam água residuária de suinocultura (ARS), sendo aplicadas cinco taxas de ARS (0; 112,5; 225; 337,5 e 450 m3 ha-1 no ciclo), combinadas com duas adubações de solo (50 e 75%), em três repetições por tratamento, sendo distribuídas em cinco aplicações durante o ciclo da cultura. Fez-se irrigações de acordo com a precipitação média ocorrida no período, quinzenalmente, resultando em seis coletas do material lixiviado, que foi analisado quanto ao N total, NO3 -, NO- 2, pH, CE, Ca, Mg, Na, K e P. Durante o ciclo da cultura do milho foram coletadas cinco amostras de solo de cada uma das parcelas analisadas quanto ao N total, N orgânico, N inorgânico, NH4 +, NO3 -, Na, pH, CE, MO, P, Ca, Mg, K, V%, CTC, P, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. Para o comportamento da cultura foi avaliado o diâmetro... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: West of Paraná is a big producer of swine, due to that, it has been turning a serious problem the great volume of liquid dejections generated by this activity, besides it is considered as responsible of environmental degradation. The use of the swine wastewater (ARS) has been applied to the soil as a manuring form in several cultures, that improves the conditions of the soil due to the supply of nutrients, besides saving costs with fertilization and drinking water. However, the use of ARS in the agriculture can cause problems, once the application is made in an inadequate way, due to the lack of information about the appropriate rate of application. In this context, this work had for objective to evaluate the effects caused in the soil and leached as for the parameters physicists and chemical, as well as to evaluate the behavior of the culture in function of the swine wastewater application (ARS) in a Typical Dystroferric Red Latosol cultivated with corn. The experiment was driven in protected atmosphere, where 24 drainage lisimiters were built, that received swine wastewater (ARS), where it was applied five rates of ARS (0; 112,5; 225; 337,5 and 450 m3 ha-1 in the cycle), combined with two soil manurings (50 and 75%), in three repetitions for treatment, where it was distributed in five applications during the cycle of the culture. It was made irrigations in agreement with the medium precipitation happened in the period, biweekly, resulting in six collections of the leached material, that it was analyzed as for total N, NO3, NO2, pH, CE, Ca, Mg, Na, K and P. / Orientador: Antônio de Pádua Souza / Coorientador: Silvio César Sampaio / Coorientador: Lúcia Helena Pereira Nóbrega / Banca: João Carlos Cury Saad / Banca: Roberto Lyra Villas Boas / Banca: Reginaldo Ferreira Santos / Banca: Maria Magdalena Ferreira Ribas / Doutor

The aim of this research was to find a suitable alternative medium of scarce freshwater for textile dyeing, and to recycle and reuse the dyebath using a combined coagulation/flocculation and novel filter media. Simulated seawater (SSW) was tested as the alternative dyeing medium with a salt concentration of 3.5% where NaCl was the major component. Fibre/dye systems of wool/acid and metal complex, wool/reactive, polyester/disperse, nylon/acid and metal complex, and acrylic/cationicdyes were tested in simulated seawater and the performances of dyed fabric were compared to conventional dyeing system of distilled water (DSW). The study found that commercial dyeing processes were robust and can be practically transferable into the seawater medium. The dye exhaustions, build-up, colour characteristics, and fastness to wash, cross-staining, rub and light were satisfactory within the dye ranges studied, which covers commercially available monochromatic Red, Yellow and Blue at light, medium and deep shades. Although SEM micrographs didn't show any presence of salt, a typical wash-off process of 1gL-1 with a non-ionic detergent at 70°C was sufficient to remove any salt that could be present on the surface or sub-surface of the dyed fabric. At room temperature, some acid and metal complex dyes were only partially soluble in SSW but this improved with gentle heating and addition of levelling agents. At dyeing temperatures near the boil, these dyes were completely soluble. A saturation limit was found to be existed for acrylic dyeing of cationic dyes over 1.0% o.m.f. depth. Although ionic interaction was the dominant mechanism for dyeing of wool, nylon and acrylic fibre with acid, metal complex and cationic dyes, the adsorption in highly saline dyebath most likely depended on the combined effects of ionic and physical/hydrophobic interaction. The resultant effect was higher dye exhaustion and consequently higher colour difference in SSW for some dyes. Reactive dyes were known to be sensitive to hardness of water but this study confirmed that reactive dye could be an alternative for deep dyeing for wool fibre in SSW. Reactive dyeing of wool followed a similar mechanism of gradual phase transfer as was observed for disperse dyeing of hydrophobic fibres over 3.0% o.m.f. depth. In contrast disperse dyeing of polyester produced consistent results for all dyes but some black dyeings produced superior colour strength in SSW. The build-up of colour in SSW compared to DSW can be different depending on the application level. To improve permeate flux by reducing membrane fouling, a number of surface modification were carried out to introduce fluorine based functional groups. Gaseous fluorination, fluorocarbon finish (FC) and plasma polymerisation were performed to introduce hydrophilic and oleophobic properties on supplied Azurtex membrane. The fluorinated Azurtex media exhibited increased wettability although it was not directly proportional to an increase in the fluorination level and treatment time. The water and oil repellency of FC and plasma treated filter media provided a reasonable level of repellency while the contact angle remained in the range of 130 to 145°. Pre-fluorination of filter media before FC treatment didn't change the water and oil repellency. Surface characterisation of Azurtex media was performed with ATR-FTIR, XPS and SEM. An increased level of fluorination at 10%F2 and prolonged exposure showed a degradation of the surface along with colour change. The fluorinated, FC treated and