Lean is a management philosophy that enhances customer value through waste elimination and continuous improvement in a system by applying lean principles, practices, and techniques. The focus on lean implementations and research had been typically a single company without extension to the entire supply chain. When the concept of lean is implemented across the entire supply chain, however, it is referred to as lean supply chain. The purpose of this thesis is to create a structure from theory and practice of lean in the supply chain, which will enhance understanding of the field.  The thesis is based on a comprehensive review of articles on lean in the supply chain using structured content analysis approach. The reviewed articles are classified based on the articles’ basic characteristics and contextual issues or ideas. Also, a case study of an aerospace industry was conducted in order to gain insight on lean in supply chain from a practice perspective.  Lean in the supply chain as a supply chain management strategy aims at applying the lean concepts to the whole functions within the entire supply chain members: suppliers, focal organisations, distributors, and customers. From the literature review and the case study, it is found that researchers and practitioners view lean in the supply chain as a transformation process in the supply chain which results in a transformed and competitive supply chain called lean supply chain. The studies show that the attributes and outcomes of the major result of lean in the supply chain (lean supply chain) help in better understanding of the field. Lean supply chain is found to be linked to the following benefits: improved quality reduced cost, improved delivery, high flexibility, reduced shortage, etc. Also, it is distinguished from the traditional supply chain by the following attributes: Long-term relations with suppliers, effective communication and information sharing, integrated supply chain members, continuous improvements, and predictability. The transformation and the benefits are linked to the implementation of lean principles, practices and techniques in the supply chain. There is no rigorous and general purpose process in the implementation of lean in the supply chain; however, general and adaptable steps can be followed. Choice and order of implementation of lean tools and techniques depends on suitability, situations, preference and familiarity. It is found that from the literature review that the research approach on lean in the supply chain is structured towards gaining in-depth knowledge of the field. The emphasis on the supply chain members; suppliers and focal organisations by the authors of the reviewed articles shows their importance in the supply chain.

Bakgrund: Anestesisjuksköterskans roll i det perioperativa arbetet innebär att tillgodose patientens omvårdnadsbehov. Genom historien har människan använt musik bland annat inom medicin. I nutid pågår evidensbaserad forskning om musikens effekt inom många områden, däribland som komplement till farmakologisk behandling vid postoperativt illamående och kräkning (PONV) samt smärta. Syfte: Att söka evidens för effekten på postoperativt illamående och kräkning samt smärta hos patienter som har lyssnat på musik i samband med anestesi. Metod: En litteraturstudie utformades i enlighet med den metod som används för systematiska litteraturöversikter. Fem databaser genomsöktes med olika sökordskombinationer och resulterade i 76 artiklar varav 18 stycken inkluderades i litteraturstudien. Alla studierna var kvantitativa och 16 av dessa var randomiserade kontrollerade studier. Resultat: Av 18 studier visade 13 på positiva effekter av att lyssna på musik med avseende på postoperativ smärtlindring. Ingen av studierna gav underlag för att musik skulle ha någon effekt på PONV. Konklusion: Att lyssna på musik per- eller postoperativt har en kompletterande effekt till analgetika, vilket borde utnyttjas i praktiken. Att riskerna är få och patientupplevelsen positiv stödjer argumentet även om effekter på postoperativt illamående och kräkning inte kunnat påvisas.Nyckelord: Översikt, Anestesi, Musik, Smärta, PONV / Background: At various stages throughout history, patient care has been implemented through the use of music for medical purposes. Modern research has studied the effect of music as a complement to pharmacological treatment for postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and pain. Aim: To study a selection of the available research in order to find evidence on the effects which listening to music has yielded during intra- and postoperative care to prevent PONV and postoperative pain. Method: The study was designed as a literature review. Searches in five databases yielded 76 hits from which 18 were included. The design of the studies was quantitative and 16 were performed as randomized controlled trials. Result: Thirteen of the articles contained evidence which proved that listening to music had positive effects on pain reduction. No study provided any evidence that listening to music reduces PONV. Conclusion: The study proved that letting patients listen to music during the intra- and postoperative phases has complementing effects on analgesics and should thusly be used in practice. There are few risks, and taken together with positive patient experiences furthermore supports the argument, even though the effect on PONV has yet to be proven.

