Encadré par la théorie et la méthodologie de la sémiologie des indices proposée par Anne-Marie Houdebine, ce travail analyse les relations homme/femme, sous le coup de la censure, dans le cinéma iranien postrévolutionnaire. L’analyse systémique permet de dégager d’abord les strates iconique, scénique, sonore et technique à l’intérieur du corpus des scènes de films. Ensuite, il met en évidence des éléments explicités qui montrent qu’au plan formel existe un certain nombre de récurrences dans toutes les scènes analysées quel que soit le film travaillé. Au plan de l’expression, une grammaire formelle de la relation homme/femme dans le cinéma iranien a été dégagée. Au plan du contenu, des illusions de proximité et de rapprochement, des déclarations d’amour, des propositions sexuelles, de l’érotisme ainsi que des relations amoureuses et sexuelles surgissent à travers différentes configurations syntagmatiques des indices tels que le regard, le geste avorté, la scène de retour, l’enfant, l’objet symbolique, l’extérieur, l’intérieur, la voiture, la cour, le hors champ, la transition et la musique. En construisant son espace comme l’architecture iranienne traditionnelle entre l’externe (espace réservé aux invités et aux étrangers à la famille) et l’interne (espace privé) mais également en s’emparant des figures de styles à l’instar de la poésie iranienne classique, le cinéma iranien parle pudiquement de l’amour et créé ainsi sa propre iranité concernant les relations homme/femme. / Using Anne-Marie Houdebine’s theory and methodology of semiology of indices, this work analyses the relationships between man and woman in the censured post-revolution Iranian cinema. The systemic analysis highlights the iconic, scenic, auditory and technical stratums within the movie scenes. It also shows explicit elements, which reveals the existence of a certain amount of repetitions on a formal scale in any analyzed film. We can see there is a formal grammar respected when it comes to the expression of man and woman relationships in Iranian cinema. Illusions of closeness, love declarations, sexual propositions, erotism, love and sexual relationships are suggested through various phrasal configurations of the indices, such as glances, abortive gestures, turn around scenes, images of the child, symbolic objects, outside and inside, car, courtyard, off screens, direct transitions and music. Iranian cinema chastely explores love, expressing its own Iranianity regarding relationships between man and woman, by constructing space in the way that traditional Iranian architecture does (external space for guests and internal for family and privacy), but also by using stylistic devices, as in classical Iranian poetry.

Esta tese analisa as representações estéticas e ideológicas na prática do documentário no Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano (NCL) a partir dos discursos dos cineastas Geraldo Sarno (Brasil), Raymundo Gleyzer (Argentina) e Santiago Álvarez (Cuba), entre os anos de 1964 e 1974. Para isso, estabelecemos paralelos entre a prática das realizações destes cineastas e os ideais e posições teóricas defendidos nos manifestos cinematográficos produzidos nestes países; bem como examinamos as vozes da produção discursiva que, neste período, enunciavam o cinema como instrumento de transformação social na América Latina. Além disso, investigou-se o processo de produção (da filmagem à exibição), elemento-chave para se entender o cinema social, militante e revolucionário dessa época, já que estes cineastas atuavam via de regra fora do circuito comercial de exibição. Por fim, indagamos em que medida o documentário se constituiu enquanto narrativa histórica. Em suma, a pesquisa almejou aprofundar os estudos sobre a produção documental no Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano, buscando interações entre teoria e prática, cinema e história e os significados dessas produções documentais para esse momento histórico, político e cultural da América Latina. / This tesis analyzes the aesthetic and ideological representations in the practice of documentary in the New Latin American Cinema (NCL) from the speeches Raymundo Gleyzer (Argentina), Geraldo Sarno (Brazil) and Santiago Álvarez (Cuba), between the years 1964 and 1974. For this, we established parallels between the practice of the achievements of these filmmakers and theoretical positions espoused in manifestos film produced in these countries, as well as examined the voices of discursive production, which, in this period, enunciated the cinema as a tool of social transformation in Latin America. Furthermore, we investigated the process of production (filming to distribution), a key element for understanding the political cinema of that time, as these filmmakers acted as a rule outside the commercial circuit display. Finally, we inquired how the documentary can be a historical narrative. In short, this research purposed to deepen the studies of the documentary in the New Latin American Cinema, seeking interactions between theory and practice, film and history and the meanings of these documentary productions for this moment in history, politics and culture in Latin America