plasma polymerised membrane showed a typical C-F stretching vibration in the region of 1100-1350 cm-1 and weakly at 400-800cm-1. The XPS study showed a gradual increase in the -CF2 and -CF3 functionality signal intensities that resulted in imparting hydrophobicity The benchmarking of these modified Azurtex filter media against newly developed materials proved that plasma treatment improved the flow, reduced turbidity and provided an easy cake removal compared to fluorinated and FC finished filter media. Recycling of exhausted dyebath using a dual component coagulant/flocculant system of Pluspac 2000 and polyanionic Hydrosolanum protein derivative (HPSS) and microfiltration with Azurtex filter media was investigated. The process parameters such as pH and dosage of coagulants/flocculants were very critical during coagulation/flocculation for overall colour removal. The trial with model dye solution in SSW showed that the system worked in the saline environment with a relatively high concentration ratio of coagulant/flocculants but highly depends on the class and structure of dyes. Maximum colour removal was achieved for Lanaset Blue 2R and Sandolan Red MF-GRLN dye and was 89% and 61%, respectively, based on a ratio of 15:10 and 15:15 for PP2000: HPSS at pH 4.0 and 5.0, respectively. The reuse of the dyebath with combined physico-chemical and micro-filtration treatment was demonstrated to be feasible with wool/acid dye system. The colour profile of Lanaset Blue 2R and Sandolan Red MF-GRLN dyed fabrics up to 12th dyeing, with dyebath filtration undertaken after the 3rd /4th/5th reuse of the dyebath, remained comparable to dyeing in fresh baths. The colour strength, K/S, decreased after every filtration and the colour differences, DeltaE increased, but reversed in subsequent dyeing in reused dyebath. The wash and dry rub fastness of the dyed fabrics remained comparable and significant improvements in the abrasion resistance were observed.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:24:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thaisa_completo.pdf: 1943772 bytes, checksum: 49f263fa58be1371be70d72b064285d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-07 / The effluent from pig farming has been applied to the soil in order to promote greater availability of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), in several cultures and as an alternative for disposing of these effluents in water bodies. However, this practice generates concerns regarding to the possibility of generating diffuse pollution in the environment. The crop of oil radish is used as a green manure in sequential cropping and may be promising for the production of biodiesel, requiring considerable amounts of nutrients for its development. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of effluent coming from the anaerobic digestion of swine (EBS) in the cultivation of oil radish. The experiment was installed in an area of 0.162 ha in the Experimental Center of Agricultural Engineering (NEAA) of Western University of Paraná UNIOESTE, in the city of Cascavel, PR. The treatments were based on the type of irrigation: not irrigated, irrigated and fertigated with EBS at doses of 370 m3 ha-1 cycle-1. After each rainfall event, the water materials were collected from drainage lysimeters previously installed in the area and analyzed for macro and micronutrients losses. The soil of the experimental area was also analyzed for possible changes in physical and chemical characteristics. In the plant, agronomic rates and nutrients in dry matter were evaluated. Subsequently, the grains were tested for post-harvest. The results showed that the application of EBS at a rate of 370 m3 ha-1, under the conditions in which this experiment was conducted, did not change the soil characteristics and the fertigation and irrigation allowed higher productivity of grains and agronomical parameters for the crop. Furthermore, the application of EBS provided nutrient losses in runoff and leachate, which could influence the quality of surface water and groundwater, but in general, not to higher levels than the ones accepted by the legislation. / O efluente proveniente da suinocultura tem sido aplicado no solo com o intuito de promover uma maior disponibilidade de nutrientes, como nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K), a diversas culturas e como uma saída à disposição final desses efluentes em corpos hídricos. Entretanto, esta prática preocupa com relação à possibilidade de geração de poluição difusa no ambiente. O nabo forrageiro é utilizado como adubo verde de inverno no plantio direito e pode ser promissor para a produção de biodiesel, demandando valores consideráveis de nutrientes para o seu desenvolvimento. Desse modo, objetivou-se nesse trabalho avaliar o efeito da aplicação de efluente oriundo da biodigestão anaeróbia da suinocultura (EBS) no cultivo de nabo forrageiro. O experimento foi instalado em uma área de 0,162 ha no Núcleo Experimental de Engenharia Agrícola (NEAA) da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE, na cidade de Cascavel, PR. Os tratamentos utilizados foram baseados no tipo de irrigação: sequeiro, irrigado e fertigado com EBS, nas doses de 370 m3 ha-1 ciclo-1. Após cada evento de precipitação, foram coletados os materiais de drenagem dos lisímetros previamente instalados na área e analisados quanto à perda dos principais macro e micronutrientes. O solo da área experimental também foi analisado quanto às possíveis alterações das características físicas e químicas. No vegetal, avaliaram-se os índices agronômicos e nutrientes presentes na fitomassa seca. Posteriormente, os grãos foram submetidos aos testes de pós-colheita. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a aplicação de EBS em uma taxa de 370 m3 ha-1, nas condições em que este experimento foi realizado, pouco modificou as características do solo, e que a fertigação e a irrigação possibilitaram maior produtividade dos grãos e maior rendimento agronômico. Além disso, a aplicação de EBS proporcionou perdas de nutrientes no material escoado e percolado, que podem influenciar na qualidade das águas superficiais e subterrâneas, porém, no geral, não a níveis superiores à legislação.