This thesis examines three interrelated issues. The first concerns a question about the status of administrative law, namely whether administrative officials have authority to determine what the law requires under a democratic constitution. Historically, this question has not been adequately addressed in public law scholarship because neither Diceyan constitutional theory nor common law doctrine has been traditionally receptive to administrative law. In this thesis, I argue that there are good reasons for people to respect the legal authority of administrative officials and their decisions. Those reasons are rooted in respect for the democratic process by which administrative officials are empowered, and respect for the various forms of expertise that administrative officials possess. The second issue concerns the doctrinal aspect of administrative law. If there are good reasons for believing that administrative officials have legitimate legal authority, then those same reasons suggest that judges should respect administrative legal decisions. In order to better understand how the relevant reasons for respecting administrative decisions alter the practice of judicial review, I compare and contrast the traditional doctrine of jurisdictional review with the doctrine of curial deference. This comparison shows that the doctrine of curial deference provides a superior account of the legitimate legal authority of administrative officials, and that this account makes a practical difference for the practice of judicial review. The third issue concerns whether the doctrine of curial deference can be reconciled with the rule of law. Assuming that there are good reasons for respecting administrative decisions, how can judges both respect an administrative decision while ensuring that it is consistent with the rule of law? I argue that judges can both respect administrative decisions and maintain the rule of law by requiring administrative officials to justify their decisions adequately in light of public reasons which are both patent and latent in existing legal materials.

No description available.

This report discusses public participation in a Megaproject Environmental Assessment and Review Process, specifically, the Alcan aluminum smelter review process. Two methods are employed to assess the Alcan process - the first, a review of related literature on public participation and environmental assessment processes. Secondly, a survey of public attitudes and concerns towards the megaproject assessment and review process. A set of ideal guidelines for government, industry or proponent, and the public to follow in an environmental assessment and review process is developed. These guidelines are discussed in chapter seven of the report, along with a critique of the events that occurred in the Alcan review process. A modified megaproject environmental assessment and review process is developed, based on the results of the review of related literature; attitude survey; and an examination of the Manitoba Environmental Assessment and Review Process and the review process formulated to review the Alacan proposal. This modified Megaproject Environmental Assessment and Review Process is presented and discussed in chapter seven. Four recommendations are advanced in chapter eight specific to the Alcan process. These recommendations apply more generally to the Manitoba Environmental Assessment and Review Process. In summary, I recommend: 1) A legislative basis to the Manitoba Environmental Assessment and Review Process; 2) An expanded definition of environment to include the socio-economic environment; 3) Financing of legitimate interest groups; and 4) A clear definition of the Environmental Assessment and Review Process. This should outline all opportunities for public involvement; information for the public on the review process; opportunity for the public to participate in the development and review of the EIA guidelines and completed environmental impact statement; and requiring both government and industry to involve the public in the review process.

This thesis examines three interrelated issues. The first concerns a question about the status of administrative law, namely whether administrative officials have authority to determine what the law requires under a democratic constitution. Historically, this question has not been adequately addressed in public law scholarship because neither Diceyan constitutional theory nor common law doctrine has been traditionally receptive to administrative law. In this thesis, I argue that there are good reasons for people to respect the legal authority of administrative officials and their decisions. Those reasons are rooted in respect for the democratic process by which administrative officials are empowered, and respect for the various forms of expertise that administrative officials possess. The second issue concerns the doctrinal aspect of administrative law. If there are good reasons for believing that administrative officials have legitimate legal authority, then those same reasons suggest that judges should respect administrative legal decisions. In order to better understand how the relevant reasons for respecting administrative decisions alter the practice of judicial review, I compare and contrast the traditional doctrine of jurisdictional review with the doctrine of curial deference. This comparison shows that the doctrine of curial deference provides a superior account of the legitimate legal authority of administrative officials, and that this account makes a practical difference for the practice of judicial review. The third issue concerns whether the doctrine of curial deference can be reconciled with the rule of law. Assuming that there are good reasons for respecting administrative decisions, how can judges both respect an administrative decision while ensuring that it is consistent with the rule of law? I argue that judges can both respect administrative decisions and maintain the rule of law by requiring administrative officials to justify their decisions adequately in light of public reasons which are both patent and latent in existing legal materials.

This study explored the process of constitutional interpretation and constitutional review in Ethiopia and determined the role of the courts. It examined the different suggestions made by different authors and officials regarding the respective role and function of the courts and the House of Federation in interpreting the constitution and exercising the power of constitutional review. It also seeked to inquire the counter-majoritarian problem which focused on the relationship between judicial review and democracy. The thesis also inquired into the legitimacy of the Ethiopian approach to constitutional review. In this regard it seeked to determine whether the approach represents and adequate response to the counter-majoritarian problem. It also seeked to determine whether Ethiopia has adopted an institution that is well suited, competent and impartial to discharge the task of constitutional interpretation and constitutional review.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität Frankfurt am Main, 1973. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [8-20]).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Texas, Dec., 2009. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.A.)--Georgia State University, 2006. / Title from title screen. Andrew Altman, committee chair; Christie Hartley, Peter Lindsay, committee members. Electronic text (88 p.) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed May 2, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-88).