Esta tese analisa as representações estéticas e ideológicas na prática do documentário no Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano (NCL) a partir dos discursos dos cineastas Geraldo Sarno (Brasil), Raymundo Gleyzer (Argentina) e Santiago Álvarez (Cuba), entre os anos de 1964 e 1974. Para isso, estabelecemos paralelos entre a prática das realizações destes cineastas e os ideais e posições teóricas defendidos nos manifestos cinematográficos produzidos nestes países; bem como examinamos as vozes da produção discursiva que, neste período, enunciavam o cinema como instrumento de transformação social na América Latina. Além disso, investigou-se o processo de produção (da filmagem à exibição), elemento-chave para se entender o cinema social, militante e revolucionário dessa época, já que estes cineastas atuavam via de regra fora do circuito comercial de exibição. Por fim, indagamos em que medida o documentário se constituiu enquanto narrativa histórica. Em suma, a pesquisa almejou aprofundar os estudos sobre a produção documental no Nuevo Cine Latinoamericano, buscando interações entre teoria e prática, cinema e história e os significados dessas produções documentais para esse momento histórico, político e cultural da América Latina. / This tesis analyzes the aesthetic and ideological representations in the practice of documentary in the New Latin American Cinema (NCL) from the speeches Raymundo Gleyzer (Argentina), Geraldo Sarno (Brazil) and Santiago Álvarez (Cuba), between the years 1964 and 1974. For this, we established parallels between the practice of the achievements of these filmmakers and theoretical positions espoused in manifestos film produced in these countries, as well as examined the voices of discursive production, which, in this period, enunciated the cinema as a tool of social transformation in Latin America. Furthermore, we investigated the process of production (filming to distribution), a key element for understanding the political cinema of that time, as these filmmakers acted as a rule outside the commercial circuit display. Finally, we inquired how the documentary can be a historical narrative. In short, this research purposed to deepen the studies of the documentary in the New Latin American Cinema, seeking interactions between theory and practice, film and history and the meanings of these documentary productions for this moment in history, politics and culture in Latin America

Ce mémoire portera sur le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma politique d’une manière générale dans un premier temps, puis plus spécifiquement dans l’oeuvre du cinéaste québécois Pierre Falardeau. Il s’agit donc d’abord de regarder comment, d’un point de vue historique, l’image fut réemployée dans le cinéma documentaire classique. Il sera ensuite question de la réutilisation de l’image à des fins politiques dans le cinéma expérimental à travers une analyse du found footage film. Dans un deuxième temps, nous verrons le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma militant, engagé politiquement (voire révolutionnaire) dans le cinéma d’Amérique latine (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas et Octavio Getino) et en France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker et Jean-Luc Godard). Par la suite, nous verrons comment Pierre Falardeau recyclera des images principalement dans trois de ses documentaires : Pea Soup, Speak White et Le temps des bouffons. Nous allons voir où il se situe dans les différentes traditions de réemploi d’images que nous avons vu précédemment et comment il se rapprochait et se distinguait de ses prédécesseurs. / This thesis is concerned with the reuse of images in political cinema in general and, specifically, in the work of Quebec filmmaker Pierre Falardeau. We will first see how, from a historical point of view, archival images have been recycled in traditional documentary and then how they were used or reused for political purposes in found footage experimental films. We will then discuss the use of found footage in militant or revolutionary cinema both in Latin America (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino) and France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker and Jean-Luc Godard). We will then analyse Pierre Falardeau’s reuse of images in three of his documentaries: Pea Soup, Speak White and Le temps des bouffons. We will try and see how Falardeau fits within this tradition of the found footage film and the distinctive features of this aspect of his work.

Ce mémoire portera sur le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma politique d’une manière générale dans un premier temps, puis plus spécifiquement dans l’oeuvre du cinéaste québécois Pierre Falardeau. Il s’agit donc d’abord de regarder comment, d’un point de vue historique, l’image fut réemployée dans le cinéma documentaire classique. Il sera ensuite question de la réutilisation de l’image à des fins politiques dans le cinéma expérimental à travers une analyse du found footage film. Dans un deuxième temps, nous verrons le réemploi d’images dans le cinéma militant, engagé politiquement (voire révolutionnaire) dans le cinéma d’Amérique latine (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas et Octavio Getino) et en France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker et Jean-Luc Godard). Par la suite, nous verrons comment Pierre Falardeau recyclera des images principalement dans trois de ses documentaires : Pea Soup, Speak White et Le temps des bouffons. Nous allons voir où il se situe dans les différentes traditions de réemploi d’images que nous avons vu précédemment et comment il se rapprochait et se distinguait de ses prédécesseurs. / This thesis is concerned with the reuse of images in political cinema in general and, specifically, in the work of Quebec filmmaker Pierre Falardeau. We will first see how, from a historical point of view, archival images have been recycled in traditional documentary and then how they were used or reused for political purposes in found footage experimental films. We will then discuss the use of found footage in militant or revolutionary cinema both in Latin America (Santiago Alvarez, Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino) and France (Guy Debord, Chris Marker and Jean-Luc Godard). We will then analyse Pierre Falardeau’s reuse of images in three of his documentaries: Pea Soup, Speak White and Le temps des bouffons. We will try and see how Falardeau fits within this tradition of the found footage film and the distinctive features of this aspect of his work.